Per Unit (PU) System

It is usual to express voltage, current, volt-amperes and impedance of an electrical circuit in

per unit. The Per Unit value of any quantity is defined as:

the actual value in any units

the base or reference value in the same units

Let,
Base voltamperes = (VA)B = SB
Base voltage = VB V

Then,
SB (VA)B
Base current IB = = A
VB VB
VB VB2
Base impedance ZB = = ohms
IB (VA)B

If the actual impedance is Z (ohms), its per unit value is given by

Z Z (ohms) × (VA)B
Z (pu) = =
ZB VB2

In general steps to solve the per-unit problems

 Put given rated data on the figure.
 Identify sections through transformers.
 Put base value (MVA, kV) on the given component and determine other sections base
values (MVA, kV).
 For step-3, all sections have the same MVA base value. However, the kV base value
changes according to transformation ratios.
 Thus, two base values (MVA, kV) are sufficient to find the per unit (P. U.) values of the
components.
 Now, we need to determine the per unit values of Z (X) for all the components.
 Z (X) can be determined using the following formulas:

Z Z (ohms) × (VA)B
Z (pu) = =
ZB VB2

2
(MVA)B,new (kV)B,old
Z (pu)new = Z (pu)old × ×[ ]
(MVA)B,old (kV)B,new

 Second formula is used when the given rated values (MVA, kV) are different other than
the base values (MVA, kV) of a component. Otherwise, the first formula is used in general.
Modern Power System Analysis by D P Kothari
Chapter 4: Representation of Power System Components

Example 4.1: Obtain the per unit impedance (reactance) diagram of the power system of the
given figure.
Generator No. 1 30 MVA, 10.5 kV, X ′′ = 1.6 ohms
Generator No. 2 15 MVA, 6.6 kV, X ′′ = 1.2 ohms
Generator No. 3 25 MVA, 6.6 kV, X ′′ = 0.56 ohms
Transformer T1 15 MVA, (3 phase) 33/11 kV, X = 15.2 ohms per phase on HT side
Transformer T2 15 MVA, (3 phase) 33/6.2 kV, X = 16 ohms per phase on HT side
Transmission line 20.5 ohms/phase
Load A 40 MW, 11 kV, 0.9 lagging power factor
Load A 40 MW, 11 kV, 0.9 lagging power factor

SB = 30 MVA
SB = 30 MVA VB = 33 k V SB = 30 MVA
VB = 11 k V VB = 6.2 k V

Solution
Let choose a common base three-phase MVA base of 30 and a voltage base of 33 kV line-to-
line on the transmission line.
The per-unit reactance of various components are calculated below:
30
Transmission line: Zline (pu) = 20.5 × = 0.564
(33)2
30
Transformer T1 : ZT1 (pu) = 15.2 × = 0.418
(33)2
30
Transformer T2 : ZT2 (pu) = 16 × = 0.44
(33)2
30
Generator 1: ZG1 (pu) = 1.6 × = 0.396
(11)2
30
Generator 2: ZG2 (pu) = 1.2 × = 0.939
(6.2)2
30
Generator 3: ZG3 (pu) = 0.56 × = 0.437
(6.2)2
Figure: Per-unit impedance diagram.
Example 4.2: The reactance data of generators and transformers is usually specified in pu (or
per cent) values, based on equipment ratings rather than in actual ohmic values as given in
Example 4.1; while the transmission line impedances may be given in actual values. Resolve
Example 4.1 by assuming the following pu values of reactances
Transformer T1 : 0.209
Transformer T2 : 0.220
Generator G1 : 0.435
Generator G2 : 0.413
Generator G3 : 0.3214

SB = 30 MVA
SB = 30 MVA VB = 33 k V SB = 30 MVA
VB = 11 k V VB = 6.2 k V

Solution
The new per-unit values of the reactances are:
30 33 2
Transformer T1 : 0.209 × × ( ) = 0.418
15 33
30 33 2
Transformer T2 : 0.220 × × ( ) = 0.44
15 33
30 10.5 2
Generator G1 : 0.435 × ×( ) = 0.396
30 11
30 6.6 2
Generator G2 : 0.413 × × ( ) = 0.936
15 6.2
30 6.6 2
Generator G3 : 0.3214 × × ( ) = 0.437
25 6.2
Electrical Power Systems by C L WADHWA
Chapter 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEMS

Example 1.1: A 100 MVA, 33 kV 3-phase generator has a sub-transient reactance of 15%. The
generator is connected to the motors through a transmission line and transformers as shown in
figure below. The motors have rated inputs of 30 MVA, 20 MVA and 50 MVA at 30 kV with
20% sub-transient reactance. The 3-phase transformers are rated at 110 MVA, 32 kV Δ/110
kV Y with leakage reactance 8%. The line has a reactance of 50 ohms. Selecting the generator
rating as the base quantities in the generator circuit, determine the base quantities in other parts
of the system and evaluate the corresponding p.u. values.

SB = 100 MVA
110
VB = 33 × = 113.43 k V
32 SB = 100 MVA
SB = 100 MVA 32
VB = 33 k V VB = 113.43 × = 33 k V
110

Solution
100 33 2
For generator, ZG (pu) = 15% × × ( ) = 0.15 pu.
100 33
100 110 2
For transformers, ZT (pu) = 8% × ×( ) = 0.06838 pu.
110 113.43
100
For transmission line, Zline (pu) = 50 × = 0.3886 pu.
(113.43)2
100 30 2
For motor 1, ZM1 (pu) = 20% × × ( ) = 0.5509 pu.
30 33
100 30 2
For motor 2, ZM2 (pu) = 20% × × ( ) = 0.826 pu.
20 33
100 30 2
For motor 3, ZM3 (pu) = 20% × × ( ) = 0.3305 pu.
50 33
POWER SYSTEMS ANALYSIS by Hadi Saadat
Chapter 3: GENERATOR AND TRANSFORMER MODELS: THE PER-UNIT SYSTEM

Example 3.7: The one-line diagram of a three-phase power system is shown in figure below.
Select a common base of 100 MVA and 22 kV on the generator side. Draw an impedance
diagram with all impedances including the load impedance marked in per-unit. The
manufacturer’s data for each device is given as follow:
G ∶ 90 MVA 22 kV X = 18%
T1 : 50 MVA 22/220 kV X = 10%
T2 : 40 MVA 220/11 kV X = 6.0%
T3 : 40 MVA 22/110 kV X = 6.4%
T4 : 40 MVA 110/11 kV X = 8.0%
M: 66.5 MVA 10.45 kV X = 18.5%
The three-phase load at bus 4 absorbs 57 MVA, 0.6 power factor lagging at 10.45 kV. Line 1
and line 2 have reactances of 48.4 and 65.43 Ω, respectively.

SB = 100 MVA
VB = 11 kV
SB = 100 MVA
VB = 220 kV

SB = 100 MVA
VB = 22 kV
SB = 100 MVA SB = 100 MVA
VB = 110 kV VB = 11 kV

Solution
100 13.8 2
For G, Xg (pu) = 18% × ×( ) = 0.20 pu.
90 13.8
100 220 2
For T1 , XT1 (pu) = 10% × ×( ) = 0.20 pu.
50 220
100 220 2
For T2 , XT2 (pu) = 6% × ×( ) = 0.15 pu.
40 220
100 110 2
For T3 , XT3 (pu) = 6.4% × ×( ) = 0.16 pu.
40 110
100 110 2
For T4 , XT4 (pu) = 8% × ×( ) = 0.20 pu.
40 110
100 10.45 2
For M, Xm (pu) = 18.5% × ×( ) = 0.25 pu.
66.5 11
 100
For line 1, Xline1 (pu) = 48.4 × = 0.10 pu.
(220)2
100
For line 2, Xline2 (pu) = 65.43 × = 0.54 pu.
(110)2

The load apparent power at 0.6 power factor lagging is given by SL(3ϕ) = 57∠53.13°
The load impedance is given by
(VL−L )2 (10.45)2
ZL = ∗ = = (1.1495 + j1.5326) Ω.
SL(3ϕ) 57∠ − 53.13°
(11)2
Base impedance for the load ZLB = = 1.21 Ω.
100
(1.1495 + j1.5326)
∴ ZL (pu) = = (0.95 + j1.2667) pu.
1.21

Figure: Per-unit impedance diagram.

ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS by SYED A. NASIR
Chapter 2: POWER SYSTEM REPRESENTATION

Solved Problem 2.1

Given base impedance ZB = 10Ω and base voltage VB = 400V.
ZB 400
∴ Base current IB = = = 40 A.
VB 10
∴ Base kVA = VB in kV × IB = 400 × 10−3 × 40 = 16 kVA.

Solved Problem 2.2

Given base current IB = 3000A and base voltage VB = 300 kV.
Actual voltage of the system V = 345 kV.
VB 300 × 103 V
∴ Base impedance ZB = = = 100 Ω.
IB 3000 A
Actual voltage V 345 kV
∴ Per unit voltage V(pu) = = = 1.15 pu
Base voltage VB 300 kV

Solved Problem 2.3

Given base current IB = 3000A and base voltage VB = 300 kV.
Actual voltage of the system V = 345 kV.
System rating S = 1380 MVA.
S 1380 × 106
∴ Actual curent I = = = 4000 A
V 345 × 103
I 4000
∴ per unit current I (pu) = = = 1.33 pu.
IB 3000

Solved Problem 2.4

Given base impedance ZB = 10Ω and base voltage VB = 400V.
ZB 400
∴ Base current IB = = = 40 A.
VB 10
Given impedance Z = 100 Ω , current I = 60 A and voltage V = 220 V
Therefore,
Z 100
Z (pu) = = = 10 pu.
ZB 10
I 60
I (pu) = = = 1.5 pu.
IB 40
220
V (pu) = = 0.55 pu.
400
Solved Problem 2.5
Base voltage, VB = 200 V
Base kVA, SB = 10 kVA
10 × 103
∴ Base Curent, IB = = 50 A
200
Internal impedance Zg = 2 Ω
The generated voltage required to produce the rated current under short circuit is:
V = IB Zg = 50 × 2 = 100 V.
V 100
∴ Requied voltage in per unit = = = 0.5 pu.
VB 200

Solved Problem 2.6

Base kVA, SB = 5 kVA
Base voltage, VB = 200 V
SB 5 × 103
∴ Base current, IB = = = 25 A.
VB 200
VB 200
∴ Base impedance, ZB = = = 8 Ω.
IB 25
Given impedace, Z = 2 Ω.
Therefore,
Z 2
Z (pu) = = = 0.25 pu.
ZB 8

Solved Problem 2.7

Base kVA, SB = 5 kVA
Base voltage, VB = 400 V
SB 5 × 103
∴ Base current, IB = = = 12.5 A.
VB 400
VB 400
∴ Base impedance, ZB = = = 32 Ω.
IB 12.5
400 2
Reactance of high voltage side, Z = 2 × ( ) = 8 Ω.
200
Therefore,
Z 8
Z (pu) = = = 0.25 pu.
ZB 32

Solved Problem 2.8

VB VB VB2
Base impedance ZB = = =
IB (VA)B (VA)B
VB
Z Z(VA)B
∴ Per unit impedance, Z (pu) = = pu.
ZB VB2
1 1 VB2 YVB2
∴ Per unit admittance, Y (pu) = = = pu.
Z (pu) Z (VA)B (VA)B
Solved Problem 2.9
kV base, (kV)B = 345 kV.
Base MVA, SB = 100 MVA.
Impedance, Z = (4 + j60)Ω.
Admittance, Y = j2 × 10−3 S.
Z (ohms) × (VA)B 100 × 106
∴ Z (pu) = = ( 4 + j60 ) × = (3.36 + j50.4) × 10−3 pu.
VB2 (345 × 103 )2
(345 × 103 )2
∴ Y (pu) = (j2 × 10−3 ) × = j2.38 pu.
100 × 106

Solved Problem 2.10

For the three-phase base,
Base kVA, (kV)B = 50 MVA = 50,000 kVA.
Base voltage, VB = 120 kV.
Given kVA = 40,000 kVA.
kVA 40,000
∴ Per unit kVA = = = 0.8 pu.
(kVA)B 50,000

For the per-phase base,

1
Base kVA, (kV)B = × 50,000 = 16,667 kVA.
3
120
Base voltage, VB = = 69.28 kV.
√3
40,000
Given kVA = = 13,334 kVA.
3
13,334
∴ Per unit kVA = = 0.8 pu.
16,667

Solved Problem 2.11

Here, Base voltage VB = 220 V.
Base kVA, (kV)B = 6.25 kVA.
Per phase reactance Z = 8.4 Ω.
6.25 × 103
Base current IB = = 16.4 A.
√3 × 220
220
Base reactance ZB = = 13.4 Ω.
16.4
Z 8.4
∴ Per unit reactance Z (pu) = = = 0.62 pu.
ZB 13.4

Now, for 230-V, 7.5-kVA base,

2
(MVA)B,new (kV)B,old 7.5 220 2
( ) ( )
Z pu new = Z pu old × × [ ] = 0.62 × ×( ) = 0.68 pu.
(MVA)B,old (kV)B,new 6.25 230
Solved Problem 2.12
Base kVA (kV)B = 8 MVA = 8000 kVA.
Base voltage VB = 13 kV.
8000 × 103
∴ Base current IB = = 355.3 A.
√3 × 13 × 103
13 × 103
∴ Base impedance ZB = = 36.6 Ω.
355.3
Per unit impedance Z (pu) = (0.01 + j0.05) pu.
∴ Actual impedance Z = (0.01 + j0.05) × 36.6 = (0.366 + j1.83)Ω.
Therefore, voltage drop = 355.3(0.366 + j1.83) = 130 + j650 = 662.8 V.

Solved Problem 2.13

15
For generator G1 , % reactance = 12 × = 18%
10
15
For generator G2 , % reactance = 8 × = 24%
5
15
For transformer, % reactance = 6 × = 6%
15
For transmission line,
Z (ohms) × (VA)B 15 × 106
% impedance = = ( 4 + j60 ) × 100 = (0.113 + j1.7)%
VB2 (230 × 103 )2
Solved Problem 2.14

SB = 80 kVA SB = 80 kVA
VB = 8000 V 5000
VB = 8000 × = 4000 V
10,000
SB = 80 kVA
VB = 2500 V

2
(MVA)B,new (kV)B,old
Z (pu)new = Z (pu)old × ×[ ]
(MVA)B,old (kV)B,new
2
80 2500
( )
For generator G1 ∶ Z pu new = j0.2 × ×[ ] = j1.6 pu.
10 2500
80 2500 2
For generator G2 ∶ Z (pu)new = j0.3 × ×[ ] = j1.2 pu.
20 2500

80 2500 2
For transformer T1 ∶ Z (pu)new = j0.1 × ×[ ] = j1.2 pu.
40 2500
80,000
For transmission line ∶ Z (pu)new = (50 + j200) = (0.062 + j0.25) pu.
80002
80 8000 2
( )
For transformer T2 ∶ Z pu new = j0.09 × ×[ ] = j1.84 pu.
40 2500
25
For motor M ∶ kVApu = = 0.31 pu.
80
Solved Problem 2.15

Let consider 10MVA as base.

10
For generator G1 , % impedance = 10 × = 10%
10
10
For generator G2 , % impedance = 8 × = 16%
5
10
For transformer % impedance = 6 × = 4%
15
10 × 106
For transmission line % impedance = (4 + j40) × 100 = (0.918 + j9.18)%
(66 × 103 )2
Solved Problem 2.16

SB = 20MVA SB = 20 MVA SB = 20 MVA

VB = 11 k V VB = 66 kV VB = 11 kV

20
For generator G1 , Xpu = 15% × = j0.15 pu.
20
20
For generator G2 and G3 , X pu = 10% × = j0.2 pu.
10
20
For transformer T1 and T2 , Xpu = 15% × = j0.1 pu.
30
20
For transformer T3 , Xpu = 8% × = j0.64 pu.
2.5
20
For transmission line, Xpu = j60 × = j0.27 pu.
662

Supplementary Problem 2.17

Base kVA, SB = 220 kVA.
Base voltage, VB = 11 kV.
SB 220
∴ Base current IB = = = 20 A.
VB 11
VB 11 × 103
∴ Base impedance ZB = = = 550 Ω.
IB 20
Electrical Power Systems by D. Das
Chapter 5: Power System Components and Per Unit System

Example 5.1: A single phase two-winding transformer is rated 25 kVA, 1100/440 volts, 50 Hz.
The equivalent leakage impedance of the transformer referred to the low voltage side is
0.06∠78° Ω. Using transformer rating as base values, determine the per-unit leakage
impedance referred to low voltage winding and referred to high voltage winding.

Solution
Let assume high voltage side is primary and low voltage side is secondary windings.
Base kVA, SB = 25 kVA = 25,000 VA.
Base voltage on primary winding VpB = 1100 V.
Base voltage on secondary winding VsB = 440 V.
Actual equivalent leakage impedance referred to low voltage side, Zs,eq = 0.06∠78° Ω.

Primary Turns Primary Impedance NP ZP

In transformer, =√ ⇒ =√
Secondary Turns Secondary Impedance NS ZS

Actual equivalent leakage impedance referred to high voltage side is

1100 2
Zp,eq = 0.06∠78° × ( ) = 0.375∠78° Ω.
440
2
VpB 11002 V
Base impedance on high voltage side, ZpB = = = 48.4Ω. [∵ S = VI and I = ]
SB 25,000 Z
2
VsB 4402
Base impedance on low voltage side, ZsB = = = 7.744 Ω.
SB 25,000

Therefore,
Per-unit leakage impedance referred to low voltage side is
Zs,eq 0.06∠78°
Zs (pu) = = = 7.74 × 10−3 ∠78° pu.
ZsB 7.744
Per-unit leakage impedance referred to high voltage side is
Zp,eq 0.375∠78°
Zp (pu) = = = 7.74 × 10−3 ∠78° pu.
ZpB 48.4
Leakage Reactance of Transformer
All the flux in transformer will not be able to link with both the primary and secondary
windings. A small portion of flux will link either winding but not both. This portion of flux is
called leakage flux. Due to this leakage flux in transformer, there will be a self-reactance in the
concerned winding.

This self-reactance of transformer is alternatively known as leakage reactance of transformer.

This self-reactance associated with resistance of transformer is impedance. Due to this
impedance of transformer, there will be voltage drops in both primary and secondary
transformer windings.

Resistance of Transformer
Generally, both primary and secondary windings of electrical power transformer are made of
copper. So both windings will have some resistance. This internal resistance of both primary
and secondary windings is collectively known as resistance of transformer.

Leakage Flux in Transformer

In ideal transformer, all the flux will link with both primary and secondary windings but in
reality, it is impossible to link all the flux in transformer with both primary and secondary
windings. Although maximum flux will link with both windings through the core of
transformer but still there will be a small amount of flux which will link either winding but not
both. This flux is called leakage flux which will pass through the winding insulation and
transformer insulating oil instead of passing through core. Due to this leakage flux in
transformer, both primary and secondary windings have leakage reactance. The reactance of
transformer is nothing but leakage reactance of transformer. This phenomenon in transformer
is known as Magnetic leakage.
Example 5.2: The figure below shows single line diagram of a single-phase circuit. Using the
base values of 3 kVA and 230 volts, draw the per-unit circuit diagram and determine the per-
unit impedance and the per-unit source voltage. Also calculate the load current both in per unit
and in Amperes.

Solution
Base kVA, SB = 3 kVA = 3000 VA.
Base voltage in section 1, VB1 = 230 V.
433
Base voltage in section 2, VB2 = 230 × = 433 V.
230
120
Base voltage in section 3, VB3 = 433 × = 118.09 V.
440

Actual load impedance, ZL = (0.8 + j0.3) Ω.

2
VB3 118.092
Base impedance in section 3, ZB3 = = = 4.64 Ω.
SB 3000
ZL (0.8 + j0.3)
∴ ZL (pu) = = = (0.1724 + j0.0646) pu.
ZB3 4.64

3 433 2
For transformer T1 , ZT1 (pu) = 0.10 × ×( ) = j0.10 pu.
3 433

3 440 2
For transformer T2 , ZT2 (pu) = 0.10 × × ( ) = j0.1548 pu.
2 433

3000
For transmission line, Zline (pu) = 3 × = j0.048 pu.
4332

Actual source voltage, Vs = 220∠0° Ω.

Vs 220∠0°
∴ Vs (pu) = = = 0.956∠0° pu.
VB1 230
 Figure: Per-unit circuit diagram.

Vs (pu)
Load current, IL (pu) =
ZT (pu)
0.956∠0°
⇒ IL (pu) =
0.1724 + j(0.10 + 0.048 + 0.1548 + 0.0646)
∴ IL (pu) = 2.355∠ − 64.86° pu.

SB 3000
Base current in section 3, IB3 = = = 25.4 A.
VB3 118.09
∴ IL (Amp) = IL (pu) × IB3 = 2.355∠ − 64.86° × 25.4 = 59.81∠ − 64.86° A.
Example 5.3: The figure below shows single-line diagram of a power system. The ratings of
the generators and transformers are:
G1 ∶ 25 MVA, 6.6 kV, xg1 = 0.20 pu
G2 ∶ 15 MVA, 6.6 kV, xg2 = 0.15 pu
G3 ∶ 30 MVA, 13.2 kV, xg3 = 0.15 pu
T1 ∶ 30 MVA, 6.6 kV Δ − 115 Y kV, xT1 = 0.10 pu
T2 ∶ 15 MVA, 6.6 kV Δ − 115 Y kV, xT1 = 0.10 pu
T3 ∶ Single-phase unit each rated 10 MVA, 6.9/69 kV, xT3 = 0.10 pu

Draw per-unit circuit diagram using base values of 30 MVA and 6.6 kV in the circuit of
generator-1.

SB = 30 MVA
VB = 6.6 k V

SB = 30 MVA
VB = 115 k V
SB = 30 MVA SB = 30 MVA
VB = 6.6 k V 12
VB = 115 × = 11.5 k V
120

Solution
For transformer T3,
6.9
Per phase voltage ratio =
69
√3 × 6.9 12
∴ The line voltage ratio = = [∵ Y connected ; VL = √3VP ]
√3 × 69 120

For generator-1,
30 6.6 2
xg1 (pu) = 0.20 × × ( ) = 0.24 pu.
25 6.6
For generator-2,
30 6.6 2
xg2 (pu) = 0.15 × × ( ) = 0.30 pu.
15 6.6
For generator-3,
30 13.2 2
xg3 (pu) = 0.15 × ×( ) = 0.20 pu.
30 11.5
For transformer-1,

30 115 2
xT1 (pu) = 0.10 × ×( ) = 0.10 pu.
30 115
For transformer-2,
30 115 2
xT2 (pu) = 0.10 × ×( ) = 0.20 pu.
15 115
For transformer-3,
30 120 2
xT3 (pu) = 0.10 × ×( ) = 0.11 pu.. [∵ Total SB,old = 3 × per phase SB,old ]
(10 × 3) 115
For line-1,
30
xline1 (pu) = j120 × = j0.27 pu.
(115)2
For line-2,
30
xline2 (pu) = j90 × = j0.205 pu.
(115)2

Figure: Per-unit circuit diagram.

Example 5.4: A 100 MVA, 33 kV, three phase generator has a reactance of 15%. The generator
is connected to the motors through a transmission line and transformers as shown in figure
below. Motors have rated inputs of 40 MVA, 30 MVA and 20 MVA at 30 kV with 20%
reactance-each. Draw the per-unit circuit diagram.

SB = 100 MVA SB = 100 MVA

SB = 100 MVA 110 32
VB = 33 × VB = 113.43 ×
VB = 33 kV 32 110
= 113.43 kV = 33 kV

Solution
100 33 2
For generator, XG (pu) = 0.15 × × ( ) = 0.15 pu.
100 33
100 110 2
For transformer T1 , XT1 (pu) = 0.08 × ×( ) = 0.0683 pu.
110 113.43
100
For transmission line, Xline (pu) = 60 × = 0.466 pu.
(113.43)2
100 110 2
For transformer T2 , XT2 (pu) = 0.08 × ×( ) = 0.0683 pu.
110 113.43
100 30 2
For motor M1 , XM1 (pu) = 0.20 × × ( ) = 0.413 pu.
40 33
100 30 2
For motor M2 , XM2 (pu) = 0.20 × × ( ) = 0.551 pu.
30 33
100 30 2
For motor M3 , XM3 (pu) = 0.20 × × ( ) = 0.826 pu.
20 33

Figure: Per-unit circuit diagram.

Example 5.5: Three single phase transformers are given with their name plate rating. Determine
the reactance diagram Y-Y and Y-∆ connections, picking the voltage and power base for the
three-phase bank.
Transformer ratings (1 ϕ): 1000 kVA
12.66/66 kV
x1 = 0.10 pu
xm = 50 pu
Solution
Example 5.6: Draw the per-unit impedance diagram of the system shown in figure below.
Assumed base values are 100 MVA and 100 kV.

G1 ∶ 50 MVA, 12.2 kV, xg1 = 0.10 pu

G2 ∶ 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, xg2 = 0.10 pu
T1 ∶ 80 MVA, 12.2/132 kV, xT1 = 0.10 pu
T2 ∶ 40 MVA, 13.8/132 kV, xT2 = 0.10 pu
Load ∶ 50 MVA, 0.80 pf lagging operating at 124 kV.

SB = 100 MVA SB = 100 MVA

12.2 13.8
VB = 100 × VB = 100 ×
132 SB = 100 MVA 132
= 9.24 kV VB = 100 kV = 10.45 kV

Solution
Base kV in transmission line = 100 kV.
100 12.2 2
For G1, xg1 (pu) = 0.10 × ×( ) = 0.3486 pu.
50 9.24
100 13.8 2
For G2, xg2 (pu) = 0.10 × ×( ) = 0.8719 pu.
20 10.45
100 132 2
For T1, xT1 (pu) = 0.10 × ×( ) = 0.2178 pu.
80 100
100 132 2
For T2, xT2 (pu) = 0.10 × ×( ) = 0.4356 pu.
40 100
100
For line12 , xline12 (pu) = (4 + j16) × = (0.04 + j0.16) pu.
(100)2
100
For line13 , xline13 (pu) = (2 + j8) × = (0.02 + j0.08) pu.
(100)2
100
For line23 , xline23 (pu) = (2 + j8) × = (0.02 + j0.08) pu.
(100)2

The load apparent power at 0.8 power factor lagging is given by SL(3ϕ) = 50∠36.87°
The load impedance is given by
(VL−L )2 (124)2
ZL = ∗ = = 307.52∠36.87° Ω.
SL(3ϕ) 50∠ − 36.87°
 (100)2
Base impedance for the load ZLB = = 0.01 Ω.
100
307.52∠36.87°
∴ ZL (pu) = = pu.
0.01

Figure: Reactance diagram.

Example 5.7: The figure below shows a sample power system networks. Find the current
supplied by the generator, the transmission line current, the load current, the load voltage and
the power consumed by the load.

SB = 100 MVA SB = 100 MVA

SB = 100 MVA
11.2 VB = 138 kV VB = 69 kV
VB = 138 ×
132
= 11.71 kV

Solution
Let choose (MVA)B = 100 and (kV)B = 138
100 132 2
XT1 (pu) = 0.10 × ×( ) = 1.83 pu.
5 138
100 138 2
XT2 (pu) = 0.10 × ×( ) = 1 pu.
10 138
100
Zline (pu) = (10 + j10) × = 0.0525 (1 + j1) pu.
(138)2
100
ZL (pu) = 30 × = 0.63 pu.
(69)2
11.2
Source voltage in per unit = = 0.956 pu.
11.71

Figure: Per-unit impedance diagram.

0.956∠0°
∴ I(pu) = = 0.3227∠ − 76.68° pu.
j1.83 + 0.0525 + j0.0525 + j1 + 0.63
Load voltage VLoad (pu) = 0.63 × 0.3227∠ − 76.68° = 0.203∠ − 76.68° pu.
∴ PLoad (pu) = 0.3227∠ − 76.68° × 0.203∠ − 76.68° = 0.0656∠ − 153.36° pu.
⇒ 0.0656 × 100 = 6.56 MW load

Now,
100 × 106
IB1 = = 4934.6 Amp.
√3 × 11.7 × 103
11.2
IB2 = × 4934.6 =
132
Example 5.8: The single line diagram of a three-phase power system is shown in figure below.
Select a common base of 100 MVA and 13.8 kV on the generator side. Draw per-unit
impedance diagram.

G ∶ 90 MVA, 13.8 kV, xg = 18%

T1 ∶ 50 MVA, 13.8/220 kV, xT1 = 10%
T2 ∶ 50 MVA, 220/11 kV, xT2 = 10%
T3 ∶ 50 MVA, 13.8/132 kV, xT3 = 10%
T4 ∶ 50 MVA, 132/11 kV, xT4 = 10%
M ∶ 80 MVA, 10.45 kV, xm = 20%
Load ∶ 57 MVA, 0.8 pf (lagging) at 10.45 kV.
xline1 = 50 Ω
xline2 = 70 Ω

SB = 100 MVA
VB = 11 kV
SB = 100 MVA
VB = 220 kV

SB = 100 MVA SB = 100 MVA

VB = 13.8 kV VB = 11 kV
SB = 100 MVA
VB = 132 kV

Solution
100 13.8 2
For G, xg (pu) = 18% × ×( ) = 0.20 pu.
90 13.8
100 220 2
For T1 , xT1 (pu) = 10% × ×( ) = 0.20 pu.
50 220
100 220 2
For T2 , xT2 (pu) = 10% × ×( ) = 0.20 pu.
50 220
100 132 2
For T3 , xT3 (pu) = 10% × ×( ) = 0.20 pu.
50 132
100 132 2
For T4 , xT4 (pu) = 10% × ×( ) = 0.20 pu.
50 132
100 10.45 2
For M, xm (pu) = 20% × ×( ) = 0.2256 pu.
80 11
100
For 1st line, xline1 (pu) = 50 × = 0.1033 pu.
(220)2
 100
For 2nd line, xline2 (pu) = 70 × = 0.4017 pu.
(132)2

The load apparent power at 0.8 power factor lagging is given by SL(3ϕ) = 57∠36.87°
The load impedance is given by
(VL−L )2 (10.45)2
ZL = ∗ = = (1.532 + j1.1495) Ω.
SL(3ϕ) 57∠ − 36.87°
(11)2
Base impedance for the load ZLB = = 1.21 Ω.
100
(1.532 + j1.1495)
∴ ZL (pu) = = (1.266 + j0.95) pu.
1.21

Figure: Per-unit impedance diagram.