Scribd
Upload
10 views17 pages

Physics Final Try

Uploaded by

yohanmathew1906
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views17 pages

Physics Final Try

Uploaded by

yohanmathew1906
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

CHINMAYA VIDYALAYA

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
PHYSCIS 2024-25

NAME: REG.NO:
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ……………………………………student of

CLASS XII, Chinmaya Vidyalaya Senior secondary School, Taylors

Road has completed the PHYSICS PROJECT titled

..……………………………………………….during the academic year

2024-2025 towards partial fulfilment of credit for the SSCE

PRACTICAL Examination under my supervision.

Date: Teacher In charge

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER


“ Let your mind be where your hands work”
-Swami Chinmayananda
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my sincere thanks to


Mrs.Vijaya Devanathan, Principal of our school and Mr
Sakthivel U Physics teacher, for their constant
encouragement, valuable feedback, and unwavering
support throughout this project. Their guidance and
expertise have been instrumental in shaping this work.
I would also like to thank my school
management, for providing the necessary resources and an
enriching environment to help me succeed in my academic
endeavors.
I also thank our lab assistant Mrs.Priyanka for
being there as a helping hand and guidance, We extend our
heartfelt gratitude to her as she has been a constant
support and guidance throughout the completion of our
project.
I am equally grateful to my friends and
classmates for their support, collaboration, and sharing of
ideas that greatly contributed to the project. Their
enthusiasm and teamwork made this task more enjoyable
and insightful.
I also acknowledge all the external
sources and references used in this project and express my
appreciation to those whose work contributed to the
knowledge presented.
Thank you all for your invaluable assistance.
Content’s.
Sr.no Title Page
no.
1 Introductio 1
n
2 Principle 2
3 Basic 3
Gates
4 The OR 5
Gate
5 The AND 7
Gate
6 The NOT 9
Gate
7 Bibliograp 11
hy
8 Conclusion 13
Introduction
GATE: -A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows
some logical relationship between the input and output
voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a signal
to pass through or stop it.
 The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics.
They are used in digital electronics to change one
voltage level into another according to some logic
statement relating to them.
 Making of logic gates was started by binary numbers.
Logic gates can also store information.
Truth Table: - A logic gate may have one or more than
one inputs, but it has only one output. The relationship
between the possible values of input and output voltages
are expressed in the form of a table called truth table.
 Truth table of a logic gate is a table that shows all the
inputs and outputs that are possible for the logic gates.
Boolean Algebra: - The algebra which is based on binary
nature of the logic gates.
Boolean Expressions: - They are the logical statement
which are followed by logical gates.
Principle

Any Boolean algebraic operation can be


associated with the input and output, which
represents the statement of Boolean algebra.
Although these circuits may be complex, they
may all be constructed from three basic devices
like a P-N junction diode, a resistance and a N-
PN transistor.
We have three different type of logic gates and
they are the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT
gate.
LOGICAL STATEMENTS :-

Basic Gates
The OR Gate: - It is a device that combines A and B to
give Y as the result. The OR gate has two or more inputs
and one output. In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+), is
referred as the OR.
The Boolean expression: A+B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A
or B.

The AND Gate: - It is a dev ice that combines A with B to


give Y as the result. The AND gate has two or more inputs
and one output. In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign is
referred as the AND.
The Boolean expression:
A.B=Y

This indicates that Y equals to A


and B.
The NOT Gate: -It is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT
has one input and has one output. In Boolean algebra, bar symbol
is referred as the NOT.
The Boolean expression: 𝑨̅ =𝒀
This indicates that Y is not equal to A.
THE OR GATE

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE OR GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).

Theory and Construction:


An OR gate can be realized by the electronic circuit, making use of
two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds


to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V
in the present case) corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at
C w.r.t. earth.
INTERFERENCE:-

1. If switch A & B are open LED do not glow (A=0, B=0), Hence
Y=0.
2. If Switch A open B closed then LED glow (A=0, B=1), Hence
Y=1.
3. If switch A closed B open then LED glow (A=1, B=0), Hence
Y=1.
4. If switch A & B are closed then LED glow (A=1, B=1) , Hence
Y=1.
Truth Table:-
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

THE AND GATE

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:

Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance R.


Theory and Construction:

An AND gate can be realize by the electronic circuit, making use of


two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure. The resistance R is
connected to the positive terminal of a 5V battery permanently.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds


to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V
in the present case) corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at
C w.r.t. earth.

INTERFERENCE:
-

1. If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then LED will not
glow, Hence Y=0.
2. If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then LED will not
glow, Hence Y=0.
3. If switch A open & B closed (A=0, B=1) then LED will not
glow, Hence Y=0.
4. If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then LED will glow,
Hence Y=1.
Truth Table:-

A B Y
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
THE NOT GATE
Aim:

TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOT GATE CIRCUIT.


Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.
Theory and Construction:
A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However an
electronic circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use of a np-
n transistor as shown in the figure. The base B of the transistor is
connected to the input A through a resistance Rb and the emitter E is
earthed. The collector is connected to 5V battery. The output Y is
voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

-
INTERFERENCE :

1. If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the LED will glow, Hence Y=1. 2.

If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the LED will not glow, Hence Y=0.

Truth Table:-
A Y

0 1

1 0
Bibliography.
This project would be nearly incomplete
if I had not used the information given in
the following websites.
My special thanks to the uploader of
information on these websites.
Conclusion.
Logic gates are used to develop many IC circuits or
microchips in today’s modern world.
NAND gate and NOR gate are known as universal gates
because we can construct all the three basic gates using
NAND & NOR gates.

Without logic gates, electronic world would be nearly incomplete!

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy