SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT -I

DETERMINATION OF
pH VALUE

EXPERIMENTNO.1
PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTAL CONCEPTS
* Molarity : Molarity is the number of moles of a substance dissolved per litre of the solution.
Arrhenius definition of Acid and Base : Acid is a substance which when mixed with water gives [HTions in the
solution whereas base is asubstance which when mixed with water give OH(hydroxyl) ions in the solution. For
example, HCl and HNO, are acids whereas NaOH and KOH are bases.
3 Neutralisation Reaction : Whe anacid reacts with base to form salt and water, the process is called neutralisation,
1.e.,

NaOH (aq) + HCI (aq) NaCl (aq) + H,0 )

3 lonic Product of Water, K,,: The product of molar concentration of H and OH ions in water is called ionic
product of water, i.e., [H *] [OH]= K. It is constant at a constant temperature.
* Value and limit of K,: Its value at 298 K(25 °C) is 1.0 x 10 mol' L
* pH:The symbol pH is derived from the Danish word Potenz' meaning power. Thus pH means »power of
hydrogen ions.' The pH ofa solution is defined as negative of log of Hlion concentration per litre.
1
pH-log,, [H]=
log [H"]
Use of pH value:pH value gives the idea about the nature of solution whether it is acidic, basic or neutral.
pof a solution can be zero also.
*Andicators are the substances which indicate change in colour, the completion (end point) of a chemical reaction.
Indicators show change in colour over some pH range which varies considerably from one indicator to another.

OBJECTIVE R
Tofind the pH of the following solutions with the help of a universal indicator/pH paper :
() Dilute hydrochloric acid (Dil. HCI) (ii) Dilute sodium hydroxide solution (Dil. NaCH)
(in) Dilute Ethanoicacid solution (iv) Lemon juice
(v) Pure water (H,O) (v) Dilute sodium bicarbonate solution (Dil. NaHCO)

APPARATUs/CHEMICALS REQUIRED R
() Six test tubes (ii) Test tube stand (ii) Dropper/Glass rod
(iv) Beaker (v) Tile (vi) Strips of pH paper
(vin) Dilute hydrochloric acid (vii) Dilute acetic acid (ix) Lemon juice
() Dilute sodium hydroxide solution (xi) Dilute sodium bicarbonate (xin Water
13
 THEORY/BASIC CONCEPIS INVOLVED R eypress the
Concentration of
hydronium ions in the
Sorenson, in 1909 introduced a new qUnity to
Solution. This newvalue was named a pH valuc. concentration ex-
10) of the hydrogen ion
2. pH value mav be detined as the negative logaithm base
pressed in moles per litre.
Mathenmaticallv, it can be expressed ds
1
pH - -log,o [H'] =
log,,[H] 70-14
3. In pure water, [H;0] = [OH ] = 1.0 x 10 mol L or K, =[H;O] [OH ]=
4. The scale which tells whether the solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral is called pH scale. It varies from
0to 14. At 298 Ka neutral solution has pH equal to /
5. When the solution is acidic. the pH is less than 7
0. Less the pH value more is the concentration of [H1ions in the solution.
7. When the solution is alkaline, the pH is
more than 7
MOre tne pH, less is the concentration of hvdrogen ions in the solution or more is the concentration of
hydroxyl ions in the solution.
Neutral

Less than 7 More than 7

pH scale
Acidic character increases Basic character increases
1 4 5 9 11 12 13 14

9. For neutral solutions, the pH is equal to 7

10. Universal indicator is the mixture of several organicdyes, which
values. show different colours at different pH
11. To find the approximate pH value, a paper
shows different colours at different pH. impregnated with the universal indicators is used. pH paper

PROCEDURE R
1. Place all the six test tubes in
test tube stand and label them as Ito
add VI. Take 2 mL of distilled
water and
() hydrochloric acid in test tube I
(i) acetic acid in test tube l|
(iii) lemon juice in test tube ll
(iv) sodium hydroxide solution in
test tube IV
(v) sodium
bicarbonate solution in test tube V'
(vi) water in test tube VI.
2. Shake thoroughly the
3. Take six strips of contents of the test tube.
pH paper and mark it I to
4. VI
With the help of
dropper, put two drops of
respectively as the solution taken in the test
marked Ito VI (Rinse the dropper after each of the solutions from test tube.
5. Match the colour change in the pouring each of the liquid). tubes lto VIon the pH
paper
pH paper with the
standard pH colour chart.
14
OBSERVATIONS
S. No. pH paper Change in colour
1 pH paper -| Red
2. pH paper - I| Orange
3. pH paper - I|| Mustard

4. pH paper - IV Violet
5 pH paper - V Blue
6 pH paper - VI Green

ResULTS/CONCLUSIONS
As pH depends upon hydrogen ion (H) concentration, therefore, the given solution of different pH show the
variation in colours as shown in the table.
S. No. Sample taken pH Value Nature of Compound
1. In test tube -I (dil. HCI) 1 acidic
2 In test tube - || (dil. acidic
CH,COOH) 3
3. In test tube ||| (lemon juice) 2 acidic
4 In test tube - IV (dil. NaOH) 14 alkaline/basic
5. In test tube - V (dil. NaHCO,) alkaline/basic
6 In test tube - VI (water) 7 neutral

PRECAUTIONS R
1. Handle the sample solutions carefully.
2. Keep the pH strips away from chemical fumes.
3. Always take freshly prepared test sample solutions.
4. Use glass rod/dropper after washing it with water for the other sample solution taken.
2. Use fresh dropper or glass rod every time.

VIVA VoCE QUESTIONS