*********Suyash approach

TIPS by Vikram Grehwal

Bring objectivity in subjective issues.
For example, if concepts of 'justice', 'love', 'hatred', 'envy' etc. come up. Use references that
will make your essay readable. You can choose to quote old and new notions of these concepts;
and also refer to philosophers and religious texts that talk about them; or even write about a
personal experience that relates to them
3. Select the topic that I feel I'll enjoy writing. Lock it. And forget the rest. Zero tolerance to Dilemma!
4. Take 15-Minutes to chalk out 20 pointsrelated to the topic- on the rough page.
5. Begin writing. Start with an eye-catching quote, instance, book reference that wakes up the
examiner from his/her slumber.
6. Drive the essay forward by using keywords. And weave a thread in between paragraphs to stay
connected to the main title.
7. Sprinkle statements that support your arguments in each paragraph.
8. Be optimistic, critical and thus 'balanced' in entirety. It should be visible by the time examiner
reaches the conclusion part of your essay.
9. Don't be afraid of dropping pop culture, music, movie references. Do it if it helps the explanation!
NJOYYYY!!!!

Tips by Mandar Patki

Focus on arguments
Quote 3-4 maxxx (including conclusion)
Quote philosophers and their arguments
Flowery approached adopted
Ready made intro - conclusion - and much of body —> helps in completing essay in 2 hours.
Just need to rearrange ideas as per demand of question.

The Important Topics based on previous 5- 10 year papers - divide it GS wise so as to study it along with
your GS preparation
BASIC Points in Essay Writing…

Essay - INTRODUCTION
Essay - BODY - Approaches that I used for Brainstorming…

Essay - CONCLUSION
*********Topics for brainstorm and practice
Think on below --> Get correct essence + dimensions of essay

1. “Follow what is right, and not what is established.”

2. “Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.”
3. “No great mind ever existed without a touch of madness.”
4. “Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.”
5. “Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime.”
6. “The whole is greater than sum of its parts.”
7. “We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, therefore, is not an act, but a habit.”

Confucius
1. “Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves.” (Why revenge is bad | no
vengeance | no hatred)
2. “Consideration for others is the basis of a good life and good society.”
3. “Donʼt adjust the goals, adjust the action steps.”
4. “Give a bowl of rice to a man and you will feed him for a day. Teach him
how to grow his own rice and you will save his life.” (Skill development |
knowledge | capacity building)
5. “Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles.”
6. “If your plan is for one year plant rice. If your plan is for ten years plant
trees. If your plan is for one hundred years educate children.” (Planning |
longterm vision | aiming high)
7. “It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.” (When something is good but takes
time to show result) || A cycle doesnʼt lose balance howsoever slow it may move, until it is moving.
8. “Itʼs a universal law — intolerance is the first sign of an inadequate education. An ill educated
person behaves with arrogant impatience, whereas truly profound education breeds humility.”
(Dissent | intolerance | dissent)
9. “Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.”
10. “The man who asks a question is a fool for a minute, the man who does not
ask is a fool for life.”

Einstein
1. “Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.” (Innovate | think out of
the box)
2. “Any fool can know. The point is to understand.”
3. “Blind belief in authority is the greatest enemy of truth.” (Question |
dissent)
“Coincidence is Godʼs way of remaining anonymous.”
4. “Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned
in school.”
5. “Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a
tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.” (Equality is not
 equity)
6. “Everything must be made as simple as possible. But not simpler.”
7. “Genius is 1% talent and 99% percent hard work.”
8. “Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre
minds.”
9. “Gravitation is not responsible for people falling in love.”
10. “Imagination is more important than knowledge.” (Vision, think beyond
reality )
11. “If you canʼt explain it to a six year old, you donʼt understand it yourself.”
12. “I speak to everyone in the same way, whether he is the garbage man or the
president of the university.”
13. “I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious.”
14. “If a cluttered desk is a sign of a cluttered mind, of what, then, is an empty
desk a sign?”
15. “I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with
sticks and stones.”
16. “It is not that Iʼm so smart. But I stay with the questions much longer.”
17. “If people are good only because they fear punishment, and hope for
reward, then we are a sorry lot indeed.”
18. “If there is any religion that could respond to the needs of modern science,
it would be Buddhism.”
19. “In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity.” (When everything seems going bad, there is always
a silver lining)
20. “Logic will get you from A to Z; imagination will get you everywhere.”
21. “Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving.”
22. “Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The important
thing is not to stop questioning.”
23. “Never memorize something that you can look up.”
24. “Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile.” (Ethics)
25. “Only those who attempt the absurd can achieve the impossible.”
26. “There are two ways to live your life. One is though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though
everything is a miracle.”
27. “The hardest thing in the world to understand is the income tax.”
28. “The tragedy of life is what dies inside a man while he lives.”
29. “The woman who follows the crowd will usually go no further than the
crowd. The woman who walks alone is likely to find herself in places no
one has ever been before.” (Why herd mentality is bad!)
30. “Try not to become a man of success. Rather become a man of value.”
(Ethics | values )
31. “The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed without
changing our thinking.” (New world requires new way of thinking | importance of youth |
innovation | new ideas)
32. “The world is a dangerous place to live, not because of the people who are evil, but because of the
people who donʼt do anything about it.”
 people who don t do anything about it.
33. “What is right is not always popular and what is popular is not always right.” (Donʼt worry if you
do not belong to majority belief | truth remains a truth even if there is only one believer)
34. “We all know that light travels faster than sound. Thatʼs why certain people appear bright until you
hear them speak.”
35. “What a sad era when it is easier to smash an atom than a prejudice.”
36. “When you are courting a nice girl an hour seems like a second. When you
sit on a red-hot cinder a second seems like an hour. Thatʼs relativity.”
37. “You never fail until you stop trying.”

Gautam Buddha
1. “Believe nothing, no matter where you read it, or who said it, no matter if I have said it, unless it agrees
with your own reason and your own common
2. “Every morning we are born again. What we do today is what matters
most.”
3.“However many holy words you read, however many you speak, what good
will they do you if you do not act on upon them?”

Immanuel Kant
1. “Humans should always be treated as a end in themselves, not just as
means.”
“Doubt everything. Find your own light.”
means.” 2. “Dare to think!”

Leo Tolstoy
1. “To get rid of enemy one must love him.”
1. “Wrong does not cease to be wrong because the majority share in it.”

Mahatma Gandhi
“Everyone thinks of changing the world, but no one thinks of changing
himself.”
(Self improvement)
1. “An eye for an eye will only make the whole world blind.”
2. “Always aim at complete harmony of thought and word and deed. Always
aim at purifying your thoughts and everything will be well.”
3. “A No uttered from deepest conviction is better than a YES merely uttered
to please, or worse, to avoid trouble.”
4. “Be the change that you wish to see in the world.”
5. “Earth provides enough to satisfy every manʼs needs, but not every manʼs
greed.”
6. “Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.”
7. “First they ignore you, then they ridicule you, then they fight you, and then
you win.”
8. “God has no religion.” (Secularism)
9 “Happiness is when what you think what you say and what you do are in
 9. “Happiness is when what you think, what you say and what you do are in
harmony.”
10. “In doing something, do it with love or never do it at all.”
11. “In a gentle way you can shake the world.”
12. “My Life is My Message.”
13. “Poverty is the worst form of violence.”
14. “Seven Deadly Sins. Wealth without work; Pleasure without conscience;
Science without humanity; Knowledge without character; Politics without
principle; Commerce without morality; Worship without sacrifice.”
15. “The future depends on what you do today.”
16.
17.
18. “The difference between what we do and what we are capable of doing would suffice to solve most of
the worldʼs problems.” — Climate Change | Terrorism
19. “Your beliefs become your thoughts; Your thoughts become your words;
Your words become your actions; Your actions become your habits; Your
habits become your values; Your values become your destiny.”
Beliefs thoughts words actions habits values
destiny
20.
21. “A man is the product of his thoughts. What he thinks, he becomes.”
22. “Before you do anything, stop and recall the face of the poorest most
“There are people in the world so hungry, for them bread is God”
“The simplest acts of kindness are by far more powerful than a thousand
heads bowing in prayer.”
“You can chain me, you can torture me, you can even destroy this body, but
you will never imprison my mind.”
helpless destitute person you have seen and ask yourself, Is What I am about to do going to help him?”

1. “The beginning is the most important part of the work.” Socrates

1. “By all means marry; if you get a good wife, youʼll become happy; if you get a bad one, youʼll become a
philosopher.”
2. “He who is not contented with what he has, would not be contented with what he would like to have.”
3. “Know thyself.”
4. “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
5. “There is only one good, knowledge and one evil ignorance.”

Tagore
1. “A mind all logic is like a knife all blade. It makes the hand bleed that uses it.”
2. “Donʼt limit a child to your own learning, for he was born in another time.”
3. “Everything comes to us that belong to us if we create the capacity to receive it.”
4. “Faith is the bird that feels the light when the dawn is still dark.”
 5. “The butterfly counts not months but moments, and has time enough.”
6. “You canʼt cross the sea merely by standing and staring at the water.”

Thomas A Edison
1. “5% of the people think; 10% of people think they think and the other 85% would rather die than
think.”
2. “Genius is 1% inspiration, 99% perspiration.”
3. “Good fortune happens when opportunity meets preparation.”
4. “I have not failed. Iʼve just found 10,000 ways that donʼt work.”
5. “I never did a dayʼs work in my life, it was all fun.”
6. Many of lifeʼs failures are people who did not realise how close they were to
success when they gave up.
7. Our greatest weakness lies in giving up. The most certain way to succeed is
always to try just one more time.
8. The most necessary task of civilization is to teach people how to think. It
should be the primary purpose of our public schools. The mind of a child is naturally active, it
develops through exercise. Give a child plenty of exercise, for body and brain. The trouble with our
way of educating is that it does not give elasticity to the mind. It casts the brain into a mold. It insists
that the child must accept It does not encourage original thought or reasoning and it lays more stress
*******Economic devpt, Inclusive devpt, HDI, poverty,
Unemployment
2.1 Growth vs Development
Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere
Digital economy: A leveller or a source of economic inequality. -2016
Innovation is the key determinant of economic growth and social welfare. -2016
Near jobless growth in India: An anomaly or an outcome of economic reforms. -2016
Crisis faced in India – moral or economic. -2015
Was it the policy paralysis or the paralysis of implementationwhich slowed the growth of our
country? -2014
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) along with GDH (Gross Domestic Happiness) would be the right indices
for judging the wellbeing of a country-2013
Can capitalism bring inclusive growth? -2015
Resource management in the Indian context. -1999

MNCs

Globalization would finish small-scale industries in India. -2006

Multinational corporations – saviours or saboteurs -1994
Special economic zone: boon or bane -2008
Is the criticism that the ʻPublic-Private-Partnershipʼ (PPP) model for development is more of a bane
than a boon in the Indian context, justified ?-2012

SPRINKLE...
Story (for intro)
Movies (for intro or otherwise)
1 movie
Books
Poverty ; unemployment
The Idea of Justice Amartya Sen (capability)
Ignited Minds by kalam
Poems - (corruption ; perception ; division ; reincarnation...)
Dialogues
Philosophers
1 add
Holy books and religious philosophies ... Buddha jaina Geeta Quran.....
1 idea
 SC Judgements
Do add as much possible ... esp in Paper 2 type essays
Leaders - PM
Quotes
3+1 Quotes -->
Data / Facts
.....all over the essay
Conclu

Evolution of Economics
Adam Smith- Wealth Of Nations- invisible hand
David Ricardo - theory of comparative advantage
Keynes- government spending
Milton Friedman - macroeconomic government policy
Thatcherism and Reaganomics - priority on controlling inflation over controlling unemployment
Privatisation - liberalisation
Amartya Sen- The Idea of Justice book- Capability approach
Thomas Pikeey-
Capital in the Twenty-first Century: Claim one is that income inequality
Richard Thaler- Nudge theory
Abhijeet Banerjee - RTCs

Adam Smith
Smith remains an invaluable guide to four ideas, which can help us to create a better kind of
capitalism:
1. Specialisation
When one considers the modern world of work, two facts stand out: – modern economies
produce unprecedented amounts of wealth (for the elite). – many ordinary people find work
rather boring and, a key complaint, meaning-less.
He predicted that national economies would become hugely richer the more specialised their
workforces became. A country where people made their own bread for breakfast, had a go at
building their own houses in the morning, tried to catch fish for lunch and educated their children
themselves in the afternoon was doomed to poverty. Far better to split everything up into
individual areas of expertise and encourage people to trade their needs and talents.
But there is one huge problem with specialisation: meaning. The more jobs are subdivided, the
less likely every job is to feel meaningful, because what we call meaning emerges from a visceral
impression that one is engaged in something which is making a difference to someone elseʼs life.
When businesses are small and their processes contained, this sense of helping others is readily
available, even if oneʼs doing nothing grander than running a small clothes shop or a bakery. But
when everything is industrialised, one ends up as a tiny cog in a gigantic machine whose overall
logic (though present and available to the management) is liable to be absent from the minds of
 logic (though present, and available to the management) is liable to be absent from the minds of
people lower down in the organisation.
Bosses of the specialised corporations of modernity therefore have an additional responsibility to
their workers: reminding them of the purpose, role and ultimate dignity of their labour.
2. Consumer Capitalism
Smith pointed out to the Swiss philosopher that luxury goods and stupid consumerism in fact
had a very serious role to play in a good society – for it was they that provided the surplus
wealth that allowed societies to look after their weakest members. All those embroidered lace
handkerchiefs, jewelled snuff-boxes and miniature temples made of cream for dessert were
unnecessary and flippant no doubt, but they encouraged trade, created employment and
generated immense wealth – and had to be defended on that score.
3. How to treat the Rich
Then as now, the great question was how to get the rich to behave well towards the rest of
society.
The Christian answer to this was: make them feel guilty; show them the sufferings of the
poor and appeal to their consciences.
Meanwhile, the radical, left-wing answer was: raise taxes.
But Smith disagreed with both approaches: the hearts of the rich were likely to remain cold
and high taxes would simply lead the rich to flee the country.
He arrived at more original and more subtle recommendations thanks to a theory about
what the rich really want. He proposed that, contrary to what one might expect, it isnʼt
money the rich really care about.
It is honour and respect.
The rich accumulate money not because they are materially greedy, but because
they are emotionally needy. This vanity provides wise governments with a highly
useful tool. Rather than taxing the rich, these governments should learn to give the
rich plenty of honour and status – in return for doing all the good things that
these narcissists wouldnʼt normally bother with, like funding schools and hospitals
and paying their workers well. As Smith put it, “The great secret of education is to
direct vanity to proper objects.”
4. Educate Consumers
A good capitalist society doesnʼt therefore just offer customers choice, it also spends a
considerable part of its energies educating people about how to exercise this choice in judicious
ways. Capitalism needs to be saved by elevating the quality of demand.
Collectively, it is we, the consumers, who opt for certain kinds of ease and excitement over
others. And once that basic fact is in place, everything else follows in the slipstream. Itʼs not
companies that primarily degrade the world. It is our appetites, which they merely serve.

Humanity matters, Capitalism needs an upgrade

The COVID19 vaccine crisis is another tragic instance of a clash between the needs of humanity and
the principles of capitalism.
Capitalists insist that private producers of vaccines must make profits because that is their
compensation for investing in research and production. If the prices they charge are beyond the reach
of poor people, they are not morally compelled to serve them at a loss.
if private companies also press governments for lower taxes, to make their investments more
attractive; and if the government is also pushed by them, on ideological grounds, to stay out of
business, viz. not having any “public sector” production enterprises, governments find both their
hands tied behind their backs in crises when citizens blame them for breakdowns of public services.
Capitalism expands by converting “the commons” into private capital.
Businesses convert natural capital into financial capital and use it for generating profits and more
capital for themselves. Overexploitation of the earthʼs resources to produce profits has contributed
to the crisis of environmental sustainability and climate change. The concept of ownership of assets
for creating wealth had gone too far when slaves without human rights were used in capitalist
enterprises as their economic assets until moralists objected.
Modern regimes of intellectual property rights (IPR) with armies of patent lawyers help capitalists to
create intellectual property monopolies. Thus, people are denied the use of their own knowledge —
as they are when natural products, such as neem and turmeric are patented by capitalists.
India had a different approach to IPR based on “process patents”. Product patents allow inventors of
new drugs to have exclusive rights to produce and sell them for some years.
However, Indian generic drug producers became threats to the pricing power of ʻinnovatorʼ drug
producers from the West.
The COVID19 crisis has revealed the inadequacy of capitalism to fulfill societal needs. If capitalist
enterprises are not willing to fulfil public purposes, governments must create more public
spirited enterprises to provide public goods equitably to all citizens. Relentless economic growth is
devouring the earth that hosts humanity. With artificial intelligence algorithms in social media,
capitalist enterprises are able to manipulate human minds. Their investors have become the
richest people on the planet.
Money Driven capitalist values have drifted too far from human values. Money has become the
supreme measure of success in all spheres: the wealth of individuals, the size of companies, and the
scales of nationsʼ economies. The sustainable health of complex systems — which human beings and
societies are — is being lost sight of.

Think on lines of
SPELICH - Syllabus -
(Historical, Cultural, Geographical),
(Legal, Political, International,Education-Health),
(Agri, Economy, Enviro, DM, SnT, Security)
(Ethical)
SDGs angles
Based on members of society --> GO macro to micro <--> Micro to macro
Women
Urban
Rural
Tribal
 NE
World
Trans
Children
Elderly
Poor
SCs-STs
Sectors
Farmer
Industry
Manuf
MSME
Services
Temporal theme - Past / Present / Future
Based on issue e.g. natural disaster / election issues

Issue in India and the world

Impact on
Society
India
World

Real life Examples

Way ahead

Conlcu

Human Development

Statistics —
1. 70th Anniversary of UNHDR in 2018 — important
2. India - 130 in UN HDI 2018
1. HDI Score : 0.624 — but the value falls by 27% is adjusted to inequality 0.45
3. Stats on — Education, Health
4. Hunger — GHI 103/119 | Child Shunting 38% | Child Wasting 1 in 5 | undernourishment etc
5 Inequalities ILO highlights rising inequality in labor wages across gender
 5. Inequalities — ILO highlights rising inequality in labor wages across gender
1. 8 riches ppl hold as much as half of the world population — Oxfam
2. Global Wealth Report — bottom 50% of India hold just 4.2% of total wealth
3. Top 10% holds 56% of the wealth (World Inequality Report)
6. Gender Issues
1. The glass-floor in private sector
2. 21 million ʻunwantedʼ girls, 63 million ʻmissingʼ women – Economic Survey underlines Indiaʼs
gender crisis
3. Reducing GER as we move up the age bracket
4. Gender Inequality Index = 130/189 in 2018
5. ~12% women in Parliament
6. Female participation in labor force ~ 28%
7. MMR ~ 174/lakh

Human Development Index — the journey so far

Before 1990 — only GDP
Found to be not the best projector of the level of development
1990 — Mahbub-ul-Haq (Pak.) introduced the concept of HDI
Later Amartya Sen also contributed to it — capability approach and ʻDevelopment as Freedomʼ

Structure —
1. Introduction
1. Quotes — Earth provides enough to satisfy every manʼs need, but not one manʼs greed. -
Mahatma Gandhi
2. One book, one pen, one child, and one teacher can change the world. -Malala Yousafzai
3. Poverty is deprivation of opportunities — Dr. Sen
4. Focus on the well being of those who are at the bottom of the society, not the efficiency of the
ones at the top.
5. The Worldʼs GDP was $ 1 Trillion in 1900 … now in 2018 it has become $77 trillion — this means
there has been a economic development of more than 70 time … but what about the human
development?

2. The Character —
1. 50 year old Ramnath is a resident of Kalahandi, Odisha, one of the poorest districts in India. As
he goes to the local Panchayat office, he overhears the Sarpanch saying that India is currently
the fastest growing economy and is all set to overtake the mighty UK to become the 5th largest
economy in the world.
He looks on, wondering if this wealth cam get his kids education, get his wife the necessary
healthcare and give him means for a stable living. And he wonders in hope for a better future —
THIS IS THE DEVELOPMENTAL PARADOX (Many paradox are in India) — on one hand we are
ruling the world on paper, on the other hand people are still suffering.
1. India has surely come a long way since independence and has witnessed a tremendous
growth in term is GDP — but innumerable such Ramnaths are still waiting for some
help. This stark contrast calls for a careful analysis...
3. Historical Perspective — Trajectory of Indian Developmental Agenda and its story since the dawn of
20th century — colonial and post colonial India to the post-reform India and finally @the dawn of 21st
century.
4. Social perspective — Gender | Castes | Urban-Rural Divide etc — the missing women of India
The South-Asian Enigma — In the public imagination, the home of the malnourished child is sub-
Saharan Africa. But the league tables clearly show that the worst-affected region is not Africa but
South Asia. Just over 30% of Africa's children are underweight, but the corresponding figure for South
Asia is over 50%. And in Bangladesh and India, the proportion of children malnourished is very
significantly higher than in even the poorest countries of the sub-Sahara.
5. Geographical Perspective — how inequality is rising in inter-state terms | rich states and poor states
and what is the reason | industrial | feudalism | polity and corruption in the northern belt | over
population | connection to the sea etc
6. International Experiences — Japan (Meiji Restoration) | China (booming decades) | East Asian Miracle
| Sub-Saharan Africa — the pitiful situation | Bhutan and its Happiness Index
7. Solution —
1. Kutch to Kalahandi, Kashmir to Kanyakumari — every child must be ensured quality education,
access to primary healthcare and a social security fabric to empower them.
2. Its not just about the numbers and data | look out the ground reality and work on that
3. No point of reaching fasting growing status if your own citizen canʼt even access 2-times meal and
has to sleep with empty stomach
8. Conclusion
1. Development shouldnʼt be about roads, dams, and skyscrapers only, it should also be for the
common people.
2. A quality, meaningful life full of endless opportunities is at the heart of development
3. In the words of Dr. Sen —
Development must be about instilling capabilities and expanding horizons of freedoms —
freedom to afford quality education, freedom to access healthcare, freedom to enjoy political and
civil rights.
4. India has surely come up a long way in this developmental path but the destination is not
reached yet, still a long way has to be covered.
5. Sabka Sath, Sabka Vikas
*******Education (+Higher education)
3.1 Values in Education
Destiny of a nation is shaped in its classrooms. -2017
Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make a man more clever devil-2015
Independent thinking should be encouraged right form the childhood. -2007
Are the standardized tests good measure of academic ability or progress? -2014
Irrelevance of the classroom. -2001
Is the growing level of competition good for the youth? -2014
Literacy is growing very fast, but there is no corresponding growth in education. -1996
Is an egalitarian society possible by educating the masses ? -2008

3.3 Higher education

Privatisation of higher education in India. -2002
Credit – based higher education system – status , opportunities and challenges -2011

THINK OF SECTORS --> to make essay different

Agri eduction
MSME education
Entrepreneurship eduction

Education not just by heart, but of mind

Means = value education
e.g. female foeticide among educated rich.

SPRINKLE...
Story (for intro)
Sridhar Vembu - Zoho Corporation, a Silicon Valley ; Tamil Nadu
Movies (for intro or otherwise)
1 movie
Books
Poems - (corruption ; perception ; division ; reincarnation...)
Dialogues
Philosophers
1 add
Holy books and religious philosophies ... Buddha jaina Geeta Quran.....
1 idea
SC Judgements
Do add as much possible ... esp in Paper 2 type essays
Leaders - PM
Quotes
3+1 Quotes -->
Data / Facts
 .....all over the essay
Conclu
“Education is the most powerful weapon you can use to change the world.” Nelson Mandela
The average child asks many simple and stupid questions a day, but by the time a child is getting
accustomed with school at 10 or 12 yrs of age, he or she figures out that its much more imp to get
right ans than asking thoughful questions.
Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make man a more clever devil. - CS
Lewis
Teaching is a very noble profession that shapes the character, caliber, and future of an
individual. If the people remember me as a good teacher, that will be the biggest honour for me.
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
If we want to achieve real peace, we should start educating children - M K Gandhi
"Knowledge sets you free"
“You educate a man; you educate a man. You educate a woman; you educate a generation.”
Once you stop learning, you start dying - Einstein

Think on lines of
SPELICH - Syllabus -
(Historical, Cultural, Geographical),
(Legal, Political, International,Education-Health),
(Agri, Economy, Enviro, DM, SnT, Security)
(Ethical)
SDGs angles
Based on members of society --> GO macro to micro <--> Micro to macro
Women
Urban
Rural
Tribal
NE
World
Trans
Children
Elderly
Poor
SCs-STs
Sectors
Farmer
Industry
Manuf
MSME
Services
Temporal theme - Past / Present / Future
 p / /
Based on issue e.g. natural disaster / election issues

Issue in India and the world

Impact on
Society
India
World

Real life Examples

Way ahead

Conlcu
PANDEMIC STORIES - DISTRESS- FROM NEWSPAPER (Beautiful stories)
BROKEN PHONE (tech)
At Pal village in Goaʼs Sattari taluka, a family is distraught. The pandemic and its aftereffects —
reduced earnings, an uncertain future — had already put them through great hardship. A broken
mobile phone was seemingly the last straw. On October 15, their 16-year-old son was found
hanging in the house.
AISHWARYA REDDY, TELANGANA - LSR

BEST EXAMPLES
Sridhar Vembu
FOR THE rest of the world,Sridhar Vembu is the founder of Zoho Corporation, a Silicon Valley
star valued by Forbes at nearly $2.5 billion who decided to take the unusual step of moving to a
small village in Tenkasi in southern Tamil Nadu last year. But the man himself says he is more
of a teacher these days, wearing the traditional veshti and moving around on a bicycle in
Mathalamparai.
What started six months ago as home tuition for three children that took up “about two-three
hours” of his spare time, Vembu says he now has four teachers and 52 students in the fold, mostly
children of farm labourers from the village.
The 53-year-old is now all set to take this “lockdown experiment” to the next level: “a rural
school start-up” that will provide free education and food, a model that doesnʼt believe in
marks or degrees or conventional affiliations for certificates, or “credentials” as he calls it.
Mr. Desale
Conclu / Way ahead
Internationalisation is central to academic success - Make in India+ 'Study in Indiaʼ+ Innovate in
India initiative and proposals relating to relationships between Indian and foreign institutions
Pass legislation relating to foreign branch campuses and other relationships with overseas
universities. India has the advantage of using English as the main language of higher education.
Move out of decades old logarithm process, etc and instead should train students with basic
programming, data analytics, etc.
Data is becoming new oil and comps are becoming new weapons.
We should include extra curricular like drama, music, dance, foreign language, as compulsary
s bjects
*******Health -
Neglect of primary health care and education in India are reasons for its backwardness -2019

SPRINKLE...
Story (for intro)
Latest COVID examples - costing 12 lakh - ADD a dialogue said by them
Fortis
The Unnao, UP HIV horror
Gorakhpur tragedy
Movies (for intro or otherwise)
1 movie
Books
Poems - (corruption ; perception ; division ; reincarnation...)
Dialogues
Philosophers
1 add
Holy books and religious philosophies ... Buddha jaina Geeta Quran.....
1 idea
SC Judgements
Do add as much possible ... esp in Paper 2 type essays
Leaders - PM
Quotes
It is health that is real wealth, not gold and silver…… - MG
For Healthy outside need healthy inside.
Data / Facts
.....all over the essay
Conclu

Think on lines of
SPELICH - Syllabus -
(Historical, Cultural, Geographical),
(Legal, Political, International,Education-Health),
(Agri, Economy, Enviro, DM, SnT, Security)
(Ethical)
SDGs angles
Based on members of society --> GO macro to micro <--> Micro to macro
Women
Urban
Rural
Tribal
 NE
World
Trans
Children
Elderly
Poor
SCs-STs
Sectors
Farmer
Industry
Manuf
MSME
Services
Temporal theme - Past / Present / Future
Based on issue e.g. natural disaster / election issues

Issue in India and the world

Impact on
Society
India
World

Real life Examples

Way ahead

Conlcu

HEALTH
Statistics
1. Expenditure — 1.4% GDP (total 4.5%) | World Avg. 6% | Thailand — 3.3% Public (4.2% total)
1. USA — 18% GDP
2. Health Research — 1% of total exp.
3. NHP 2017 — raise to 2.5% GDP by 2030
4. Lowest in BRICS
 4. Lowest in BRICS
5. WHO recommends at least 6% with majority from govt.
2. Insurance
1. >80% not insured
2. Share of private insurance — around 25%
3. 5-10% of total expenditure
4. Out-of-Pocket Expenditure — 62% | UK,US — 20-25%
5. Insurance Penetration and Insurance Density — both low in India
>65% population has no health insurance — private or public
>80% share is of public insurance
6. Sanjivini Scheme of Karnataka — farmersʼ benefit @Rs. 5 per month
3. Data Point —
1. Life Expectancy — 68 years (NHP 70 yrs) | Sri Lanka 75 yrs
2. TFR — 2.3 | NHP 2.1 by 2025
3. IMR — 34/1000 live (decreasing)
4. Hunger Index — 103/119 (2018)
5. Govt. Spending is Rs. 3/day/per capita on health care
6. NCD Burden — 60% (increasing) | CD — 28% | Mental — 2%
4. Women
1. Sex Ratio — 1.1 at birth | 0.9 at >65 years | Feminisation of elderly population
2. MMR — 130/lakh (decreasing)
3. >50% women are anaemic
5. Open Defecation — >50%
6. Children —
1. >50% are malnourished
2. 62% are immunised
3. 15% wasted <5 yrs
4. 39% shunted <5 yrs
7. Doctor Density — 70 doctors per lakh population | China 363 | WHO — 100
1. Allopathic — 1 for 11,000 people | WHO recommends 1 for 1000
8. Constitutional Provisions
1. State List — Entry 6
2. All India Health Service u/a 312
3. DPSP — Articles 42, 47, 48A
4. A. 21

Structure
1. Story of Aisha | victim of Gorakhpur Tragedy — lack of oxygen cylinder || Muzaffarpur AES tragedy
2. Bhore Committee — 1946 report | Srivastava Committee 1975
3. Amartya Sen — Concept of Capability Approach and Development as freedom
4. International Experiences
1. Japan — Meiji Restoration 1922 — ʻwesternisationʼ of Japan | emulated the German Health Care
system and rejuvenated the whole system with insurance as mandatory for all
2 1950 1990 h J E i Mi l | i d h hi h lif i h ld
 2. 1950-1990 the Japanese Economic Miracle | attained the highest life expectancy in the world
3. Nordic Countries are the world leaders | Social Security and Public Healthcare system
4. Sri Lanka has a free and universal health care system
5. Other Asian — South Korea and Thailand
5. Problems —
1. Economic
1. Poor Insurance cover — density and penetration
2. Poor renumeration of the health officials
3. Lack of Funds | Expansion of Private Sector and ʻfive-starʼ hospitals | Haves and Have-nots
divide
4. Out of Pocket Expenditure
5. Tobacco Industry | Smoking problem
6. Pharma Companies — IPR issues | Lack of R&D | Imported medicines — expensive | Caps on
Stents — maybe counterproductive
7. Expensive medicines — not much purchasing power of the common citizens
8. Poor infrastructure in Govt. hospitals | Learn from Delhi — turnaround! | Gorakhpur Tragedy
2. Education
1. MCI — mired into corruption | need to by replaced by NMC
2. Lack of preparedness — epidemic breakout | Nipah, Ebola, Dengue etc
3. Poor Medical Education — lack of standardisation | Vyapam Scam | Corruption | no learning
outcomes
4. Expensive courses — not affordable for many — a major worry as history taught us that the
doctors coming from not-so-privileged background have better compassion and zeal to work
in the rural areas.
5. Poor R&D facilities in India | Brain Drain
6. No AIHS — no standard | NEET and its problems
7. Lack of bridge course — allow the nurses and hospital staff to carry out minor medical
treatment especially @rural
3. Social | Planning
1. Still not 100% immunisation (MI >70%)
2. Lack of Rural Hospitals
3. Lack of personnels — rural doctors, trained professionals | surge in quacks and blind-faith
4. Poor PHC system | excessive focus on Tertiary
5. Urban/Rural Divide
6. Exploitation by the big hospitals — exorbitant charges | Delhi number of cases came up this
year | 2cr Bill
7. Under Nutrition vs Over Nutrition — paradox | rising Obesity
8. Drug Abuse
4. Cultural | Gender
1. Rural — hesitant to go to hospitals for pregnancy delivery | Traditional mid-wives culture still
strong
2. Lack of health awareness
3. Women generally do not go to professional hospitals | rely on traditional care | quacks in
villages
 4. Anaemic women ~42% (15-49 yrs)
5. Poor LPG penetration | Smoke chullahs
6. Blind faith | excessive fasting
7. Poor urban eating lifestyle and poor eating habits
8. Inequalities among states — South is performing better than North
6. Government Initiative
1. Aayushman Bharat
1. NHPS
2. Health and well-being centres
2. Insurance — NHPS | biggest ever SS network
3. NHP 2017 — revision and updation from 2002
4. Parliamentary Acts —
1. Maternity Benefit Act, 2016
2. Mental Healthcare Act, 2016
3. HIV/AIDS Act, 2017
4. National Medicine Commission Bill, 2017
5. National Pharma Policy 2017
5. Schemes —
1. PM Janani Suraksha Yojana
2. Universal Health Insurance Scheme
3. Indradhanush — Immunisation programme
4. Swachh Bharat Yojana | WaSH Initiative of UNICEF
5. RSBY
6. eVIN
7. Jan Aushadhi Kendras
8. PM Swasthya Suraksha Yojana — AIIMS
9. National Health Mission
10. National Programme for Elderly Health Care
11. POSHAN Scheme — nutrition
12. Ujjawala Yojana — LPG
6. Universal Health Coverage
7. AYUSH
8. International Yoga Day
9. #fitness challenge
10. IPR policy revision
1. Ever-greening of patents stopped
2. Compulsory licensing
11. NITI Aayog Action Agenda — 2017-20 | NITI Health Index Report
12. National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM)
13. WHOʼs 90-90-90 AIDS Programme
14. Private Sector participation in managing government hospitals — UP
15. Rajasthan — ranking among districts over healthcare facilities — competitive atmosphere
16. TN — Connection of all CT/MRI machines of all government hospitals
17. Judiciary —
 Judiciary
1. Living Will
2. Euthanasia
3. Abortion Rights
4. Cigarette packing warnings
7. Case Studies
1. TN — effective social security network — good effective schemes — PDS, Mid Day Meal, ICDS etc
2. Delhi Health care under AAP — complete turnaround
3. Gorakhpur — tragedy
4. AES in Muzaffarpur BR — lavde lag gye
5. Nipah Virus in Kerala — good and prompt response from the health professionals and
administration
6. Vyapam Scam in MP | Education
8. Way Forward
1. Focus on PHC
2. More quality doctors needed | strict actions against quacks
3. Increase renumeration | incentivise them for rural postings
4. Need of AIHS
5. Reform MCI | NMC good
6. Tech oriented | Aadhar enabled | DBT subsidy if any
7. Increase public expenditure — to at least 4.5% (NHP 2.5%)
8. Educating and awarding public about hygiene, cleanliness
9. Regular updation of essential drug list | Govt.Procurement for JAKs
10. Promote AYUSH + Tribal knowledge — bring them to mainstream after due consultation
11. Promote the participation of Private Sector | PPP | Insurance | CSR
12. Reform the Medical Education — make it more accessible | inclusive
13. Focus on infrastructure | R&D | Staff | Machinery
14. Universal Health Coverage as a Goal | NHP is in right direction
15. Strengthen the basics rather than excessive focus on insurance sector — a profit making business
16. Focus on Preventive healthcare — not just hospitalisation and treatment
17. Bring in a competitive atmosphere — State vs. State | Public vs. Private Sector
9. Quotes —
1. “Health is the Achilles heel of Indian Economic Development and a recurrent speed breaker
for growth in India.” — Narayan Murthy
2. — Upnishads
1. May all be happy, may all be healthy
*******International Relations - Cold Wars ; Indian
Ocean ; INDO-PACIFIC
Technology as the silent factor in international relations
South Asian societies are woven not around the state, but around their plural cultures and plural
identities - 2019
Has the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) lost its relevance in a multipolar world ? -2017
Restructuring of UNO reflect present realities -1996
The global order: political and economic -1993
Indiaʼs role in promoting ASEAN co-operation. -2004
Importance of Indo-US nuclear agreement -2006

Work of WB, IMF, WHO, etc

In Bihar, UP etc
This line of thought

SPRINKLE...
Story (for intro)

Movies (for intro or otherwise)

1 movie
Books
Poems - (corruption ; perception ; division ; reincarnation...)
Dialogues
Philosophers
1 add
Holy books and religious philosophies ... Buddha jaina Geeta Quran.....
1 idea
SC Judgements
Do add as much possible ... esp in Paper 2 type essays
Leaders - PM
Quotes
3+1 Quotes -->
Data / Facts
.....all over the essay
Conclu
 US Vs USSR
US vs China
US Vs World
China Vs World
India Vs China
India Vs Pakistan
In Middle East

NO DIRECT CONFRONTATION… but Proxy wars in multiple fields

Foreign Policy since 2014

Supplement this with IR Notes!

Terms—
1. Vasudeva Kutumbkam
2. Quad Group
3. Russia — “Time-tested friend”
4. Israel — “A marriage made in Heaven”
5. International collaboration with Indiaʼs flagship programmes

International Multilateral Organisations —

1. United Nations, World Trade Organization
2. G20 leaders summit, East Asia Summit, BRICS summit of emerging economies
3. Commonwealth of Nations and often seen as a 'third world voice'.
4. BASIC, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation,
5. Indian Ocean Rim Association,
6. IBSA Dialogue Forum,
7. SAARC,
8. Mekong–Ganga Cooperation — areas of cooperation are tourism, culture, education, and
transportation
 9. BIMSTEC among others.

Hot Areas — role of China in Indian foreign policy thinking | Indiaʼs role in Afghanistan as the United States
begins talks with the Taliban, and the recent 2+2 talks in Delhi.

Facts —
1. India is world 2nd largest importer of arms
2. Prominent nuclear power
3. US is ʻimportant but never urgentʼ — as most of the involvement of India is in her neighbourhood
4. Rebranding to Indo-Pacific Region
5. India is not really “a consequential player” in Afghanistanʼs security environment despite its legitimate
interests there
6. Chinaʼs rise has driven India to increase its efforts to increase interconnectivity in South Asia, one of
the worldʼs least connected regions.
7. Connectivity is how India can remain relevant to its neighbours — interconnectivity is important for
economic prosperity
8. Countries often have a choice between a “poisoned gift from China or no gift from India, which is very
weak on delivery.”
9. With even a moderate improvement in its ability to deliver projects on time, India can gain a leg up on
China if it offers assistance without the debt and political intimidation that now comes with Chinese
aid.
10. Despite Indiaʼs position in Asia vis-a-vis a stronger China, it is still is the dominant player in South Asia,
and has the ability to hold its own

Inauguration
Maiden foreign policy statement by inviting all the heads of state/heads of government of India's
neighbours
Modi's swearing-in ceremony featured nearly all the SAARC leaders along with Mauritius (an observer
status)
All 5 permanent member state of United Nations Security Council sent their envoys to India within the
first 100 days from inauguration which is significant, given India's long standing bid to get a
permanent membership at UNSC.

Key Initiatives
1. Act East Policy
1. Focus more and more on improving relations with ASEAN and other East Asian countries as per
India's Look East policy
2. A step further from Look East to Act East
3. A more multi-dimensional and proactive involvement of India in the SEA
2. Link West Policy
1. ʻLink Westʼ which gives it a bigger geographical connotation, it is most likely to focus on the
middle-east
2. The "West Asia Approach” of India is now its key strategy to win Middle East.
3. Energy security, trade, employment for Indians and remittances while Middle Eastern foreign
 gy y, , p y g
policy
4. India has showcased itself as “Security Partner” during Modi's visit to UAE.
5. ISIS | Israel and Palestine issue | JCOPA
3. Connect Central Asia Policy — extended neighbourhood
4. Neighbourhood First Policy
1. Focus back on its immediate neighbours in South Asia.
2. Invited all heads of state/heads of government of South Asian countries in his inauguration and
on the second day on office he held bilateral talks with all of them individually which was dubbed
as a “mini SAARC” summit by the media.
3. NavIC Satellite for pan-SAARC region | tele-medicine, e-learning | Technical and Economic
Cooperation Programme .
5. Indiaʼs Ocean Outreach
1. The Indian Ocean region (IOR), which has long been considered as India's nautical backyard, is
steadily turning into a hotspot thanks to growing Chinese strategic presence over the region's
numerous strategically located archipelagos.
2. Chinaʼs ʻString of Pearlsʼ policy together with its ʻcheque-book diplomacyʼ — India responded
with enhanced engagements in the form of bilateral and multilateral talks with the nations
3. Huge political turmoils in Sri Lanka, Maldives — posed a new challenge before India to deal with
the internal matters
6. Project Mausam
1. Believed to counter the Chinese Maritime Silk Road (MSR) initiative.
2. Profound role of ʻseasonʼ (mausam) in cultural exchanges in region as in ancient time maritime
trade used to depend on seasonal monsoon winds.
3. The project which is still in the evolving phase, is being with the worked on with the Cultural
Ministry, will focus on the ancient trade and cultural linkages and emphasise on future maritime
cooperation in the Indian Ocean region stretching from Southeast Asia to East Africa with the
central location of India, from where the ocean derived its name.
7. Cooperation @ Pacific Islands
1. Visit to Fiji (after 8 years)
2. Proposed a ʻForum for India- Pacific Islands Cooperationʼ (FIPIC) be held on a regular basis. He
conveyed there India's keenness to work closely with Pacific Island nations to advance their
development priorities
*******Religion - Culture - Traditions + Globalisation (
Norms Vs Science - logic )
Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have -2020
Indian culture today: a myth or a reality? -2000
Modernism and our traditional socio-ethical values. -2000
The composite culture of India. -1998
The Indian society at the crossroads. -1994

From traditional Indian philanthropy to the gates-buffet model-a natural progression or a paradigm
shift? -2010
New cults and godmen: a threat to traditional religion -1996

Huge Impact of Bhagavad Gita on J Robert Oppenheimer the Father of the Atomic Bomb

SPRINKLE...
Story (for intro)

Movies (for intro or otherwise)

1 movie
Books
Discovery of India : Nehru
Poems - (corruption ; perception ; division ; reincarnation...)
Dialogues
Philosophers
1 add
Holy books and religious philosophies ... Buddha jaina Geeta Quran.....
1 idea
SC Judgements
Do add as much possible ... esp in Paper 2 type essays
Leaders - PM
Quotes
Hu Shih, former Chinese Diplomat: "India conquered and dominated China culturally for 20
centuries without ever having to send a single soldier across her border.”
Mark Twain : "India is, the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the
mother of history, the grandmother of legend, and the great grand mother of tradition.
Our most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man are treasured up in
India only."
Data / Facts
.....all over the essay
l
 Conclu

Culture and tradition

Mark Twain, the father of Modern American Literature, has this to say:
"India is, the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the
grandmother of legend, and the great grand mother of tradition.
Our most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man are treasured up in
India only."

Hu Shih, former Chinese Diplomat said to his US counterpart: (India rich in cultures)
"India conquered and dominated China culturally for 20 centuries without ever having to send a
single soldier across her border.”

BOOKS
Discovery of India : Nehru
 Think on lines of
SPELICH - Syllabus -
(Historical, Cultural, Geographical),
(Legal, Political, International,Education-Health),
(Agri, Economy, Enviro, DM, SnT, Security)
(Ethical)
SDGs angles
Based on members of society --> GO macro to micro <--> Micro to macro
Women
Urban
Rural
Tribal
NE
World
Trans
Children
Elderly
Poor
SCs-STs
Sectors
Farmer
Industry
Manuf
MSME
Services
Temporal theme - Past / Present / Future
Based on issue e.g. natural disaster / election issues

Issue in India and the world

Impact on
Society
India
World

Real life Examples

Way ahead

Conlcu
Conlcu
*******S and T - Innovation
7.1 Science and Religion
Spirituality and scientific temper. -2003
Science and Mysticism : Are they compatible ?-2012

7.2 Science and Education

Modern technological education and human values. -2002
Value-based science and education. -1999
The march of science and the erosion of human values. -2001

7.3 Computer and internet

ʻSocial mediaʼ is inherently a selfish medium. -2017
Cyberspace and Internet : Blessing or curse to the human civilization in the long run -2016
Increasing computerization would lead to the creation of a dehumanized society. -2006
The cyberworld: its charms and challenges. -2000
Computer: the harbinger of silent revolution. -1993

7.4 Sci-Tech: others

Technology as the silent factor in international relations ( )
-2020
Rise of Artificial Intelligence: the threat of jobless future or better job opportunities through
reskilling and upskilling - 2019
Technology cannot replace manpower. -2015
Science and technology is the panacea for the growth and security of the nation-2013
The modern doctor and his patients. -1997
The lure of space. -2004

SPRINKLE...
Story (for intro)
Bluetooth tracker
Movies (for intro or otherwise)
1 movie
Books
Rebooting India: Realizing a Billion Aspirations by Nandan Nilekani
Poems - (corruption ; perception ; division ; reincarnation...)
Dialogues
Philosophers
1 add
Holy books and religious philosophies ... Buddha jaina Geeta Quran.....
1 idea
SC Judgements
Do add as much possible ... esp in Paper 2 type essays
Leaders - PM
Quotes
No one undertakes research in physics with the intention of winning a prize. It is the joy of
discovering something no one knew before. - Stephen Hawking (use for Indians think of noble
prize, patents, degrees, and certificate)
Necessity is the mother of invention - hence many discoveries in 1920-1960 period
Data is the new oil
"Every 40 seconds, a computer connected to internet is hacked" - says Kaspersky founder.
Our journey for outer space and satellite started from 1975 with Aryabhatta and now we are
becoming leader in space tech.
Ayurvedic/AYUSH - There are '3 lakh ayurvedic formulations' according to ancient texts. You have
to understand all of them to prescribe them. Its an art in itself.
“Whom do you love more, Mom or Dad?” …..Kid- “CELL PHONE”
Data / Facts
.....all over the essay
Conclu
All the sciences are for this one end, to bring happiness to humanity. - Swami Vivekanand

Think on lines of
SPELICH - Syllabus -
(Historical, Cultural, Geographical),
(Legal, Political, International,Education-Health),
(Agri, Economy, Enviro, DM, SnT, Security)
(Ethical)
SDGs angles
Based on members of society --> GO macro to micro <--> Micro to macro
Women
Urban
Rural
Tribal
NE
World
Trans
Children
Elderly
Poor
SCs-STs
Sectors
Farmer
Industry
Manuf
MSME
Services
 Temporal theme - Past / Present / Future
Based on issue e.g. natural disaster / election issues

Issue in India and the world

Impact on
Society
India
World

Real life Examples

Way ahead

Conlcu

DATA

What are tech companies doing about the ethical use of data?
Ongoing data breaches, and the revelations surrounding the Cambridge Analytica scandal, have
raised concerns about who owns our data, and how it is being used and shared.
But have tech companies really changed their ways? After all, data is now a primary asset in the
modern economy.
Five broad categories of data ethics
Privacy : data provided by the consumers is now owned by the company, who will use this data, but
respect confidentiality.
governance: these principles are about accountability in data management, ensuring quality and
accuracy of data, and the ethical application of algorithms.
fairness: fairness means using data and algorithms in a way that respects the person behind the data.
That means taking safety into consideration, and recognising the impact the use of data can have on
peopleʼs lives. This includes a recognition of how algorithms relying on historical data or flawed
programming can discriminate against marginalised communities.
shared benefit: this refers to the idea that data is owned by those that produce it and, as such, there
should be joint control of the data, as well as shared benefits.
transparency: it is here that a more nuanced understanding of data ownership begins to emerge.
Transparency essentially refers to being open about the way data is collected and used as well as
 Transparency essentially refers to being open about the way data is collected and used, as well as
eschewing unnecessary data collection.
In order to protect the public, external guidance and oversight is needed.

AI Researchers must learn Ethics

For example, driverless cars, which are being tested in the US, will need to be able to make
judgements about potentially dangerous situations.
For instance, how should it react if a cat unexpectedly crosses the road? Is it better to run over the
cat, or to swerve sharply to avoid it, risking injury to the carʼs occupants?
The key point is to enable graduates to integrate ethical and societal perspectives into their
work from the very beginning. It also seems appropriate to require research proposals to
demonstrate how ethical considerations have been incorporated.
COVID
Bluetooth tracker to all cricket players in Intl cricket.

BOOKS
Tech use
 Rebooting India: Realizing a Billion Aspirations by Nandan Nilekani

Science and Technology | Innovation

“Design in India is as important as Make in India” — PM Modi

Stats | Facts—
1. UB 2018 — 6.1% increment MoST | Space 17% hike
1. Need to double up the expenditure and promote private investment
2. Economic Survey 2018 Findings —
1. Gross Exp. on R&D — Increasing in last decade (100% increased) — 0.6-0.7% GDP in R&D
2. US — 2.8% | Israel — 4.3% | China — 2.1%
3. India underspends even to its income level | no relation to its increasing income also
4. Only 26 Indian R&D companies in Forbes list of 2500 Global R&D spenders | China - 301
5. Even the rate of increment is ostensibly slow
3. Central Govt. is the primary source and consumer of funds | Foreign — it is the private sector | Indian
States need to play bigger role
4. All the major Science Govt. Agencies — increasing expenditure
5. Indian Universities — negligible R&D unlike other countries | they just teach, no research
6. PhD — Indians = 50% of Chinese students | Low enrolment | PMRF
1. Strict examination process of PhD
2. Severe backlog due to lack of manpower
7. Publications — high on quantity but very low on quality | bonus journals | India stands 6th in the
world in terms of quantity
1. Mostly non-peer-reviewed
2. Academic performance of a faculty depends upon papers publish/ year — bad! This increases
corruption and bogus papers
3. India 1400 papers in high quality journals | China 9000
8. Patents — 7th in world | Low per capita patents | need more focus on R&D
1. Less manpower
2. High rate of pendency | technological obsolescence
3. Useless litigation
9. “False sense of egalitarianism, we choose the mediocrity at every level.”
1. Lost ability and ambition to recognise excellence amongst us.
10. Lack of scientific temper and attitude
1. Fear of mathematics and science
11. Innovation Index — 60/127 (2017) (bad)
12. Problem with the education system of India.
13. International Competition without proper home backing.

Structure
1. Introduction — a farmer — who can now —
1. Weather info much more accurately | Satellites | ISRO etc
2. e-NAM | double the income | remove middlemen
3. Soil health cards — updation and better resource utilisation
4. Information dissipation
5. Use of YouTube, Kisan Channels etc to learn new techniques | argument income
6. Genetic engineering | productive seeds and fertilisers
7. Negative — Climate Change due to over over-farming
1. Unrestricted use of Fertilisers instead of age-old natural ways
2. Excessive use of HYV and GM seeds | decreases productivity in long run
3. Over-irrigation | lowering WT
2. “Science and Tech — A Double Edged Sword”
3. Greatest example of Innovation —
1. Wheel
2. Internet, Social Media, Smart Phone
3. Language and printing press
4. Compass Magnetic
5. Electricity | Bulb
6. Telephone
7. Currency and monetary system
8. Antibiotics — Penicilline (Alexender Fleming)
9. Steam Engine
4. Negative of S&T
1. Climate Change | Global Warming
2. Nuclear Weapons and WMD
3. Bio-ethics ? — Designer babies | Playing God | China and gene-editing | Designer babies
4. Cyber Crime and online bullying | Privacy concerns
5. Terrorism and CyberTerrorism | Radicalisation
6. Artificial Intelligence — what will happen?
7. Over Surveillance | Enemy of the State (Hollywood movie)
8. Personal — Depression | Relative Deprivation | Criminal instinct | Isolation | wastage of time | lack
of intellect
9. Blue-whale Game | Petya Ransomware | Wannacry
10. Dark Net | Vulnerabilities of children
11. Pornography
5. Positives
1. It is democratic and open to all.
2. It has objectivity and facts
3. Greater Connectivity and Information for all
4. Great for Business — Google, Netflix, FB — latest billionaires mostly from e-world
5. It runs though ages and gets on innovated — Steam Engine -> Diesel engine -> aircraft engine ->
electric engine -> water-engine ?
6. Person-to-person connections | Diplomatic tool eg. CERN
7 Great for better and efficient administration
 7. Great for better and efficient administration
1. Reduce human involvement
2. Reduces chances of corruption
3. It is generally leak proof and quick
4. Blockchain tech
5. Big Data and Information Analysis
8. Employment generator
9. Greater good for the development of humanity | easing the life of masses
10. Education — endless opportunities
11. Entrepreneurship and innovation
12. Healthcare — endless
13. Overall development — rural and backward regions | Bharatnet
14. Tackle Climate Change — R&D in green tech
15. Space Exploration | understanding Earth and Universe
16. Better climate predictions | Insurance | Farmersʼs welfare etc
6. Case Studies
1. Microgardening | Horticulture | source of employment and income at household level | Climate
positive
2. Twitter | FB — Rescue natural disasters | Sushma Swaraj | Right to express and speak | democratic
field
3. Aadhar and its uses | DBT | Subsides | EoDB
4. Dr. SMS in Kerala
5. Public Service through drones and robots | e-Policing and surveillance
6. e-NAM | Flipkart | Amazon — boost to production and bigger market access
7. Water purifying
8. Leaders — Elon Musk (Tesla) | Mark Zuckerberg | Narayan Murthy | Sunil Bharti Mittal
9. Using Science in saving environment and species — White Rhino | Artificial Reproductive
techniques to save the sub-species of rhino from extinction.
7. Government Initiatives
1. Innovation in Public Policy | Campaigns like — Selfie with daughter, MyGov.in, Selfie with
bathroom
2. Startup India, Standup India
3. Digital India
4. IT Act 2000 (2008)
5. ISRO achievements — global player
6. PMRF
7. Atal Innovation Mission
8. NITI Aayog — India Innovation Index
9. Govt. Hackathons
10. National Innovation Foundation
11. ASPIRE, Nidhi schemes
12. IGNITE Programs
13. VAJRA Scheme — international professors and faculty
14. i3— Innovate in India
 15. GM crops and R&D promotion
16. Better IMD and collaboration with WMD
17. Facilitating the achievers
18. Ucchatayar Avishkar Yojana
8. Way Forward —
1. Increase funding for R&D | smooth and hassle-free | need to double-up |
2. Fund Innovations and back the startups
3. Remove obsolete laws and simplify the rules and laws
4. Promote Scientific Temper and invest in education system
5. Stricter standards for publish of research papers | end to bogus and inflated numbers
6. Improve Math and Cognitive skills at the school level || ASER
7. SERB and Investigator-led research
8. STEM Research — Attract private investment — CSR as tax laws favours CSR
1. R&D in line with private sectorʼs interest
9. Improve the Statesʼ Role — specific needs as per their requirements eg. Drought mitigation tech
in Bihar
10. Market-Academia Linkages
11. Develop ʻUniversity Townsʼ (eg. MIT) — cluster based approach
12. Recognise and empower the innovators
13. Specific National Missions — eg. on Dark Matter, Mathematics, Genomics etc
14. Leverage Scientific Diaspora in this protectionist world — from US, EU etc
1. Brain-drain to brain-gain
2. Growing anti-immigrant sentiments in the west — capitalise on that
3. Trend of return of diaspora is increasing in last 5 years
4. Ramanuja Fellowship, INSPIRE, VAJRA
15. Catch them young — better scientific revolution and enthusiasm
9. Conclusion
1. Preamble — liberty, justice, equality
2. Fundamental Duties — Scientific temper
3. End with the Gandhiʼs Talisman (Remember the poorest face….)
4. SDGs

1. Innovation
The Global Innovation Index (GII) has ranked India as the 57th (2018) most innovative nation
in the world out of about 120 countries. India has been improving steadily since it was ranked
81st in 2015.
OECD- no university in top 50
33% of US GDP come from IP-intensive industries
2. On health research- 1% of total expenditure on health

Biggest innovation
 gg
Internet
Telephone —>Smart phone
Transistors
Computers
Edison
Railway
Airplane

-ne
Climate change
Nukes
Destruction
Terrosim, naxalities
Designer babies
Cloning,
Biodiversity loss- GM crop
Depression, stress-
Job loss
privacy
Blue whale games
Stalking, trolling, harrasmnet
Surveillance

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IS A PANACEA FOR THE GROWTH AND SECURITY OF THE NATION

Scene 1
Aman, a small village farmer, technologically strong. It was mid May and he was waiting for sms and e-
mail about weather forecast, from his newly bought ʻmobile-phoneʼ, and recently installed internet in
village through, ʻBharat-Netʼ. He accurately sowed, 7 days later, precipitation occurred as expected. He
used his ʻsoil health cardʼ and appropriately applied fertz and pesticide. Finally, got his best produce.
Also he understood that local trader are paying less, as heʼd had seen e-Nam prices already. He
arranged a group of farmers, hired a small ʻtruckʼ, and personally sold in ʻGramin Haatʼ. They all went
home, bought sweets for family, a sari for wife and new ʻ uniform and booksʼ for children.

(But at the same time - he bough new tractor- fuel, used free electricity incessantly, etc —>climate effect)

Scene 2
ʻSir, war is looming aroundʼ, said NSA to PM. PM asked, ʻAre we preparedʼ?. To which NSC affirmed.
NSA replied 'India has, 1st line of defence which can hit multiple targets in case of missile attack, Only
4 nations have that precious tech. Our aircraft carrier has located enemy ships through our latest
ʻsurvelliance radar systemʼ, our INS chakra and INS Arihant, submarine are around their imp
checkpoints We have faster supersonic cruise missile ʻBrahmosʼ and tanks artillery UAVs
 checkpoints. We have faster supersonic cruise missile Brahmos , and tanks, artillery, UAVs,
helicopters, ʻTejasʼ, and all missiles - Nag, Prithvi,agni, Akash, Trishul are ready.' PM felt satisfied.

GAURAV AGARWAL - On science

AGRICULTURE GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY AND SCIENCE
INDUSTRY, SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ISSUES AND SCIENCE
ENERGY SECURITY ISSUES AND SCIENCE
CLIMATE CHANGE SECURITY ISSUES AND SCIENCE
Disaster preparedness
Biomedical security
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SECURITY ISSUES AND SCIENCE