Anatomy Guide : Neuroanatomy

↓ ervous System Organization

· The nervous system is a
group on cells /specialized : neurons) that recieve Sensory Stimule and transmit them to Ef-

fector organs
. The stimul an come from outside or inside the body
. These situmi can be stored in
utmony , or

go through Efferent Pathways to the Receptor organs .

-
· The nearous system is divided into two main parts :

- & Central Nervous System 2 Peripheral Nervous System

main centers for correlation and conduction of information to

integration of information And from the crus

o brin · crerial/Spiral +
nerves

·
Spinal cord their associated ganglia
·
unfringes and Cerebrospinal fluid · bundles of MERVE fibbtos

skull and vertebras by

· protected by the
- X
sumounded fibrous sheets

Autonomic Mervous System

part of central and peripheral n S

. . innervation of
involuntary structures , prepare

the body for an

Emergency (symphatic) us conserves And Restores Entrggy

(parasympathetic)

· There ARE two types of Pathways : Offerent (transport information from the outside to the cus) and efftrent

Itutnsport motor information to the periphery

Gastrulation Phase
· In these plast the
Embryo transforms a one-dimentional layer
Epithelial
of cells (blastula) , Reorganizing this into a miltilayered
3 issues mesoderm
Structure (gestural with : Estodtum ,

and Endoderm .

· The Ectoderm will start

growing more in the center than

On the sides , forming the Neurocttodum

1 Induction

· The primitive node and the Motochondal process ARE necessary

for this process . The primitive Mode cells will more to the center

disc ,
of the 3-layered forming the primitive groove
· The nemby Ectoderm will Respond

to the induction Estimulus andEarly regionalization by the deleopment of the

"Head and prechoa-

organizing Region" will happen in the visceral interior Endoderm

dal plate .

2 Neurocation

· The neural platt rectoderml will form and thicken and

start forming a
groort
. Two neveal folds will fust

and the neural groove will turn into a neural tubt with a neural Crest Abort .

to close
The
utunal
growe needs Anteriorly 1240 day) and
posteriorly 126 day)
·

neural Crest : during the formation of the neural tubt, the lateral

- margins aren't incorporated, giving origin

dermal cells that cover the Ectodte About , and
to a
group of

later differenci
Ecto-

att in different specialized cells

l ike posterion root
ganglion cells ,
Schwann Cells ,
autonomic
ganglion cells ...
 3
.
Segmentation
· This is the proliferation of cells at the cephalic end of the neural tube

Causing the dilation and formation of 3

primary brain resicles :

forebrain , midbrain and hindbrain vesicles ,

with a plexures , the

Cephalic (3rd week) and cervical 15th week)

neural tube will form the spiral could

· The
enlongate to

resicles , and Each will

The
primary brain resicles will turn Secondary brain
5 to specific structures :
· 3 into give origin
& Telecephalon >
- Cerebrum reateral ventricks)

2 Diencephalon -
diencephalon (3rd Ventrick)
3 Mesencephalon-brain Stem : midbrain /Cerebral aquedut)
4 Metacephalon -brainstem : Pons/cerebellum-
5 Myelenceophalon - brin Stem : Meddula

14th ventricle)
&
oblongata-

. Later Development
4 Alterations

· The vertebral column will stop growing and "Ascend" (apparently)

· Cerebellum development starts on the 5th-6th week And finishes on

- he 4th month

· the crebrum continues to

grow ,
however that is not enough space in the

skull , so fissures will be formed (to save space) ,

and a brin mess will be

formed at the back of the head rolivision -

rolling - Vascularization -
fusion)

>
-
Cells Differentiation

Cells differentiation will happen by (that

· induction is controled by induncing
factors that influence the control of the gene Expression in some cells)

The cells can differenciate into neurons and nemnoglial cells (that later specialize Even morel .

Brain tumous often come from oftal cells .

>
-
Skull
Bones
Anatomy Skull
of the

skull and in Interochatium) and

Either protect the but about 8 bones just
· There about 23 bones in the they can are or

Form the FACE viseno cranium) art out made of 15 bones .

VISCEROCRANIUM NEUROCRANIUM
· This bones out joined togethe by fibrous immovable) joints ,
the mandibula
being the only bone that has a synovial
joint that allows movement
. The neurocarium can be divided into calvaria (noof) and cranial base (that has the fort-

Meth atgrum where the Spiral cord passes through)

 · Each cranial nerve passes through a foramen in the

&
the brain to innervate the other
skuee when
taking
Organs (eikt the Eyes , muscefs ,
colcata ... )

Cribriform platt
OB
CN I :

A CN II :
Optic Caral
l
CNI , E ,
:
Superior Orbital fissure

e CN En :
Superior Orbital fissure
Ob

·Trementeen it
e