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32 views3 pages

Spanish Notes

Uploaded by

beepkevinbeep
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Course: Spanish 101

Topic: Present Tense Verbs and Basic Vocabulary


Date: December 26, 2024
1. Introduction to the Present Tense

In Spanish, verbs are conjugated based on the subject of the sentence. The present
tense is used to describe actions happening currently or regularly. In Spanish,
there are three main verb endings:

-ar (e.g., hablar - to speak)


-er (e.g., comer - to eat)
-ir (e.g., vivir - to live)

Conjugating Regular Verbs in the Present Tense

1. -AR Verbs (e.g., hablar - to speak):

yo hablo (I speak)
tú hablas (you speak – informal)
él/ella/usted habla (he/she/you [formal] speaks)
nosotros/nosotras hablamos (we speak)
vosotros/vosotras habláis (you all speak – informal in Spain)
ellos/ellas/ustedes hablan (they/you all speak)

2. -ER Verbs (e.g., comer - to eat):

yo como (I eat)
tú comes (you eat)
él/ella/usted come (he/she/you [formal] eat)
nosotros/nosotras comemos (we eat)
vosotros/vosotras coméis (you all eat)
ellos/ellas/ustedes comen (they/you all eat)

3. -IR Verbs (e.g., vivir - to live):

yo vivo (I live)
tú vives (you live)
él/ella/usted vive (he/she/you [formal] live)
nosotros/nosotras vivimos (we live)
vosotros/vosotras vivís (you all live)
ellos/ellas/ustedes viven (they/you all live)

2. Common Irregular Verbs in the Present Tense

Some verbs are irregular and do not follow the standard conjugation rules. Below
are some common irregular verbs:

1. Ser (to be) – used for permanent characteristics:

yo soy (I am)
tú eres (you are)
él/ella/usted es (he/she/you [formal] is)
nosotros/nosotras somos (we are)
vosotros/vosotras sois (you all are)
ellos/ellas/ustedes son (they/you all are)

2. Estar (to be) – used for temporary states or locations:

yo estoy (I am)
tú estás (you are)
él/ella/usted está (he/she/you [formal] is)
nosotros/nosotras estamos (we are)
vosotros/vosotras estáis (you all are)
ellos/ellas/ustedes están (they/you all are)

3. Tener (to have):

yo tengo (I have)
tú tienes (you have)
él/ella/usted tiene (he/she/you [formal] has)
nosotros/nosotras tenemos (we have)
vosotros/vosotras tenéis (you all have)
ellos/ellas/ustedes tienen (they/you all have)

3. Basic Vocabulary:
Greetings and Introductions:

¡Hola! – Hello!
¿Cómo estás? – How are you? (informal)
¿Cómo está usted? – How are you? (formal)
Estoy bien, gracias. – I’m fine, thank you.
Mucho gusto. – Nice to meet you.
¿De dónde eres? – Where are you from? (informal)
Soy de... – I’m from...
Me llamo... – My name is...
¿Cuál es tu nombre? – What is your name? (informal)
Encantado/a. – Pleased to meet you. (male/female)

4. Talking About Daily Activities:

Desayunar – to have breakfast


Almorzar – to have lunch
Cenar – to have dinner
Trabajar – to work
Estudiar – to study
Leer – to read
Escribir – to write
Hablar – to talk
Escuchar – to listen

Example sentences:

Yo desayuno a las ocho. – I have breakfast at eight.


Tú estudias español. – You study Spanish.
Él trabaja en la oficina. – He works at the office.

5. Common Questions:

¿Qué hora es? – What time is it?


¿Qué te gusta hacer? – What do you like to do?
¿Tienes hermanos? – Do you have siblings?
¿Dónde vives? – Where do you live?

Example answers:

Son las tres. – It’s three o’clock.


Me gusta leer. – I like to read.
Sí, tengo dos hermanos. – Yes, I have two siblings.
Vivo en Madrid. – I live in Madrid.

6. Key Grammar Rules:

Word Order:
Spanish follows a subject-verb-object (SVO) structure, but the subject can
often be dropped because the verb conjugation indicates the subject.
Yo hablo español. – I speak Spanish.
(Can be shortened to "Hablo español.")

Gender of Nouns:
In Spanish, nouns have gender (masculine or feminine).
Masculine nouns often end in -o (e.g., libro – book).
Feminine nouns often end in -a (e.g., mesa – table).

Plural Nouns:
To make a noun plural, add -s if the noun ends in a vowel, or -es if it ends in
a consonant.
libro → libros (books)
mesa → mesas (tables)
animal → animales (animals)

7. Practice Exercises:

Conjugate the verb hablar (to speak) for all subjects.


Translate the following sentences:
I eat breakfast at 7:00 AM.
She lives in a big house.
They work every day.
Answer the following questions in Spanish:
¿Cómo te llamas?
¿Qué te gusta hacer en tu tiempo libre?
¿Tienes una mascota?

8. Key Takeaways:

Regular verbs in Spanish are conjugated based on the subject of the sentence,
with different endings for -ar, -er, and -ir verbs.
Some verbs, like ser, estar, and tener, are irregular and do not follow regular
conjugation patterns.
Basic vocabulary like greetings, introductions, and common activities will help
you engage in everyday conversations in Spanish.

Next Class: Introduction to the Preterite Tense (Past Tense)


Homework: Complete the exercises on pages 10-15 in your textbook.

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