Introduction ‫قدِّمَُة‬

َ ‫الم‬
ُ ُ
Arabic languge basically has three different types:
1.Quranic Arabic: This is the Arabic used to write the quran, the holy book for Muslims. This
form of Arabic is very rigid and hasn’t changed much since the Koran was written approximately
1,500 years ago. Quranic Arabic is widely used in religious circles for prayer, discussions of
Islamic issues, and serious deliberations. Its usage is limited primarily within a strict religious
context. It’s the equivalent of Biblical English.
2.The spoken dialects: They’re the most informal type of Arabic. They tend to fall into three
geographical categories:
• North African dialect (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya)
• Egyptian dialect (Egypt)
• Gulf Arabic (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates)
• Levantine dialect (parts of Syria, Palestine, and Jordan)
Even though the words are pronounced differently and some of the everyday expressions differ
dramatically from region to region, speakers from different regions can understand each other.
The common denominator for the regional dialects is that they’re all based on MSA.
3.Modern Standard Arabic (MSA): This is the most widely used and understood form of Arabic
in the world. MSA is the language that Arabic anchors use to present the news, and professionals
use to discuss business and technical issues.

1
The Arabic script
The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters representing consonants. There are no capital letters
and these letters are written from right to left. Some of the Arabic letters are similar in form to
each other, they are distinguished from one another in writing with the aid of small dots under or
above their central part called ٌ‫قطَة‬
ْ ُ‫ ن‬Nuqtun. Alphabets in Arabic called hurufun ٌ‫حرُوف‬ ُ and its
singular is harfun ٌ‫حرْف‬َ
When writing words, the letters are connected (joined) together from both sides, except in the
case of six letters, which can only be joined from the right side. It is important to remember that
these letters cannot be connected to the following letter i.e. on their left side).
Arabic grammarians use three different names for the alphabet:
‫ الحروف األبجدية‬Al huruf Al-abajadiyah
‫ الحروف الهجائية‬Al huruf Al-hijaa'iyah
‫ األلفباء‬Al’alifba'

Arabic Alphabets
Sound In English The name of Arabic alphabets
‫في‬ ‫ الصوت‬alphabet ‫الحروف‬
‫إنجليزية‬ ‫إسم الحروف‬ ‫العربية‬alhuruf
‘ismul huruf al'arabiih

‘a Alif‫ألف‬ ١ *‫أ‬.

b Baa‫باء‬ ‫ب‬ .٢

t Taa‫تاء‬ ‫ت‬ .٣

th Thaa‫ثاء‬ ‫ث‬ .٤

j Jiim‫جيم‬ ‫ج‬ .٥

h. Haa‫حاء‬ ‫ح‬ .٦

kh Khaa ‫خاء‬ ‫خ‬ .٧

2
 d Daal ‫دال‬ *‫د‬ .٨

dh Dhaal ‫ذالك‬ ‫ذ‬ .٩ *

r Raa ‫راء‬ ‫ر‬ .١٠*

z Zay‫زاي‬ ‫ز‬ .١١ *

s Siin‫سين‬ ‫س‬ .١٢

sh Shiin‫شين‬ ‫ش‬ .١٣

S. Saad‫صاد‬ ‫ص‬ .١٤

dh. Dhaad‫ضاد‬ ‫ض‬ .١٥

t. Taa ‫طاء‬ ‫ط‬ .١٦

zh Zhaa‫ظاء‬ ‫ظ‬ .١٧

3 Ain ‫عين‬ ‫ع‬ .١٨

gh Ghayn ‫غين‬ ‫غ‬ .١٩

f Faa ‫فاء‬ ‫ف‬ .٢٠

q Qaaf‫قاف‬ ‫ق‬ .٢١

k Kaaf ‫كاف‬ ‫ك‬ .٢٢

l Laam‫الم‬ ‫ل‬ .٢٣

m Miim ‫ميم‬ ‫م‬ .٢٤

3
 n Noon‫نون‬ ‫ن‬ .٢٥

h Haa ‫هاء‬ ‫ه‬ .٢٦

w Waw ‫واو‬ ‫و‬ .٢٧*

y/i Yaa ‫ياء‬ ‫ي‬ .٢٨

*The star shows the six letters which can’t connect to the letter comes after them.

‫و‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬

Waw Zay Raa Shall Daal Alif
Most Arabic letters are identicak in form to each other, they are distinguish from one another by
dots ‫ نقطة‬Nuqtah under or above their central parts of the letters.
 There are thirteen letters without any dot.

‫ع‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ص‬ ‫س‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫أ‬

‫ك‬
Kaaf Ayn Taa Saad Siin Raa Daal Haa Alif
‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬
Haa Waw Miim Laam
 Ten letters with only one dot.

‫غ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ب‬

Ghayn Zhaa Dhaad Zay Dhaal Khaa Jiim Baa

‫ن‬ ‫ف‬

4
 Noon Faa
 Three letters with two dots.
‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ت‬
Yaa Qaaf Taa

 Two letters with three dots.

‫ش‬ ‫ث‬
Shiin Thaa

The followings are Identical letters in form;

‫خ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ج‬

Khaa Haa Jiim

‫ت‬ ‫ب‬
‫ث‬
Thaa Taa Baa
‫غ ف‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ط ظ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ز ص‬ ‫ذ ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ش‬ ‫س‬
‫ ق‬Ghayn Ayn Zhaa Taa Dhaad saad Zay Raa Dhaal Daal Shiin Siin
Qaaf Faa

Position of Letters
The shape of an Arabic letter depends on its context. Unlike English, the Arabic letters have no
upper case and lower case, such as A a, G g, and R r. However, some letters have different
shapes depending on whether they standalone or are joined to other letters within a word. Letters

5
can take an initial position (preceded by whitespace and followed by a letter), a medial position
(with letters on either side), or a final position (preceded by a letter and followed by whitespace).
For example, consider the letter ‫ي‬. here are the shapes of the letter based on different contexts:

 ‫ يـ‬At the beginning of a word and when it is preceded by a type of letter that does not
link directly to following letters.
 ‫ـيـ‬ In the middle of a word and directly linked to letters on both sides.
 ‫ـي‬ At the end of a word and directly connected to the preceding letter.

6
 ‫‪Final‬‬ ‫‪Middle‬‬ ‫‪Initial‬‬ ‫‪Isolated‬‬
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
‫ـأ ‪...‬‬ ‫ـأ ‪...‬‬
‫ـب ‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬ـبـ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬بـ‬ ‫ب‬
‫ـت‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬ـتـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬تـ‬ ‫ت‬
‫ـث ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـثـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ثـ‬ ‫ث‬
‫ـج ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـجـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬جـ‬ ‫ج‬
‫ـح ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـحـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬حـ‬ ‫ح‬
‫ـخ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـخـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬خـ‬ ‫خ‬
‫ـد ‪...‬‬ ‫ـد ‪...‬‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬
‫ـذ ‪...‬‬ ‫ـذ ‪...‬‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ذ‬
‫ـر ‪...‬‬ ‫ـر ‪...‬‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬
‫ـز ‪...‬‬ ‫ـز ‪...‬‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ز‬
‫ـس ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـسـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬سـ‬ ‫س‬
‫ـش ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـشـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬شـ‬ ‫ش‬
‫ـص ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـصـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬صـ‬ ‫ص‬
‫ـض ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـضـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ضـ‬ ‫ض‬
‫ـط ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـطـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬طـ‬ ‫ط‬
‫ـظ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـظـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ظـ‬ ‫ظ‬
‫ـع ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـعـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ....‬عـ‬ ‫ع‬
‫ـغ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـغـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬غـ‬ ‫غ‬
‫ـف ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـفـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬فـ‬ ‫ف‬
‫ـق ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـقـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬قـ‬ ‫ق‬
‫ـك ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـكـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬كـ‬ ‫ك‬
‫ـل ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـلـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬لـ‬ ‫ل‬
‫ـم ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـمـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬مـ‬ ‫م‬
‫ـن ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـنـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬نـ‬ ‫ن‬
‫ـه ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـهـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬هـ‬ ‫ه‬
‫ـو‪...‬‬ ‫ـو‪...‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬
‫ـي ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ـيـ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬يـ‬ ‫ي‬
‫‪7‬‬
 ُُُ
The Vowels ُُؓ‫ة‬ ُ ‫ك‬
َ ‫ر‬
َ ‫ ُ الَح‬alharkatu ْْْْْْ
In Arabic language the vowels are called ُ‫حرََكة‬
َ ‫ أل‬Alh̥arakaatu. The consonant with a vowel is
called ‫ك‬
ْ ِ‫تحر‬
َ ُ‫ م‬mutah̥arik - moved, and the consonant without a vowel is called ْ‫اكن‬
ِ ‫س‬َ saakin –
resting.
There are two types of vowels in the Arabic language. ُُُُُُُُُُُُُُُُُُࣨ۠

A. The short vowels ‘al h̥aarakatul qass͙iiratah ‫يرة‬

َ ِ‫القص‬
َ ُ ‫كة‬
َ ‫ر‬
َ ‫ح‬
َ ْ‫ال‬

B. The long vowels ‘al h̥arakatu ‘at-tawiilatu ‫الحركة الطويلة‬

A. The Short Vowels‫يرة‬

َ ‫ص‬
ِ ‫الق‬
َ ُُ‫كة‬
َ ‫ر‬
َ َ‫‘ الح‬alh̥ arakatul qasiirah
These vowels are written as signs above or below the letter to which thy belong. There are three
types of short vowels.

1. ‫حة‬
َ ْ‫( فَت‬Fath̥ah): It is a small diagonal stroke signed as ‫َـ‬ on top of a letter and
pronounced as ‘a’ in ‘above’.
Examples ‫‘ امثلة‬amthilah
َ‫ت‬ َ ‫ب‬ َ‫أ‬
Ta Ba. ‘a

َ‫ َأ ك‬.٣ .‫ج‬
َ َ‫خر‬
َ َ ‫ر‬
‫ج‬ َ ‫خ‬
َ .٢ َ‫خَلق‬
َ َ‫ل ق‬
َ ‫خ‬َ .١
‫ل‬
َ َ‫َأك‬ ‫ل‬
َ
‘akala to eat Kharaja He left out. Khalaqa To creat

َ ‫ت‬
‫ر‬ َ .٦ َ ‫ه‬
‫ب‬ َ ‫ذ‬
َ َ ‫ه‬
‫ب‬ َ ‫ذ‬
َ .٥ ‫ل‬
َ ‫م‬
َ ‫ع‬
َ ‫ل‬
َ ‫م‬َ ‫ع‬ َ .٤
َ‫كَ َترَك‬
Taraka To leave Dhahaba to go 3amala to work

2. ‫( َكْس رَة‬Kasrah)
It is a small diagonal stroke ِ ﴿ below a consonant and it makes the ‘i' sound identical
with the vowel I in English ‘Did’.
Examples ‫' امثلة‬amthilah

8
 ِ ‫خ‬ ِ ‫ح‬ ِ ‫ج‬
Khi Hi ji

ِ ‫ش‬
‫ر‬ َ .٣ َ ِ‫رك‬
‫ب‬ َ -‫ب‬
َ ِ‫ر ك‬
َ .٢ ‫ع‬
َ ‫م‬
ِ َ‫ س‬-‫ع‬
َ ‫م‬
ِ ‫س‬َ .١
َ ِ‫ شَر‬- ‫ب‬
‫ب‬ َ
Shariba to drink Rakiba to ride Sami3a to hear

‫ ب‬.٦ ‫ب ن ت – بِنت‬
ِ .٥ ‫الث‬
ِ ‫ث ا لِ ث – َث‬
َ .٤
‫ بناء‬- ‫ن ا ء‬
Binaa' building Bint girl Thalith Third

3. ‫ضمَّة‬
َ Dammah

It is a small arabic letter waw signed as ‫ُـ‬ on top of a letter and

pronounced as ‘u’ in english “put”.

Examples ‫ أمثَِلة‬amthilah

ُ ‫ر‬ ُ‫ذ‬ ‫د‬

ُ
Ru Dhu Du

ُ .٣
‫ق‬ َ ‫ع‬
‫ف‬ ُ ‫ض‬
َ - َ‫ع ف‬
ُ ‫ض‬
َ .٢ َ ُ‫قر‬
‫ب‬ َ - َ‫ر ب‬
ُ ‫ق‬
َ .١
‫ قل‬- ‫ل‬
Qul say Dha3ufa To be weak Qaruba to be near

‫هم‬
ِ ‫م‬
ُ .٦ ْ ‫ب – كُُت‬
‫ب‬ ْ ‫ت‬
ُ ُ‫ ك‬.٥ ‫ل‬
ْ ‫ج‬
ُ ‫ر‬
َ –‫ل‬
ْ ‫ج‬
ُ ‫ر‬ َ .٤
ْ ‫ه‬
‫م‬ ِ ُ‫ م‬-
Muhim important Kutub books Rajul man

B. The long vowels ‫ة‬

ُ َ‫الطوِيل‬
َ ُُُ‫كة‬
َ ‫ر‬
َ َ‫ الح‬alh̥ arakatul tawiilah

9
These vowels are also called ِّ‫المد‬
َ ُ‫روف‬
ُ ُ‫ ح‬h̥ uruufulmaddi
There are three long vowels,and their function is making a longer sound to the the short
vowels.they are ‫ي‬ ‫او‬
‫ ا‬aa ‫ و‬uu ‫ ي‬ii
A letter which comes before alif ‫ا‬always takes fath̥ah َ ,a letter comes before yaa‫ ي‬takes kasrah ِِ
and a letter comes before waw ‫ و‬takes dammah ُ .
Examples ‫مثَلة‬
ِ َ‫‘ أ‬amthilah
Fath̥ah makes short ‫ ت‬Ba while long ‫ ا‬makes ‫ با‬Baa
Kasrah makes short ‫ ب‬Bi while long ‫ ي‬makes ‫ تي‬Bii
Dammah makes short ‫ ب‬Bu while long ‫ و‬makes ‫ بو‬Buu

1) ‫ ا‬- ‫تحة‬
َ ‫الف‬
َ ُ ْْ‫‘ أُ خ‬ukhtul fath̥ah ‘alif
‫ت‬
It represent the fath̥ah (َ ) and lengthens the sound of the short vowel from ‘a’ to ‘aa’.
‫ ا = با‬+ ‫ب‬ z ‫ ا = جا‬+ ‫ج‬ ‫ ا = تا‬+ ‫ت‬
Jaa = ‘alif +jiim Taa = ’alif +taa Baa= ’alif +ba
Examples ‫‘ أمثلة‬amthilah
‫ه َنا= هَُنا‬
ُ .٣ ‫م‬
ْ ‫ال‬
َ ‫ع‬َ =‫م‬
ْ َ‫ع ا ل‬
َ .٢ ‫ال‬َ ‫ق‬
َ =َ‫ق ا ل‬َ .١
ْ ‫طل‬
‫اب‬ َ =‫ل ا ب‬
َ ُ ‫ط‬.٤
Tulaab students Hunaa here 3aalam World Qaala He said

ْ‫ن ا رْ=َنار‬
َ .٦ ‫م‬
ْ ِ‫حاك‬
َ =‫م‬
ْ ِ‫ح ا ك‬
َ .٥ ‫ام‬
ْ ‫سَل‬
َ =ْ‫ل ا م‬
َ ‫س‬َ .٤
ْ‫ماء‬
َ =ْ‫م ا ء‬
َ .٧
Maa’ water Naar fire Haakim ruler Salaam Peace

ْْْْ
2) ‫ ي‬- ‫سرَة‬
ْ ‫الك‬
َ ُ ‫‘ أُ خ‬ukhtul kasrah yaa
‫ت‬
It represents the kasrah ( ِ ) and lengthens from ‘I’ to ‘ii' sound.

‫جي‬
ِ =‫ ي‬+ ‫ج‬
ِ ‫ ي= تِي‬+ ِ‫ت‬ ‫ي= بِي‬+ ‫ب‬
ِ
Jii = yaa+ jiim Tii = yaa+ Taa Bii = yaa+ baa

10
 ‫الي‬
ِ َ‫غ ا لِ ي= غ‬
َ .٣ ‫ين‬
ْ ‫د‬ِ =ْ‫د ي ن‬
ِ .٢ ‫يد‬
ْ ‫ع‬
ِ =ْ‫ع ي د‬
ِ .١
Ghaalii expensive Diin religion 3iid holiday
This long vowel also acts an extra tool when added to the end of the nouns to refers to the
possessive adjective of my.
َ ‫ َََأ‬.٣ ‫مي‬
ِ ‫س‬
ْ ِ‫م ي= إ‬
ِ ‫س‬
ْ ‫ ِإ‬.٢ ‫ب ي تِ ي= بَيتِي‬َ .١
‫ب ي= أَِبي‬
ِ
‘abii my father ‘ismii my name Baytii my house
3) . ‫مة – و‬
َّ ‫الض‬
َ ُ ‫أخ‬
‫ت‬ ْ ‘ukhtul dhammah waw
This vowel is represents the short vowel dhammah(ُ ) and lengthens it from ‘u' to ‘ uu'
sound.
‫ و= طو‬+ ‫ط‬ ‫ و= شُو‬+ ُ‫ش‬ ‫ و= سُو‬+‫س‬
ُ
Tuu = waw + Taa shuu = waw + shu Suu = waw + siin

Examples‫‘ أمثيلة‬amthilah

‫ خ رُ و‬.٣ ‫نور‬
ْ =‫ر‬
ْ ‫نو‬
ُ .٢ ‫وف‬
ْ ُ‫حر‬
ُ =‫ف‬
ْ ‫رو‬ ُ ‫ح‬
ُ .١
‫ج= خرُوج‬
Khuruuj exodus Nuur Light Huruuf alphabets

‫وحي‬
ِ ‫ر‬ُ =‫ح ي‬
ِ ‫رو‬
ُ .٥ ‫ر ة= صُورَة‬
َ ‫صو‬
ُ .٣
Ruuhii Spiritual Suurah image
‫سوع‬
ُ ‫س و عْ= َي‬
ُ َ‫ ي‬.٧ ْ‫اموس‬
ُ ‫ن ا مُ و سْ= َن‬
َ .٦
Yasuu3 Jesus Naamuus Law

Other signs
 Absence of vowel‫السكُون‬
ُّ 'as-sukuun

The absence of vowel is a small circle ‫ ْـ‬on top of a letter, it indicates that the consonant is not
followed by any vowel. A consonant without any vowel is called ْ‫اكن‬ ِ ‫س‬
َ saakin- resting.
ِ ‫' َأ‬amthilah
Examples‫مثَلة‬

11
 -‫ب‬
ْ ‫ل‬
ْ َ‫ ك‬.٣ ‫س‬
ْ ‫م‬
ْ ‫ش‬
َ –‫س‬
ْ ‫م‬
ْ ‫ش‬
َ .٢ ‫ت‬َ ْْ‫ت – أن‬ ْ ‫ َََأ‬.١
َ ‫ن‬
ْ ‫م‬
‫ن‬ ِ -‫ن‬ْ ‫م‬ ِ .٤ ‫ب‬ْ ‫كَْل‬
Min from Kalb dog Shams sun ‘anta you

ُ ‫ح‬
‫ن‬ ْ ‫ن= َن‬
ُ ‫ح‬
ْ ‫ن‬
َ .٥
Nahnu we

 Diphthongs
Arabic language has two diphthong sounds.fath̥ah followed by a ‫ و‬with sukuun denotes
the diphthong aw, whereas Fath̥ah followed by a ‫ ي‬with sukuun it forms the diphthong
ay.
Examples
=‫ش و ْ ك َ ة‬
َ .٣ ‫م‬
ْ ْ‫م= َيو‬
ْ ْ‫ يَ و‬.٢ ‫ق‬
َ ْ‫فو‬
َ =‫ق‬
َ ْ‫فَ و‬.١
‫شوْكَة‬
َ
Shawkah thorn Yawm day Fawqa over

‫ل= َلْيل‬
ْ ْ‫ل ي‬
َ .٦ ْ‫خْير‬
َ =‫ر‬
ْ ْ‫خ ي‬
َ .٥ ‫ف‬
ْ ‫ كَ يْ فْ= كَْي‬.٤
Layl night Kayr good Kayf how
‫ل يْ كُ م= عََلْيكُم‬
َ ‫ع‬
َ .٧
3alaykum to you(plural)
َ ‫َش‬shaddah
 ‫ّده‬
Shaddah is a pronunciation marker whose function is to double the length of a
consonant. This doubling also affects the meaning of words in Arabic. Any midial or
final consonant may be doubled, but the first consonant in a word is never doubled unless
‫ ال‬comes before the word starts with a sun letters.

The symbol for shaddah looks like Arabic letter siin ّ

. when the short vowels are written with shaddah looks like this;
ّ +َ = َّ ّ +ُ = ُّ ّ + ِ = ِّ

Examples
‫ َعِّلْم‬.٤ ‫ َج َّر َب‬.٣ ‫ َوََّقَع‬.٢ ‫َعَّلَم‬.١
12
 3allim teach Jarraba he tried waqqa3a he signed 3allama he taught

‫ ُمَعِّلْم‬.٧ ‫َس ِّلْم‬.٦ ‫ َج ِّر ْب‬.٥

Mu3allim teacher sallim greet jarrib try

Supplementary letters

‫ةءی‬
 ‫ء َهْمَز ة‬Hamzah sit on the any of these three letters
‫ أ ؤ ئ‬It makes a,i or u sound depending on the vowel.

‫ُس ِئَل‬.٣ ‫َس أَل‬.٢ ‫َأ‬

‫ َس ْد‬.١
‫ُر ؤيا‬.٤
Ru'uyaa vision su’ila he was asked sa’ala he asked ‘asad lion
 ‫ ة َمْر ُبطة‬Ta marbuta the tied up ta, when it comes at the end of a word, it is pronounced
as the leterr‫ ه‬ha.
‫ َجِمَلة‬.٣ ‫ َكِلَمة‬.٢ ‫َش َج َر ة‬.١
Jamilah beautiful kalimah word shajarah tree
 ‫ ی‬it is called ‫ اِلْف َمْقُصَر ة‬Alif maqsurah which is a shortend alif, occurs at the end of the
word. If the letter before it has fathah َ it will be pronounced as “ aa”.

.٥ ‫ ُمْس َتْش َفی‬.٤ ‫ إَلی‬.٣ ‫ َعَلی‬.٢ ‫ُموَس ی‬.١

‫َر َمی‬
Ramaa he threw Mustashfaa hospit ‘ilaa to 3alaa on musaa Moses
‫ َج َر ی‬.٦
Jaraa he ran

 Tanwiin ‫َتْنِو ين‬

Tanwiin is the doubling of the three short vowels at the end of the word which is an addition of
‫ ن‬that is pronounced but not written. Also it is the process of making a noun or an adjective
indefinite.

13
1 Tanwiinul fathah ‫ َفْتَحَتْيِن‬fathatayni
It is the double form ofthe fathah written above.
Fathah makes the “a” sound.
Tanwiin al fathah makes “an” sound.
Tanwiin al fathah to be followed by an alif in Arabic writing unless the letter before ‫ ة‬and‫ ء‬.

‫ تًا‬- ‫َت‬ ‫ بًا‬- ‫َب‬

Tan Ta Ban Ba

‫َهِدَيًة‬.٤ ‫ ُح ْكمًا‬.٣ ‫ ُخ ْبزًا‬.٢ ‫ َوَلدًا‬.١

‫َماًء‬.٥
Maa’an a water Hadiyatan a present Hukman a ruler Hubzan abread waladan a boy

2.Tanwiinul kasrah ‫ َكْس َر َتْيِن‬kasratayni

The double form of the kasrah, it makes the ‘in ‘ sound.

‫ ٍت‬- ‫ِت‬ ‫ِب – ٍب‬

Tin ti Bin bi
.٥ ‫ َجَبٍل‬.٤ ‫ َقَمٍر‬.٣ ‫ َمَطٍر‬.٢ ‫َنْهٍر‬.١
‫َنْفٍس‬
Nafsin a soul Jabalin amountain Qamarin amoon Matarin a rain Nahrin a river

3.Tanwiinul dammah ‫ َض َّم َتْيِن‬dammatayni

Dammatayni makes the ‘un’ sound.

‫ ٌت‬- ‫ُت‬ ‫ ٌب‬- ‫ُب‬

Tun tu Bun bu
14
 .٤ ‫ ِع ْلٌم‬.٣ ‫ َش ْمٌس‬.٢ ‫َقَلٌم‬.١
‫َبْح ٌر‬
Bahrun a sea 3ilmun a knowledge shamsun a sun Qalamun a pen

Sun And Moon Letters

The Arabic Consonants are phonetically divided into two major classes called:
1 ٌ‫ ُح ُر وٌف َش ْمِسَّية‬- huruufun Shamsiyyatun
2 ‫ ٌ ُح ُر وٌف َقَمِرَّية‬Huruufun qamariyyatun
1. The Sun letters
They have received their name from the Arabic word for Sun ‫ شمس‬whose first latter ‫ش‬
belongs to the class of assimilating letters. There are 14 Sun letters, these letters are
pronounced with the tongue touching the teeth or front part of the mouth:

‫ت ث د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن‬
when the definite article ‫ ال‬attached to a word which begins with a sun letter, the Sound (‫ )ل‬of
the definite article is assimilated to the Sound of the following Sun letter.
- Owing to the assimilation, the first consonant of the word is doubled, which indicated by
shaddah ّ .

‫ الَّتاِج ُر‬-‫ ت‬.‫ا‬

The merchant ‘attajiru

The Trinity ‘aththaluuthu

‫ الَّثاُلوُث‬-‫ ث‬.٢
The lesson ‘addarsu
‫س‬
ُ ْ‫ الدَّر‬- ‫ د‬.٣
The gold ‘adhdhahbu
ُ ‫ه‬
‫ب‬ ْ ‫الذ‬
َّ – ‫ذ‬.٤
The Lord ‘arrabbu
ُّ َّ‫ الر‬- ‫ر‬.٥
‫ب‬
The flower ‘azzahratu
ُ‫هرَة‬ ْ َّ‫ ز الز‬.٦

15
 The mystery ‘assirru
ُّ‫ السِّر‬،- ‫ س‬.٧
The sun ‘ashshamsu
‫س‬
ُ ‫م‬ ْ َّ‫ الش‬-‫ ش‬.٨
The voice ‘assawtu
ُ ‫و‬
‫ت‬ ْ َّ‫ الص‬-‫ص‬.٩
The pronoun ‘adhdhamiiru
ُ ‫م‬
‫ير‬ ِ َّ‫ الض‬-‫ض‬.١٠
The student ‘attaalibu
ُ ‫ال‬
‫ب‬ ِ َّ‫ الط‬-‫ط‬.١١
The darkness ‘azhzhalaamu
ُ‫ الظَّالَم‬- ‫ظ‬.١٢
The lemon ‘allaymuunu
ُ‫يمون‬ ُ َّ‫ الل‬- ‫ ل‬.١٣
The grace ‘anna3matu
ُ ‫م‬
‫ة‬ َ ‫ النَّْع‬-‫ ن‬،.١٤

2.Moon letters ‫حروف قمرية‬

The other 14 letters are called moon letters, because the first letter. the Arabic word for moon "
Qamarun, represents the class of non- assimilating letters. Moon letters don’t absorb the ‫ ل‬of the
definite article.

‫ج ح خ ع غ ف ق ك م ه و يأ ب‬
when the definite article ‫ ال‬attached to a word starting with a moon letter, the Lam ‫ ل‬of the
definite article is not assimilated and retains its pronunciation.

The Father ‘al’abu ُ‫ الْأب‬- ‫أ‬.١

The door ‘albaabu
ُ‫ الْبَاب‬-‫ ب‬.٢
The heaven ‘aljanatu
‫جنَة‬َ ْ‫ ال‬-‫ ج‬.٣ ُ
The love ‘alhubbu ُ ‫ح‬
‫ب‬ ُ ْ‫ ال‬-‫ح‬.٤
The bread ‘akkhubzu ُ‫خبْز‬ ُ ْ‫ ال‬-‫خ‬.٥
16
 The eye ‘al3aynu ‫ن‬
ُ ْ‫الَعي‬ ْ - ‫ ع‬.٦
The angry ‘alghadhibu
ُ‫اضب‬ ِ ‫الَغ‬ ْ -‫غ‬.٧
The mouth ‘alfamu
ُ‫ الْفَم‬-‫ف‬.٨
The moon ‘alqamaru
ُ‫مر‬ َ َ‫الْق‬- ‫ ق‬/٩
The word ‘alkalimatu
‫كِلمَة‬ َ ‫ال‬ ْ - ‫ ك‬.١٠ ُ
The glory “almajdu
‫د‬
ُ ‫ج‬ ْ ‫م‬ َ ‫ال‬
ْ -‫ م‬.١١
The homework ‘alwaajibu
ُ ‫اج‬
‫ب‬ ِ ‫و‬ َ ‫ال‬
ْ - ‫ و‬.١٢
The wind ‘alhawaa’u
‫اء‬
ُ ‫و‬ َ َ‫اله‬ ْ -‫ ه‬.١٣
The hand ‘alyadu
‫اليَد‬ ْ -‫ي‬.١٤

‫ القواعد‬/ ‫النحو‬ Grammar

Parts of Speech

‫أْقَس اُم اْلَكاَل ْم‬ aqsaamul kalaam

There are 3 parts of Speech in the Arabic language ≠8 in English. These parts of Speech explain
how a word is used in any given sentence.

A single distinct element of speech is kalimatun ‫ٌ َكِلَمة‬. Any given word in the Arabic
language falls under one of these 3 Categories:

A word ‫َكِلَمٌة‬
‫ ِاْس ٌم‬ismun A noun ‫ ِفعٌْل‬fi3lun A verb ٌ ْ‫حر‬
‫ف‬ َ Harfun A particle
‫ ِاْس ٌم‬inclueles nouns, pronouns ‫الضمَِائر‬
َّ adhamairu, Adjectivesُ‫فة‬
َ ‫الص‬
ِّ assifatu and Adverb
azhzharfuُ‫ الظَّرْف‬and interrogative ‫م‬
ُ َ‫فه‬
ْ ِ‫ست‬
ْ ‫الِا‬
ْ ُ‫ أدََوات‬adawaatul istifhamu

17
 ‫ ِفْعٌل‬action or a verb which Shows a state of being and it also has a tense; past almadhii‫اْلَماِضى‬
present‫ الُمَضاِرع‬almudhaari’u and command ‫أَاْلْمُر‬al’amru
- ‫ َح ْر ٌف‬It is a particle which incheds ُ‫جر‬َ ‫ال‬
ْ ُ‫حرْف‬
َ harful jaru preposition , ُ‫أداة التَّْعرِف‬adaatu ttarifu
artides and harful 3atafu ُ‫الَعطَف‬ ْ ُ‫حرْف‬َ Conjunction.

1.The Noun

َ ْ‫أَاْلس‬al’asma’u smaa nouns.

ٌ‫ ِاسْم‬ismun noun, its plural form is ُ‫ماء‬
A noun is a part of speeches that denotes a name or an atrribute of a person, ananimal, a plant a
thing, a place a time, an action, an idea, a qaulity or a concept.
→The Ism has four Characterstics.

1. Gender ‫س‬
ٌ ْ‫جن‬
ِ jinsun
Faminine ٌ َّ‫ ُمؤن‬muanathun and Masculine ٌ‫ُمذََّكر‬mudhakkarun
‫ت‬
Nouns gender
All Arabic nouns are masculine unless they are proven to be feminine.
Masculine is the default gender in Arabic.

Feminine nouns:
Nouns are considered feminine if they :
1) Refer to female human beings

ٌ‫ِبْنت‬ bintun a daughter ٌ ْ‫’ُأخ‬ukhtun a sister، ‫‘ ُأٌّم‬ummun a mother

،‫ت‬
2) Have a feminine ending
a) Taa Marbutah

‫ُزَج اَج ٌة‬ zujaajatun a bottle ٌ‫ُبْر ُتَقاَلة‬burtuqaalatun an orange ‫ ٌ َس اَعة‬saa3atun

a watch

b) Alif Al-Ta'neeth Al-Mamdudah ‫اء‬

ٌ‫ َس َماء‬samaa’un a sky ‫ َصْح َر اٌء‬sahraa’ a desert ‫ِنَداًء‬nidaa’ a call
18
Exception

‫ ماٌء‬maa’un a water
c) Alif Maqsurah ‫ی‬
‫ِذْكَر ى‬zikraa A memory ‫ُبْش َر ى‬bushraa A good news ‫ َتْقَوى‬taqwaa Piety
Exceptions:

‫ ُمْس َتْش َفى‬mustashfaa A hospital ‫ ُمْس َتَوى‬mustawaa A level

3) Refer to the name of a town, a city or a country

‫ ِإيَطاِلَيا‬Italy ‫ َباِريس‬Paris ‫ مصر‬Egypt

Exceptions
There are only 7 countries whose names are classified as masculine

‫ الَيَمِن‬Yemen ‫ الِعَر اِق‬Iraq ‫ الُّس وَدان‬Sudan ‫ الَمْغِرب‬Morocco

‫الُّصوَمال‬Somalia ‫ ُلْبَناِن‬Lebanon ‫اَأْلْر ُدن‬Jordan

4) Refer to body parts which come in pairs

‫ُأ‬
‫ ُذٌن‬udhnun An ear ‫ َيٌد‬yadun a hand3 ‫َعْيٌن‬aynun an eye
Exeption

‫َثْدٌي‬ thadyun breast ‫مرفق‬ murfaqun an elbow

2. Number 3adadun ٌ‫َعَدد‬

19
‫مفْرَُد‬
ُ ‫ال‬
ْ almufradu singular , ‫مثَنَى‬
ُ ‫ال‬
ْ almuthanaa dual and ُ ‫م‬
‫ع‬ْ ‫ج‬
َ ‫ال‬
ْ aljam3u
plural

How to make singular nouns dual/Muthanna ? By adding the Suffix ‫ن‬

ِ َ‫ا‬or ِ‫ َين‬to the singular noun

‫َقَلَميْنِ َاِن‬- ِ‫ =َفَلَمان‬or ٌ‫ َقَلم‬+ ‫ يِن‬qalamaanı qalamayni

A pen two pens

- ‫اب‬
ٌ َ‫=ِكَتاَباِن ِكَتاَبْيِن ِكت‬ kitaabayni Kitaabaani

A book. Two books

ِ َ‫ بَاب‬- ‫ان‬
‫ين‬ ِ َ‫ َباب‬- ‫اب‬
ٌ ‫ ه َب‬Baabaani Baabaini
A door two doors

ِ َ‫ بَيْت‬- ‫ َبْيَناِن‬- ‫ت‬

‫ين‬ ٌ ‫ َبْي‬baytaani Baytayni
A house Two houss

‫ان‬
ِ ‫يب‬ َ - ‫َطِبيَبيِن‬- ْ‫ طََبِيب‬Tabibayni
َ ِ‫طب‬ Tabilbaani

A doctor Two male doctors

→ when the word is faminine with Ta merbuta we will Change Ta marbuta to the open Ta.

‫ اِن = َمْكَتَبَتاِن‬+ ‫مَكْتَبَة‬ ‫ َ ا ِن = َس َّياَر تَان‬+ ‫ارة‬

َ َ‫سي‬
َ
Two offices maktabataani Two cars sayaarataani
ِ َ‫يبت‬
‫ان‬ َ ِ‫ طَب‬- ‫طبِيَة‬
َ
Two femal doctors Tabibataani

Plural
There are three types of plural nouns:
1.Masculin plural sound ‫جْمٌع ُمَذَّكٌر َس اِلٌم‬

20
Singular + Suffix ‫ ُوَن‬Or ‫ِيَن‬
1 ‫ ُوَن = ُمَعِلُموَن‬+ ‫ ُمَعِلْم‬teachers
Mu3alimuuna

‫ُمَعِلِميَن‬
Mu3alimiina
2 ‫ ُوَن = َصاِبُر وَن‬+ ‫ َصاِبْر‬patients
Saabiruuna

‫َصاِبِریَن‬
Saabiriin
3 ‫ ُمَهنِدٌس = ُمَهْنِدُس وَن‬engineers
MuhandiSuuna

‫ُمَهْنِدِس يَن‬
Muhandisiina
4 ‫ َمِس يِح ي = َمِس يُبوَن‬christians
masiihiyuuna

‫َمِس يِح يَن‬

masiihiina
5 ‫ َالِع ٌب = َالِع ُبوَن‬Male players
Laa3ibuun

‫َالِع ِبيَن‬
Laa3ibiin

2.Faminine Plural Sound ‫م‬

ٌ ‫ال‬
ِ ‫س‬َ ‫ث‬
ٌ َ‫ع مُؤن‬
ٌ ْ‫جم‬
َ
Singular + ‫= اْت‬faminine Sound plural
1 ْ‫ ات= ُمَعِّلَمات‬+ ‫ مَُعِّلمَة‬female teachers
Mu3allimaat mu3alimah
2 ْ‫ارات‬
َ َ‫سي‬
َ : ْ‫ ات‬+ ‫ارة‬
َ َ‫سي‬
َ Cars
Sayaaraat sayaarah

21
3 ‫ات‬
ْ ‫اع‬
َ ‫س‬
َ - ْ‫ات‬+ ‫اعة‬
َ ‫س‬َ Watchs
Saasaat saa3ah
4 ‫ات‬
ْ َ‫اعب‬
ِ ‫ َل‬: ‫ اْت‬+ ‫اعبَة‬
ِ ‫ َل‬f players
La3ibaat laa3ibah
ْ َ‫اتْ = َجِميال‬+ ‫جِميَلٌة‬
5‫ت‬ َ Beautiful (plural)
Jamillaat Jamitlah

6 ‫ َذِكَّياْت‬- ‫ ات‬+ ‫ َذِكَّية‬Smart women

Dhakiyyat Dhakiyyah

3. Broken Plural ‫ َج ْمُع الَّنْفِس ير‬Jam3u Attaksiir

Broken means you break the word and make changes within -irrigular
Examples
1 ‫َقَلٌم – أْقَالم‬
Pen pens
2 ‫ِكَتاٌب – ُكُتْب‬
Book books
3‫ َصِديٌق – أْصِدَقاْء‬Sadiqun aşdigaa
Friend friends
4 ‫ َوَلٌد = أْوَالْد‬waladun 'aulaad
Boy boys
5 ‫ ِرَج اْل‬- ‫ َر ُج ٌل‬rajulun rijaal
Man men
6 ‫ ُنَج اْر‬- ‫ َتاِج ر‬Taajir tujaar
Trader traders
7‫‘ َنِبي – انبیاء‬Anabii ‘anbyaa
Prophet prophets
8 ‫ ُطَالْب‬- ‫ َطاِلٌب‬Talibun Tulaab

22
Student students
9 ‫ ُبُيوْت‬- ‫ َبْين‬Bayt Buyuut
House houses
10 ‫َقْلْب – ُقُلوْب‬. Qalb Quluub
Heart hearts
11 ‫ َتَالِمیْذ‬- ‫ َتْلِميْذ‬Tilmidh Talaamiidh
Disciple disciples

3. definitness ‫الَّتْعِرُف‬atta3rifu
‫مْعرَِفة‬
َ ٌ ma3rifatun definite (It is known or specific) and ٌ‫كرَة‬
ِ َ‫ن‬nakiratun indefinite
( Not- specific)

Indefinite nouns ‫َنِكَر ة‬ ‫اْس ٌم‬

An indefinite noun is a noun that refers to a non- specific entity.
Tanween is the equivalent of the articles "a" and "an" in the English language.
Tanween is embodied in doubling the last short vowel of the noun to indicate that the noun is
indefinite.
Example:
‫ َقَر ْأُت ِكَتاًبا‬I read a book

‫ َوَجْدُت الِّر َس اَلَة ِفي ِكَتاٍب‬I found the letter in a book

‫َهَذا ِكَتاٌب‬This is a book

Definite nouns ‫اْسٌم َمْعِرَفٌة‬

A definite noun is a noun that refers to a specific entity.
There are 6 categories of definite nouns :
1) Personal pronouns (separate + attached ones)
2) Demonstrative pronouns
3) Relative pronouns
4) Proper nouns

23
5) Nouns defined with the definite article "al"
6) Any noun added to one of the 5 above-mentioned definite nouns to make a genitive
construction

‫ِكَتاٌب‬ + ‫= ِكَتاُب آَدم‬ ْ‫آدم‬

َ
Adam’s book. Proper noun Indefinite noun

4. State ٌ َ‫‘ إعْر‬i3rabun

‫اب‬
 ٌ‫ رَْفع‬raf3un the doer / Nominatve case
 ٌ‫صب‬ ْ َ‫ ن‬nasbun the object/Accusative case
 ٌ‫جر‬
َ the possession/ Genetics case
Nouns have unique signs. They are the only words which:
1) Can be defined with the definite article“‫ ”ال‬al. ‫م‬
ُ ‫قَل‬
َ ‫ال‬
ْ ‫ب‬ُ ‫ال‬
ِ َّ‫الط‬
2) Can end with a Kasra.
َ ْ‫مِن‬from the house ، ‫ِكَتاُب الَّطاِلِب‬the student’s book
ِ ْ‫البي‬
‫ب‬
3) Can be called on/upon. ‫ يا َوَلد يا مَُعِلم‬، ‫ يا َر ِّب‬،‫يا َيوَح نا‬
4) Can end with Tanween. ‫َتْنِوٌن‬
5) Can end with Taa Marbutah.‫َس َياَر ٌة‬

‫‘ الَّصَم اِئُر‬adhdhamaa’iru THE PRONOUNS

A pronoun - ‫ َضِم يٌر‬- is a word used in place of a noun. Its plural is ‫الَّضمائُر‬.

There are 4 major differences between Arabic and English in terms of personal pronouns :
1) Personal pronouns in Arabic belong to the part of speech ‫ االسم‬and are classified as definite
nouns
2) Arabic personal pronouns differ according to gender (second person, plural form)
3) Arabic personal pronouns have 2 different forms (separate, attached)
4) Arabic personal pronouns have a dual form
There are two types of pronouns in Arabic:

24
 1. Personal Detached Pronouns ‫ اْلُمْنَفِصَلة‬/ ُ‫ ُ الَّضَماِئُر الَّش ْخ ِصَّية‬-
2. Possessive Attached Pronouns ‫ اْلُمَّتِصَلة‬/ ُ‫ ُ الَّض َم اِئُر اْلُم ْلِكَّية‬-

1.Personal Detached Pronouns / ُ‫الَّضَماِئُر الَّش ْخ ِصَّية‬

‫ُ اْلُمْنَفِصَلة‬
These pronouns can be called as ‫ الَّضَماِئُر الَّش ْخ ِصَّيُة‬Personal Pronouns, because
they denote people in place of nouns. or ‫ الَّض َم اِئُر اْلُم ْنَفِص َلُة‬Detached/Unattached
Pronouns, because they are not attached or joined to any word but appear as separate words.
They function as ‫‘ الُمْبَتَدأ‬almubtada’ Subject in the sentence. They are 12 in number:
Person
Singular ‫مفْرَُد‬
ُ ‫ال‬
ْ Dual ‫مثَنَى‬
ُ ‫ال‬
ْ Plural ُ ‫م‬
‫ع‬ْ ‫ج‬
َ ‫ال‬
ْ
1st person ‫أْلَتَكِلُم‬
'almutakalimu
masculine ‫أنا‬ ‘ana I ‫ َنْح ُن‬nahnu we ‫َنْح ُن‬nahnu we
Faminne ‫أنا‬ ‘ana I ‫ َنْح ُن‬nahnu we ‫َنْح ُن‬ nahnu we
nd
2 person
‫اْلُمَخاِطُب‬
'almukhaatibu ‫‘ أْنَت‬anta You ‫‘ أْنُتَما‬antumaa You ‫‘ أْنُتْم‬antum You
masculine
‫‘ أْنِت‬anti You
Faminine
‫أْنُتَما‬ ‘antumaa ‫أْنُتَّن‬ ‘antunna You
You
rd
3 person ‫اْلَغاِئُب‬
'alghaa‘ibu
masculine ‫ ُهَو‬huwa He ‫ ُهَما‬humaaThey ‫ُهْم‬ hum They

Faminine ‫ ِهَي‬hiya She ‫ ُهَما‬humaa They ‫ُهَّن‬ hunna They

Read the following sentences;

‫َأَنا ُهَو ُنوُر اْلَعاَل‬١

‫ِم‬
I am the light of the world. ‘ana huwa nuruul
3alami

25
 ‫َأ‬
‫ َنْح ُن ْوَالُد اللِه‬.٢.
We are the sons of God. Nahnu ‘awlaadul
llahi

‫ َأْنَت اْبُن اللِه َأْنَت َمِلُك ِإْس َر اِئيَل‬، ‫ َيا ُمَعِّلُم‬.٣

O teacher, you are the son of God,you are the king of Israel. - Yaa mu3alimu ‘anta ‘ibnul llahi,
‘anta Maliki ‘isra’ila

2.Possessive Attached Pronouns / ‫الَّض َم اِئُر اْلُم ْلِكَّيُة‬

‫ اْلُم َّتِص َلُة‬-

These pronouns can be called as ‫ الَّضَماِئُر اْلُمْلِكَّيُة‬Possessive Pronouns, because they indicate
possession. or ‫ الَّضَماِئُر اْلُمَّتِصَلُة‬Attached Pronouns, because they are attached or joined to a
noun, verb or particle. They indicate possession if they are joined to a noun, and indicate direct
object if they are joined to a verb. They are also 12 in number:
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL

3rd Person ‫ ِكَتاُبُه‬- ‫ُه‬ - ‫ُهَما‬ ‫ ِكَتاُبُهْم‬- ‫ُهْم‬

his book
‫ِكَتاُبُهَما‬ their book

their book
3rd Person (우)
‫ ِكَتاُبَها‬- ‫ها‬
َ ‫ ِكَتاُبُهَّن‬- ‫ُهَّن‬
her book
- ‫ُهَما‬ their book

2nd Person ‫ ِكَتاُبَك‬- ‫َك‬ ‫ِكَتاُبُهَما‬

their book
‫ ِكَتاُبُكْم‬- ‫ُكْم‬
your book your book
2nd Person (우)
ِ‫ ِكَتاُبك‬- ِ‫ك‬ - ‫ُكَما‬ ‫ ِكَتاُبُكَّن‬- ‫ُكَّن‬
your book
‫ِكَتاُبُكَما‬ your book
1st Person both your book
‫ كِتَابِي‬- ‫ي‬ ‫نَا ـ ِكَتاُبَنا‬
my book
- ‫ُكَما‬ our book

‫ِكَتاُبُكَما‬
26
 your book

‫ ِكَتاُبَنا‬- ‫نَا‬
our book

Adjectives ‫ات‬
ُ َ‫الصف‬
ِّ
‫ مؤنث‬mu3anas ‫ مذكر‬muzakar
faminen masculine

‫َس ِعيَدُة‬ ‫ َس ِعيٌد‬Happy

Sa3iidatun Sa3idun

‫َمِريَضُة‬ ‫ َمِريٌض‬sick
Mariidatun Maridhun

‫خاِئَفٌة‬ ‫ خائف‬afraid
Kha'ifatun Khaa'ifun

‫َطِويَلٌة‬ ‫ طويل‬tall
Tawiilatun Tawiilun

‫ذِكَّية‬ ‫ ذِكي‬smart
Dhakiyyatun Dhakiyun

‫َجِميَلٌة‬ ‫ َجِميٌل‬beautiful
Jamiilatun Jamiilun

‫َقِوَّيٌة‬ ‫ َقِوٌّي‬strong
Qawiyyatun Qawiyun

‫ُش َج اَعُة‬ ‫ شجاع‬brave

Shujaa3atun Shujaa3un

‫مهذبة‬ ‫ ُمَهَذٌب‬polite
Muhadhabatun Muhadhabun

‫َأ‬
TYPES OF SENTENCES ‫ْنَو اُع اْلُج َم ِل‬ ‘anwaa3u
‘aljumali

27
There are two types of sentences

1. ‫ ُ اْلُج ْمَلةُ اِإْلْس ِمَّية‬Nominal sentence

2. ‫ ُ اْلُج ْمَلةُ اْلِفْعِلَّية‬Verbal sentence

‫' اْلُج ْمَلةُ اِإْلْس ِمَّي‬aljumlatul ‘ismiyyatu Nominal Sentence

Nominal sentence, where the sentence starts with a noun or pronoun. The nominal sentence
consists of two parts:

1.‫‘ اْلُمْبَتَدْأ‬almubtada’u Subject

It is the noun which you want to say something about. It could be noun, pronoun or noun phrase.

2. ‫الَخ َبُر‬ ’alkhabaru Predicate

It tells us something about the subject ‫ َخ َبْر‬khabar means news or information, so it delivers news
about the subject. It could be an adjective, verb, noun or sentence.
There should be an agreement in the number and the gender between the subject and the
predicate, i.e. if a subject is masculine/feminine singular, dual or plural the predicate should be
likewise. Both are usually in nominative case.

Examples

‫َأ‬
‫َخ َبٌر‬ ‫ُمْبَتَد‬
Predicate subject

1. ‫ٌ الََّطاِلُب ُمْجَتِهد‬.
attalibu mujtahidun
The (m) student is hardworking.

2. ‫الَّطاِلَبةُ ُمْجَتِهَدٌة‬.
attalibatu mujtahidatun

28
The (f) student is hardworking.

3. ‫اْلِكَتاُب َجِديٌد‬.
alkitabu jadidun
The book is new.

4. ‫ُهَو ُمَدِّرٌس‬.
Huwa muderrisun
He is a teacher.

5. ٌ‫ُمَدِّر َس ة‬ ‫ِهَي‬
Hiya muderrisatun
She is a teacher.

‫‘ اْلُج ْمَلُة اْلِفْعِلَّيُة‬aljumlatul fi3liyyatun Verbal Sentence

Verbal sentence, where the sentence starts with a verb. The verbal sentence consists of two or
three parts:-
 ‫ اْلِفْعُل‬verb It can be past, present or future tense.
 ‫ اْلَفاِع ُل‬Doer/Subject The subject/doer are always in nominative case.
 ‫ اْلُمَمْفُعوُل‬Direct Object The objects are always in accusative case.
The verbs that require object is called ‫ اْلِفْعُل اْلُمَتَعِّدي‬transitive verb, and the verbs that do
not require object is called ‫ اْلِفْعُل الاَّل ِزُم‬intransitive verb.
These type of sentence's structure is VSO.
Examples

‫ ْلِفْعُل ااْل ِزُم‬Intransitive Verb example

‫َج اَء الَّطاِلُب‬.

The (m) student came.

29
 ‫َذَهَبْت اْلِبْئُت‬.
The girl went.

‫ اْلِفْعُل اْلُمَتَعِدي‬Transitive Verb Examples

‫ُأ‬
‫َيْقَر يوحنا اْلِكَتاَب‬.
John is reading the book.

‫َل‬ ‫َق‬‫ْل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ُة‬ ‫ِل‬‫ا‬‫َّط‬‫ال‬ ‫َذ‬ ‫َخ‬‫َأ‬.

‫َم‬ ‫َب‬ ‫ْت‬
The (f) student took the pen.

‫احة‬
َ َ‫ت تُف‬
ُ ‫أكْل‬
َ ٌ
I ate an apple.

30