Journal of Early Childhood Care and Education

Volume 3, No. 2, October 2020, pp. 97-110

E-ISSN 2615-1413
Open Access | URL : http://journal2.uad.ac.id/index.php/jecce/article/view/3111

Development of snakes and ladders game (disaster response) as

earthquake mitigation for children
Besse Nirmala, Andi Agusniatih, Haerul Annuar
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Early Childhood Education, Tadulako University, Indonesia
e-mail: bessenirmala@untad.ac.id

Article History Abstract

This study aims to produce of snakes and ladders game with feasible to
Submitted: November 18, 2020 increase understanding of children related to earthquake disaster
Accepted: January 16, 2021 mitigation. Snakes and ladders game will be applied to children aged 5-
Published: January 27, 2021 6 years in Palu city. This research is a research and development
DOI: 10.26555/jecce.v3i2.3111
according to Borg and Gall. Data collection techniques using
observation, interviews and questionnaries. Data analysis in the form of
quantitative descriptive. The results showed that the assessment of the
material validators get an average of 3.63, media validators get an
average of 3.8, and disaster validators get an average of 3.75 (feasible
category). In the initial field trials, it averaged persentage 78% and was
included in the feasible category. Operational field trials get an average
persentage of 87% included in the feasible category. Comparative
study results obtained sig. (2-tailed) of 0,000 <0.05, it can be concluded
that Ha is accepted, which means that "there is a significant difference"
between the average post-test results of the control group and the
experimental group. The results obtained after applying the snake and
ladder game, children can understand and carry out self-rescue
activities when simulating an earthquake disaster.
Keywords : Snakes and Ladders Game, Earthquake Disaster
Mitigation, Early Childhood
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan permainan ular tangga yang
layak untuk meningkatkan pemahaman anak-anak terkait mitigasi
bencana gempa bumi. Permainan ular tangga akan diterapkan pada
anak usia 5-6 tahun di kota Palu. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian
dan pengembangan menurut Borg and Gall. Teknik pengumpulan data
menggunakan observasi, wawancara dan kuisioner. Analisis data dalam
bentuk deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa
penilaian validator materi mendapatkan rata-rata 3,63, validator media
mendapatkan rata-rata 3,8, dan validator bencana mendapatkan rata-
rata 3,75 (kategori layak). Pada uji coba lapangan awal diperoleh rata-
rata persentase 78% dan termasuk dalam kategori layak. Uji coba
lapangan operasional mendapatkan persentase rata-rata 87%
termasuk dalam kategori layak. Hasil studi banding diperoleh sig. (2-
tailed) sebesar 0,000 <0,05 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa “terdapat
perbedaan yang signifikan” antara rata-rata hasil posttest kelompok
kontrol dan kelompok eksperimen. Hasil yang diperoleh setelah
diterapkan permainan ular tangga, anak dapat memahami dan
melakukan kegiatan penyelamatan diri ketika melakukan simulasi
bencana gempa.
Kata Kunci : Permainan Ular Tangga, Mitigasi Bencana Gempa Bumi,
Anak Usia Dini.
 JECCE (Journal of Early Childhood Care and Education), Volume 3, No. 2, October 2020, pp. 97-110

INTRODUCTION
Natural disasters are events that at any time can threaten and cause damage and
casualties. One the natural disaster is an earthquake. The earthquake and tsunami that shaken
up Palu, Sigi, and Donggala of Central Sulawesi on Friday, September 28, 2018 around 6.02 pm,
not the first time in the history of disasters in the area. Palu is a disaster-prone point such as
earthquake, tsunami, landslides, and liquefaction. Palu-Koro is the most active fault in Indonesia.
According to ISDR (2004), a disaster is a serious disruption to the functioning of a community
that results in widespread human, material, economic, or environmental harm that exceeds the
ability of the affected community to cope with using their own resources. Disasters not only
disrupt children’s daily routines, but can also disrupt academic activities; lost social
opportunities; and increased exposure to various life stressors (Anderson, 2005; Lopez et al.,
2012; Mudavanhu et al., 2015; Peek & Fothergill, 2014).
The victims most vulnerable to the impact of the earthquake are children, women and the
elderly (Alston et al., 2019; Lopez et al., 2012). The importance of involving children in disaster
mitigation education from an early age because children are the most vulnerable victims when a
disaster occurs (Midtbust, Liv Gunvor Hove Dyregrov & Djup, 2018). The analysis shows that
most of the children do not have the right knowledge in dealing with disasters and mitigation
methods (Tuladhar et al., 2014). One of the main factors why children included in the category
of objects most vulnerable to disaster due to lack of access and opportunities in disaster
mitigation (Vineeta & Pathranarakul, 2019). The panic that occurs during a disaster and critical
life after a disaster is very likely to be a traumatic condition in children, due to the child's limited
understanding of the conditions that occur. The introduction of disaster mitigation in early
childhood education is very appropriate because early childhood is at the peak of the golden age,
where the construction of new concepts and knowledge of the disaster-based environment will
enrich children's cognition. Currently, children's participation is of greater concern as a
component of disaster risk reduction (Lopez et al., 2012). Children are highly competent and
motivated to work together in planning, organizing and managing complex projects when they
are directly involved. In turn, their involvement can further motivate them and reinforce skills
development (Pfefferbaum et al., 2018; Wong et al., 2010).
This study aims to develop an educational game tool in this case the disaster response
snake ladder game as earthquake disaster mitigation in children. This can build children’s
knowledge early on against the threat of disaster and how children are able to make decisions

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and act when disasters occur. These skills are designed for learning activities while playing that
gives children the opportunity to do it on their own. The focus of the development of the game
of snakes and ladders is earthquake mitigation. Although there is a lot of literature previously
investigating the benefits of snakes and ladders in disaster mitigation (Purnamawati, 2020;
Utami & Mustari, 2020), to the best of researchers' knowledge, there is very little literature on
the use of ladders in providing disaster mitigation against earthquakes. In this study, researchers
addressed this literature gap by proposing the game of snakes and ladders as earthquake
mitigation for early childhood.
Theoretical study, the development of the game of disaster response snake ladder as
earthquake disaster mitigation is in line with the improvement of children’s learning capacity
through learning conditioning proposed by Gagne (Gredler, 2019). The design of learning for
young children is prepared not only to provide learning direction that will be carried out but also
to direct and stimulate child development tasks. Believes that full thematic development can be
a framework for early childhood curriculum development and help the process of scaffolding in
children (Wortham, 2006). Activities prepared by children can be directed to train and accustom
children to be able to deal with conditions and situations that are traumatic and cannot, such as
during a disaster. Play activities that conceptualize certain conditions such as disasters will build
new knowledge and contract the attitudes and actions needed when a disaster occurs.

METHOD
The present study was categorized a research and development with procedures
adapted from Borg and Gall 1989 (Syaodih Sukmadinata, 2007). This model was chosen because
it has the advantage of being simpler and systematically structured. This research uses quasi-
experimental. Quasi-experimental research is research that resembles experimental research
but not actual experimental research. Quasi-experimental research conducted on the same
sample and provide manipulation of the measured variables. In this study the design used is pre-
test and post-test. The pre-test and post-test results aim at formulating the final conclusions of
the development of the snakes ladders game as earthquake disaster mitigation. The population
of the present study involved kindergarten in Palu city.

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The data of the study were quantitatively analyzed using some test, namely validity test,
reliability test, normality test, and hypothesis test using t-test where the average score of
implementation before and after using snakes and ladders game.
The research location is determined through purposive sampling supported by
theoretical sampling. The choice of location by purposive sampling means that the location of the
study has been determined from the beginning based on the characteristics of needs, namely an
area prone to earthquake disasters. The early childhood education selected for the
implementation testing activities took place at IT Pelita Hati Kindergarten, Putra Kaili Permata
Bangsa Kindergarten, Khalifah Kindergarten, and Mutiara Hati Kindergarten. This research was
conducted in March to October 2019.
The number of subjects involved in this study are as follows. Limited field trials involving
4 children, wider field trials involving 8 children, operational field trials involving 20 children, and
tests of 20 children.
This research and development procedure is adapted from the Borg and Gall
development model. The development procedures are shown at figure 1.

Analysis of Initial product

Needs analysis
products developed development

Validating
Developing material,
Making revisions
instruments language and
media experts

Evaluation of
Testing limited Operational and
understanding of
and revised field revised field
child disaster
trials trials
mitigation

Figure 1. Development Research Procedure Scheme adapted from Borg and Gall 1989 (Sukmadinata,
2012:169-170).
Data obtained from the results of the feasibility trial were collected through observation,
interview and documentation techniques and the pretest posttest to see children’s
understanding of earthquake disaster mitigation. The results obtained after applying the snake

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and ladder game, children can understand and carry out self-rescue activities when simulating
an earthquake disaster.
Data from the results of the feasibility trial were analyzed using the conversion of
quantitative data to qualitative data. Table 1 is a reference table assessing the data generated
from media experts and material experts. If the learning media for the game of snakes and
ladders for disaster response has been revised and has been recognized for its feasibility in terms
of media experts and material experts, it can be tested on children. This is done so that the media
developed is feasible and of good quality to be applied. The conversion of likert scale are shown
at table 1.
Table 1. Conversion of Likert Scale Scores on the Media Feasibility Level
The Range Criteria Feasibility Level
̅ > 4,08
𝑿 Very good Feasible
3,36 < 𝑿
̅ ≤ 4,08 Good
2,64 < 𝑿
̅ ≤ 3,35 Enough Not feasible
1,92 < 𝑿
̅ ≤ 2,63 Less
̅ ≤ 1,92
𝑿 Very Less
(Source: Sugiyono, 2012)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Data and information are obtained through preliminary studies, limited field trials, wide
field trials, and operational field trials. The presentation of the results of the study is as follows.
Preliminary Study Results
There are several themes that exist in early childhood institutions related to the insight
of disaster, namely the universe, water, air and fire. However, the teacher never gives an
understanding related to earthquake disaster mitigation through game. Introduction to the
concept of a broad disaster and not accompanied by activities to extract attitudes and skills
before, during and after a disaster occurs because teachers do not have and understand
knowledge about disaster mitigation.
Initial Product Development
The results of the initial product development of the disaster response snake ladder
game are shown at table 2.

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Table 2. Snakes and Ladders Game

No. Product Developed Explanation
1. Snakes and ladders boards are designed using corel draw
application. The size of the board is 2.5 x 2.5 meters. The number of
boxes on the board game of snakes and ladders is 25 boxes where
each box contains pictures related to disaster mitigation. The
design of the disaster board snake ladder board game design is as
follows.

Disaster response board

snakes
2. The dice used to play ladder snakes are made of cloth and flannel
filled with dacrone or cotton with the aim that it can be used safely
by young children. The size of this dice is 30 x 30 cm. The way to
play is the child throws up until the dice falls on the floor then sees
the number of dice on the top side. Children count the number of
small circles, then the child prepares to jump according to the
number of eyes of the dice.

Disaster Response Dice

3. A pawn is a piece that moves from start to finish. The pawns used in
this game are the child himself by jumping in each box according to
the number of points indicated by the dice after being thrown by
the child.

Snakes and Ladders Pawn

4. This guide book for snakes and ladders is created with the aim of
giving teachers an understanding of how to apply the snakes and
ladders game for children aged 5-6 years in introducing children to
earthquake disaster mitigation. This teacher's manual consists of
an introduction to the game of the ladder snake, introduction of the
game supporting equipment of the ladder snake, tabe dice, how to
play, the rules of the game and a summary of the material.

Snakes and Ladders Game

Manual
Validation Results
After the results of the initial product development, a feasibility test will be conducted
by experts in the material, language and media. Material expert validation was done once. The

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validation results obtained a mean score of 3.63 with decent criteria. Suggestions from material
expert validators are that the material in each box is adjusted to the characteristic of early
childhood, brief and easy to understand. Language expert validation of linguist is done once. The
validation result is obtained a mean score of 3.8 with reasonable criteria. Suggestion from a
linguist validator that there is a typing error in box 14 and needs to be corrected immediately.
The validation of the media expert was carried out three times. The results of the validation of
media expert got a mean score of 3.75 with the criteria worth testing. The suggestion from the
media validator is that the dice are made rather large and lightweight so that they are easy to use
by children and the image does not dominate the writing so that it is easy to read.
Trials and Revision
Limited field trials by implementing a disaster response snake ladder game involving four
children in IT Pelita Hati Kindergarten. These four children have different levels of cognition,
namely high, medium and low levels of cognition. The results of limited field trials obtained an
average of 3.40 with reasonable criteria.
Based on the results of limited field trials stated that the disaster response snake ladder
game meets the feasibility aspects. However, when field trials are limited in terms of
companions, there needs to be a revision, namely teachers have difficulty managing children
because some children cannot wait to turn to roll the dice. There are things that need to be
improved in this game of snakes and ladders, namely in terms of material it needs to be examined
again. The language used is in accordance with the characteristics of the child and is not too long
so that it is easily understood by the child. Then the pictures made are adjusted to the questions
or statements on the material. The dice that are made must be safe and strong when used by
children and larger in size and made as attractive as possible with color combinations that match
the characteristics of early childhood.
Broader field trials involved eight children in the Putra Kaili Permata Bangsa
Kindergarten who were selected from different levels of cognition. Children are divided into two
groups, each group consisting of two children as the opponent and friend. The results of wider
field trials obtained an average of 3.75 with decent criteria. Based on the results of wider field
trials, it was stated that the snake ladder game of disaster response fulfills the feasibility aspect.
Therefore, at this stage the researcher did not revise the snakes and ladders game.

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The operational field trials involved 20 children in the Khalifah Kindergarten who were
selected from different levels of cognition. When implementing the disaster response snake
ladder game, 20 children were divided into 4 groups. The results of operational trials obtained
an average of 3, 90 with very decent criteria. Based on the results of a series of field trials related
to the game of disaster response snake ladder, it was stated that the game was suitable for use
by early childhood as earthquake disaster mitigation in the city of Palu. The field trials process
are shown at table 3.
Table 3. Field Trials Process
IMPLEMENTATION OF SNAKES AND LADDERS RESULT OF RESEARCH
The results of the practical analysis (feasibility) of
the Tabe and Ladder snake game media as
earthquake mitigation for children aged 5-6 years
in Palu City for each observation indicator has an
average of 3.04 or is in the "implemented"
category. The results of the feasibility analysis of
the Tabe and Ladder snake game as earthquake
mitigation for each observation aspect have an
average of 3.63 or are in the "feasible" category.

Pelita Hati IT Kindergarten

The results of the analysis of the practicality
(implementation) of the Tabe ladder snake game
as disaster mitigation for children aged 5-6 years
for each aspect of the observation have an
average of 3.54 or are in the "implemented"
category. The results of the feasibility analysis of
the Tabe and Ladder snake game for each
observation aspect have an average of 3.8 or are
in the "feasible" category.
Permata Bangsa Kindergarten

The results of the analysis of the practicality

(feasibility) of the Tabe ladder snake game as
disaster mitigation for children aged 5-6 years for
each observation aspect have an average of 4.1 or
are in the "implemented" category. The results of
the feasibility analysis of the Tabe and Ladder
snake game for each observation aspect have an
average of 3.9 or are in the "feasible" category.

Khalifah Kindergarten

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Comparative Study Outcomes

Researchers used test instruments to obtain data on children's knowledge related to
earthquake disaster mitigation. The technique used is to compare the learning outcomes of
children who do not use the snake ladder game disaster response with the learning outcomes of
children who have used the ladder snake game. The kindergarden involved were Khalifah
kindergarden as the experimental group and Mutiara Hati kindergarden as the control group.
The effectiveness test uses a t-test that compares the average results of pre-test and post-
test. Data Processing using SPSS 22 with the independent samples test formula which is a
different test of the same two samples but get different treatments. The steps taken to process
the t-test data before processing the data are compiling a hypothesis. The hypothesis in this study
are, Ho: there is no difference in the average pre-test and post-test result; and H1 results: there
are differences in the average pre-test and post-test results. Independent samples test are shown
at table 4.
Table 4. Independent Samples Test
Levene's t-test for Equality of Means
Test for
Equality of
Variances
F Sig. t df Sig. (2- Mean Std. 95% Confidence
tailed) Differe Err Interval of the
nce or Difference
Diff Lower Upper
ere
nce
Value Equal 1.02 .31 - 38 .000 - 1.2 - -
variances 3 8 21.025 25.500 128 27.955 23.0446
assumed 00 7 33 7
Equal - 35.604 .000 - 1.2 - -
variances 21.025 25.500 128 27.960 23.0392
not 00 7 76 4
assumed

Based on the result of the independent samples test, it was found that the tcount was -
21.025 with the significance value of 0,000 <0.05, it can be concluded that H1 was accepted,
which means that "there is a significant difference" between the average results of the control
group post-test with the experimental group.
There are several feasibility tests undertaken to obtain assessments, criticisms,
comments, and suggestions, so that the game of disaster ladder snakes can be said to be feasible.

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The feasibility tests undertaken include validation of material experts, linguists, media experts,
limited field trials, wider field trials, and operational field tests.
The results showed that respondents' assessment of the developed disaster response
snake ladder game, in general respondents rated good. The results of the questionnaire related
to the feasibility of the disaster response snake ladder game that has an average of 3.8 with
decent criteria. Participatory techniques, such as the snake and ladder game played by children
in which there are activities to investigate and discuss natural risks with peers, not only results
in increased knowladge but also the introduction of disaster mitigation measures (Ronan et al.,
2016; Widowati et al., 2020; Winarni & Purwandari, 2018).
Based on the results of these studies in accordance with the opinion of (Rifa, 2012; Utami
& Mustari, 2020) that the benefits of snakes and ladders game in general are providing
knowledge to children through the process of learning to play while learning, stimulating the
development of thinking, creativity, and language, creating a play environment that interesting,
providing a sense of security and fun, as well as improving the quality of children's learning in
physical motor development, language, social emotional, and art. Snake Games stairs contain
important elements related to child disaster education, in context protect children from violence
and bullying effective in increasing children's knowledge by up to 150% (Widowati et al., 2019).
Some of the most recent research results focus on children who have experienced a disaster,
understand their perceptions and make recovery through art activities, music, games,
photography, vidiography, and other (Fletcher et al., 2016; Freeman et al., 2015).
Judging from the colors used in the disaster response snake ladder game using a variety
of color compositions and classified as bright in order to attract the attention of children. Judging
from the presence of images in the game, these images are animated images that are tailored to
the characteristics of early childhood. It is intended that the emotional closeness of children
according to the character of the picture. In addition, in this snakes and ladders game, children
use a simulation method on how to save themselves from the earthquake disaster. This is
supported by a statement by (Steward & Wan, 2007) in his research on the role of simulation in
disaster management to measure someone’s readiness in facing disasters. Then according to
(Olson et al., 2010) in his research also stated that education about disaster preparedness using
simulation in the form of games can give better results that those who do not use simulation.

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CONCLUSION
The disaster response snake ladder game was developed using the R&D research stages of
the Borg & Gall model by following the ten stages of development. The results of the initial field
trial involving 4 children in IT Pelita Hati Kindergarten by obtaining an average result of 3.40
with the criteria of "feasible". Then the main field trials involving 8 children obtained an average
of 3.75 with the criteria of "feasible", and an operational field trial involving 20 children obtained
an average of 3.9 with the eligibility criteria. Comparative study results obtained sig. (2-tailed)
of 0,000 <0.05, it can be concluded that Ha is accepted, which means that "there is a significant
difference" between the average post-test results of the control group and the experimental
group.
Based on the results of the research that has been done, we recommend some
suggestions. The next researcher or developer is expected to be able to develop more models of
disaster mitigation or child preparedness in facing disasters so the teachers can implement the
learning process in a number of themes in kindergarten institutions. For teaching staff /teachers,
it is expected to be able to use and utilize learning media, namely the snake ladder game of
disaster response in the learning process in class so that children get knowledge related to
disaster mitigation. At last for children, it is hoped that the game of snakes and ladders can be
used and utilized well for fun play activities.

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