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30 views4 pages

ME301 Exp-4

Uploaded by

onurhanem1453
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

FLUID MECHANICS I

Bernoulli’s Equation Applied to a


Convergent-Divergent Passage
Research Assistants
Ahmet Devlet ÖZÇELİK
Tuğrul YILMAZ
This experiment is to demonstrate the use of a Pitot-static tube, and investigates the application of
Bernoulli’s theorem to flow along a convergent-divergent passage.

Figure 1 - Arrangement of the Apparatus for an Experiment on Bernoulli’s Equation

A duct of rectangular section is fitted to the exit of the contraction which leads from the airbox,
and liners placed along the inside wall of the duct produce a passage which contracts to a parallel throat
and then expands to the original width. The shape of this convergent-divergent passage is indicated in
Figure 1, from which it may be noted that the convergent portion is shorter than the divergent portion. Air
is blown through the passage, and a probe may be traversed along the centre line to measure the
distribution of total pressure P and static pressure p. This probe is a Pitot-static probe. Pressure tappings
are connected from the airbox and from the Pitot-static probe to a multitube manometer.

Theory
The aim of the experiment is to measure the distribution of total pressure, P and static pressure, p
along the duct and to compare these with the predictions of Bernoulli’s equation. Consider how the
equation is applied to the present case. Figure 2 shows the duct as a stream tube.
Figure 2 – Measurement of Total and Static Pressure

According to Bernoulli’s equation, the total pressure, P, is defined by


𝟏
𝑷 = 𝝆𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑 ……………………………………eqn.1
𝟐

and it should be constant along this tube, provided the flow is steady, and the air is incompressible and
inviscid. If Po denotes the total pressure in the airbox, then we should expect the measured value of P
along the passage to be the same everywhere as Po, if Bernoulli’s theorem is valid for this motion.
Figure 2 shows a streamline starting from the airbox, passing the duct, and arriving at the tip of the Pitot
tube. The motion is stagnated at this point, so that in equation (1) the local value of u is zero.
The pressure recorded by the Pitot tube is, therefore, the local value of total pressure P. If Bernoulli’s
equation applies along the whole length of the streamline from the airbox, then P should be the same
everywhere as the initial total pressure Po. The value of Po may be found easily from a pressure tapping on
the wall of the box since the air velocity in the box is negligibly small as to make a difference between
total pressure and static pressure.
Figure 2 shows a further streamline emanating from the airbox and flowing close to the surface of
the probe. The variation of static pressure p may be measured by the static pressure ports (holes) provided
that the holes in the surface of the probe are placed far enough from the tip (which means in practice
about 6 tube diameters downstream from the tip).
To compare the measured values of p with the results of calculations we must use the continuity
equation as well as the Bernoulli equation. Taking the flow as one-dimensional, that is assumed the
velocity over any chosen cross-section to be uniform over that section, then the continuity equation for
incompressible flow gives the volume flow rate as:
𝑸 = 𝒖 ∙ 𝑨 = 𝒖𝒕 ∙ 𝑨𝒕
Note That
1) Air temperature must be measured at the time of the experiment.
2) Barometric pressure must be found from an internet weather station of your choice.

Preparing the Report


1) Calculate the density of the air.
2) Tabulate your measurements on a table for every x location.
3) Show your calculatiıns in detail.
4) Draw the distance (x) versus static pressure (p) and distance (x) versus total pressure (P)
diagram along the duct.
5) Draw the distance (x) versus dimensionless velocity (u/ut) diagram along the duct.

Remember, when preparing your report use the lab report format that is given to you. You can
ask your questions via mail; (ahmetozcelik@iyte.edu.tr , tugrulyilmaz@iyte.edu.tr) or by coming
to our office (Mechanical Engineering Department, Room: Z-64)

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