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Error Analysis

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23 views3 pages

Error Analysis

Uploaded by

shahzad akram
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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inherent Error:

 Inherent error refers to the error that is inherent or inherent to the


problem being solved.
 It arises due to the nature of the problem itself and is independent
of the computational method used.
 Inherent error is typically caused by factors such as measurement
errors, uncertainties in input data, or simplifications made in
mathematical models.
 It cannot be eliminated completely but can be minimized by
improving the accuracy of measurements or using more precise
mathematical models.

RourR
Rounding Off significant figure

Rounding off is a type of estimation. Estimation is used in everyday life and also in

subjects like Mathematics and Physics. Many physical quantities like the amount of

money, distance covered, length measured, etc are estimated by rounding off the actual

number to the nearest possible whole number.

What is Rounding Off?

Rounding off means a number is made simpler by keeping its value intact but closer to
the next number. It is done for whole numbers, and for decimals at various places of
hundreds, tens, tenths, etc. Rounding off numbers is done to preserve the significant
figures. The number of significant figures in a result is simply the number of figures that
are known with some degree of reliability.

The number 13.2 is said to have 3 significant figures. Non-zero digits are always
significant. 3.14159 has six significant digits (all the numbers give you useful
information). Thus, 67 has two significant digits, and 67.3 has three significant digits.

Rounding Rules for Whole Numbers


Rounding rules for whole numbers are as follows:

 To get an accurate final result, always choose the smaller place value.
 Look for the next smaller place which is towards the right of the number that
is being rounded off. For example, if you are rounding off a digit from the tens
place, look for a digit in the one’s place.
 If the digit in the smallest place is less than 5, then the digit is left untouched.
Any number of digits after that number becomes zero and this is known
as rounding down.
 If the digit in the smallest place is greater than or equal to 5, then the digit is
added with +1. Any digits after that number become zero and this is known
as rounding up.

Rounding Rules for Decimal Numbers


Rounding rules for decimal numbers are as follows:

 Determine the rounding digit and look at its righthand side.


 If the digits on the right-hand side are less than 5, consider them as equal to
zero.
 If the digits on the right-hand side are greater than or equal to 5, then add +1
to that digit and consider all other digits as zero.

Example of How to Round Off

Round to Nearest Hundred


Let’s consider the number 3350. To round off to the nearest significant number, consider
hundreds places and follow the steps given below:

 Identify the digit present in the hundreds place: 3


 Identify the next smallest place in the number: 5
 If the smallest place digit is greater than or equal to 5, then round up the digit.
 Now add +1 to the digit in the hundreds place. 3+1=4. Therefore, the other digits
become zero.
 So the final number is 3400.

Round to Nearest Ten


Let’s consider the number 313.5. To round off to the nearest significant number, consider
tens place and follow the steps as given below:

 Identify the digit present in the tens place: 1


 Identify the next smallest place in the number: 3
 If the smallest place digit is greater than or equal to 5, then round up the digit.
 Since the digit in the smallest place is less than 5, a round down has to be done
and also the digit remains unchanged.
 Every other digit becomes zero.
 So the final number is 310.

Round to Nearest Ten


Let’s consider the number 499. To round off to the nearest significant number, consider
tens place and follow the steps as given below:

 Identify the digit present in the tens place: 9


 Identify the next smallest place in the number: 9
 If the smallest place digit is greater than or equal to 5, then round up the digit.
 As the digit in the one place is greater than 5, +1 has to be added.
 Therefore, 9+1=10 and the 1 is carried to the next place.
 So the final number is 500.

Round to Nearest Tenth


Let’s consider the number 0.73. To round off to the nearest significant number, consider
tenths place and follow the steps as given below:

 Identify the digit present in the tenth place: 7


 Identify the next smallest place in the number: 3
 If the smallest place digit is greater than or equal to 5 then round up the digit.
 As the digit in the smallest digit is less than 5, the digit gets round down.
 So the final number is 0.7

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