Fish-la-iota

LIMNOLOGY
2187. Indicator of organic pollution in the Capitella capitata
sediment of temperate marine ecosystem

2188. Organic of sediments derived from Biogenous

organism

2189. Organic of sediments derived from water Hydrogenous

2190. Organic of sediments derived from rocks Lithogenous

2191. Diatomaceous sediment predominant in High latitude (N. Pacific &

Antarctica)

2192. Radiolarian sediment predominant in Equatorial pacific

2193. Radiolarian accumulation rate is highest 15 mm/ 1000 year

2194. Normal sedimentation rate is 1 mm/ 1000 years

2195. CaCO3 can be easily dissolved at 4500 m depth (as CO2 is rich)

2196. Sediments containing more than 30% Ooze

biological constituent by volume

2197. When diatoms are dominant in the Diatom ooze

sediment

2198. When foraminifera are dominant in the Foraminifera ooze

sediment

2199. When diatoms shells constitute more than Diatomaceous mud

30% by volume

2200. When foraminifera shells constitute more Foraminifera mud

than 30% by volume

2201. When radiolarian shells constitute man Radiolarian mud

than 30% by volume

2202. When none of the biogenous constituent Deep sea mud /red clay
dominant

2203. Per year deposition of CaCO3 1.5 billion tons

2204. Per year deposition of siliceous sediment 0.5 billion tons

114
 Fish-la-iota

2205. P.C. calcareous mud composition of deep 48%

ocean sediment

2206. P.C siliceous mud composition of deep 14%

ocean sediment

2207. P.C brown mud composition of deep 38%

ocean sediment

2208. Ooze containing upto 95% CaCO3 in the Globigerous ooze

form of foraminiferan shell

2209. Most conspicuous hydrogenous sediment Manganese nodules/iron-

manganese nodules

2210. One of the slowest chemical reaction Mn nodules formation

known

2211. Dust particle from space falling into Cosmic spherules (30,000
ocean tons/year)

2212. Organism which inhabit the surface of the Neuston

water

2213. Large floating assembled organism blown Pleuston

about by the wind

2214. Community of microscopic organisms Periphyton **

composed of algae, bacteria, fungi,
protozoa and small metazoa
2215. Organisms which burrow beneath the Infauna
mud surface
2216. IIOE (International India Ocean 1960 to 1965 (peak : 1962 to 64)
Expedition)
2217. Area of Indian Ocean Long 200E & 1150 E, Lat 400S
2218. Size of Indian Ocean 3rd largest ocean & cover 1/7th of
earth
2219. World population living in border of Quarter of world population
Indian Ocean

2220. Coordinator of II0E Robert Saindu (USA)

2221. SCOR Scientific committee on Oceanic

Research

115
 Fish-la-iota

2222. International station for zooplankton Indian ocean Biological center,

samples Ernkulam (Kerela, 1963)

2223. International Meteorological Centre Bombay

2224. World data centers for oceanography Washington & Moscow

2225. Ships participated in II0E INS kistna, RV Vanuena, RV

Conch, MFV Bangada

2226. First oceanography book in English Physical Geography of the sea by

M.F. Maury, 1853

2227. Challenger expedition 1872 to 1876 (Dec to May)

2228. Nansen Bottle was invented by Fredrick Nansen, 1905

2229. Ekman current meter was invented by V.F Ekman, 1905

2230. First vessel for oceanographic study Alkantis (USA, 1931)

2231. Challenges expedition is also known as Era of exploration

2232. Era of National systematic & dynamic 1925 to 1940

oceans survey

2233. A new era of deep sea research 1925 by Garman using ‘Meteor’

2234. Era of new geological geophysical, 1947-1956

biological & physical methods

2235. Albatros expedition 1947, Swedish

2236. Systematic study of “Gulf stream” Operation Cabod (USA, 1947)

2237. International geophysical year 1957 to 1958 (Era of international

research cooperation)

2238. Era of synoptic oceanography 1971 to 1980

2239. Large quantity of water brine Bittern

2240. Phosphorus conc. in fish than in sea water 2  106 times

2241. Nitrogen conc. of sea water 8 to 18 ml /litre

2242. Oxygen conc. of sea water 5 to 10 ml /litre

2243. Carbondioxide conc.of seas 35 to 65 ml /litre

116
 Fish-la-iota

2244. Nitrate conc. is higher at 500 fathoms or so

2245. Organic carbon in organic matter of sea 80 to 99%

water

2246. Terrigenous deposits are found at Continent shelf & upper part of
continental slope

2247. Ocean temperature ranges form - 20C to 300C

2248. Highest value of surface temp. in all North of equator

oceans

2249. Annual variation of ocean temp. in 0.2 to 0.30C

equator & sea

2250. Diurnal variation of sea surface temp. Cloudiness & wind velocity
depends on

2251. Plankton found in oceanic open water Off shore plankton

2252. Plankton found in continental shelf In share plankton

2253. The largest mangrove area occur in Indonesia (30%)

2254. P.C. of mangrove area in India 3%

2255. Largest mangrove area in India W.B (4, 200 km2)

2256. Amount of salt & other material dump in 400 million

to ocean by rivers

2257. Precipitation rate of ocean 3 times than continent & 10 times

receive form rivers

2258. Salt contain of ocean today 50 billion tons

2259. Proportion of land to water in northern 2:3

hemisphere

2260. Proportion of land to water in southern 1:4.7

hemisphere

2261. Area of sudden increase in salinity in Halocline

ocean depths

2262. Caspian sea is also known as Salk lake

2263. Lowest water body on earth Dead sea (salinity : 230 to 250

117
 Fish-la-iota

ppt)

2264. Salinity range of Arabian sea 36 to 36.5%

2265. Salinity range of Bay of Bengal About 33.34%

2266. Depth zone in ocean where density Pcynocline

increase with depth

2267. Water density range of open ocean 1.02400 to 1.3000 gm/cm3

2268. Water density of ocean is count in Equatorial region

2269. ** is the measure of atm. (1 at = 1.0133  106 dybes/cm2)

presence

2270. Pressure exerted per sq. cm by one metre 1 decibar

of sea water

2271. Indicators indicating the abundance of oil Diatoms (Fragilasia oceanica 

sardine in the west coast and chodai in Hemidiscus hardmanniarnus)
east coast

2272. White water phenomenon is due to Coecolithophores

abundance of

2273. Light emitted by dinoflagellate (cold 1/20 sec

living light) last for

2274. Indicator indicating the mixed & unmixed Sagitta elegans

water in North sea

2275. Indicator indicating the mixed & unmixed S. setosa

water in English channel

2276. Indicator indicating the presence of Fragilariopsis Antarctica

antarctica kill

2277. Indicator indicating the presence of Calanus spp

Herring soal

2278. One of the important fishery indicator Tintinids (Marine Protozoans)

2279. One of the important indicator for water Rotifers

quality & pollution

2280. One of the important indicator of oceanic Planktonic molasses?

current

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 Fish-la-iota

2281. Dominant representative of fouling Barnacles

crustacean

2282. System/method best against fouling as Chlorination

well as slime film formation

2283. Chief wood borers are Lamellibranch & crustaceans

2284. Ship worms belongs to family Teredinidae

2285. Light emitting substrate Luciferin (enzyme:luciferase)

2286. The largest dinoflagillate Noctiluea (2 mm in diameter)

2287. Red tide is caused by Dinoflagellate (20 mill. cells /L )

2288. Eating contaminated (saxiton) shell fish PSP (Paralytic shell fish
caused poisoning)

2289. Eating contaminated (dinoflagellate Ciguatera

toxin) fish caused

2290. Development of benthic invertebrate Planktotrophic larvae

feeding & pelagic

2291. Development of benthic invertebrate, Lecithotrophic larvae

non-feeding & pelagic

2292. No. of invertebrate among animals 97%

2293. Sponges belong to phylum Porifera

2294. Flatworms belongs to phylum Platyhelminthes

2295. Ribbon worms belongs to phylum Nemertea

2296. Round worms belongs to phylum Nematoda

2297. The highest zone of seashore which Littoral fringe or supra-tidal zone
require aerial condition

2298. Zone of sea shore communities tolerant of Eulittoral zone/intertidal zone

short period of exposure to air between
tides but require regular submersion

2299. The low shone zone upto continental edge Sub-litoral fringe/sub-tidal zone

2300. Shallow pelagic habitat within Neritic province

continental shelf

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 Fish-la-iota

2301. Deep pelagic habitat beyond continental Oceanic province

shelf

2302. Maximum concentration of nitrate and Mesopelagic zone (200 to

phosphate 1000m)

2303. Bioluminescent are found mainly in Bathypelagic zone (1000 to

4000m)

2304. Benthic zone comprising mainly of Bathy benthic (continental edge

continental slope to 4000 m)

2305. 100m3 water filtered & 100 units of One catching efficiency of
plankton caught plankton net

2306. Amount of water return back after hitting Back wash

the (4/3) strand of net

2307. Most dominant phytoplankton of saline Diatoms

environment

2308. Two capsules of diatoms are collectively Fructules

call as

2309. Bigger half of fructules Epithica

2310. Smaller a of fructules Hypothica

2311. Pigment responsible for color (brown) in Diatomin (fucoxanthene)

diatom

2312. When epithica & hypothica join together Centric diatom (eg.
and available throughout fructules Cossinodiscus)

2313. When epithice & hypothica join with one Pinnate type (eg. Gysosigma
pair called raphaes Navicula)

2314. Concept of biotic community started to 1914

developed around

2315. ‘Ecosystem’ was coined by Eng. ecologist, Tnsley (1935)

2316. Dark complex organic matter resulting Humus

from decomposition of plant and animal
tissue in the soil

2317. Terrestial flora appearing brown and Terrestial zone

becomes bluish green during rainy season

120
 Fish-la-iota

2318. Rocky shore dominated by blue green Black zone

algae

2319. Most important Barnacle in Indian rocky Balanus amphitrite

share

2320. Organic substance release by barnacle Arthopedum

nauplius

2321. Biggest community in the rocky shares Barnacles

2322. Maximum settlement of barnacles occur Sep to Oct (decrease in temp.)

in

2323. Tolerance to extreme temperature Eurithermicity

variation

2324. Gastropod Littorina sp can tolerate 50 ppt

salinity upto

2325. Barnacle fitter and feed through Fine cirri

2326. Bivalves feed by Entangling over mucus of gills

2327. Tunicates feeds by Scieving apparatus (branchial

basket)

2328. Numerous opening of branchial basket Stigmata

2329. Algal film grazer feed by Screeping with a file like tongue
(redulla)

2330. Plankton community in mixed group of Seton

plant & animal

2331. Living plankton & non living particulate Tripton

matter of seston
2332. Individual plant animal or bacterium in Plankton
plankton community
2333. Retained by the screen of 1.0 to 0.425 Macrobenthic forms
mm
2334. Retained by the screen of 0.050 to 0.045 Meiobenthic forms
mm
2335. Total species of plant & animal on the 5 to 50 million
earth

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 Fish-la-iota

2336. Species of plant & animal identified till 1.7 million

date

2337. Position of India in terms of Mega? Diversity – 12

2338. No. of biogeographic zone in India 10

2339. No. of biotic province in India 25

2340. India’s “hot spot” biodiversity Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats &
N.E hills

2341. No. of plant species found in India 45,000 (7% of world)

2342. No. of animal species found in India 81,000 (6.5 of world)

2343. No. of fish species found in India 1693

2344. Economic zone of India 201 million ha.

2345. Continental shelf area of India 45 million ha

2346. ‘RED DATA BOOK’ is related to Threatened species

2347. IUCN International Union for

Conservation of Nature

2348. No. of threatened fishes of India 98

2349. P.C. of nitrogen in lithosphere 93.75%

2350. P.C of nitrogen in atmosphere 6.2%

2351. P.C of nitrogen in hydrosphere & 0.05%

biosphere

2352. No. of ATP molecules require to fix a 36

molecule of Nitrogen

2353. Quantity of soluble other phosphate 5 to 20 g/litre as P (max 0.1

mg/litre as P)

2354. Organic sucking a run** harm one Interference competition

another in the process

2355. Interference competition is also known as Contest competition

2356. Resource competition also known as Scramble competition

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 Fish-la-iota

2357. Chemical interaction by which the Allelochemic

organism of one species affect the well
being and growth of individual or
population biology of other

2358. The suppression of growth through share Allilopathy

of chemical by higher plant

2359. Some phytoparasites Rafferia sp, Curcuta sp

2360. Carnivorous fungi Dactylella sp., Zoophagus sp

2361. Carnivorous plant Utricularia sp. , Darlingtonia sp.

2362. Radio isotopes method C14 method

2363. The word plankton was first used by Hensen (1987)

2364. The correct meaning of plankton given by Ernst Haechel (German)

2365. Area covered by coral reef Hermatypic

2366. Coral reef doesn’t between depth 50 to 70 m(avg. <25m)

2367. Source of nutrition of reef building corals Zooxanthellae

2368. Type of coral reefs Attols and coastal reef

2369. Coral reach sexual maturity at 7 to 10 years

2370. GESAMP Group of Expert on the Scientific

Aspects of Marine Pollution
(1980)

2371. Amount of effluent discharge daily 4000 million litres

2372. BOD levels in distillery industry 3000 mg

2373. Sewage produced daily by a population Multiply 13.4 ft3 or 0.38 m3 by

can be estimated by the population

2374. Amount of organic matter removed by 25 to 30%

primary treatment

2375. Derive used to screen & grind the martial Comminutor

while screening

2376. Amount of suspended solid & BDO 40 to 75%

removed by primary treatment

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 Fish-la-iota

2377. Amount of BOD reduced form initial in 10%

secondary treatment

2378. Amount of Bacteria remove in secondary 95%

treatment

2379. Amount of P & N2 remove in secondary 10% and 50%

treatment

2380. Duration of water passing through 4 to 8 hours

activated sludge system

2381. Activated carbon (tertiary or Advanced 70 to 80%

system can remove organic & inorganic
compounds upto

2382. A possible method of removing salts Electrodialysis

2383. River water quality monitors Costal Water Commission, State

& Central Pollution Control
Board, Global Environment
Monitoring System (GEMS)

2384. Ground water quality monitors Ground Water Board, State Water
Investigation Departments

2385. Radioactive isotopes present in human K40 and 14 C

body

2386. Extraterrestial radiation coming from Cosmic ray

outer space

2387. Radiation irradiate human body from External exposure

outside

2388. Radiation effects on DNA Base damage, SSB, DSB, Gross

links

2389. Radiation effects on chromosome Break in one chromosome, break

in separate chromosome, two or
more bark insane chromosome,
stickiness or dumping

2390. Broken chromosome ends & rejoin with Restitution

no visible damage

2391. Loss part of chromosome at next mitosis Aberration

give size to

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 Fish-la-iota

2392. Radiation effect of cellular level Division delay, interphase death,

reproductive failure

2393. Gross annual oil source from terrestrial 3.3 MT

2394. Gross annual oil source from Marine 2.81 MT

2395. Gross annual oil source from living 6.1 MT

organism (produced)

2396. Gross annual input of petroleum product 12.21 MT

into the ocean

2397. Oil pollution Act started in 1990

2398. Components of crude oil O2, N2, S (3%, 1%, 0.1% to 1%

respectively)

2399. Well weathered oil at sea Tar balls

2400. Density of metal more than 5 related to Heavy metal

water

2401. ‘Hiding’ if active ions within a protein Metallothionein

2402. Average content of arsenic in fresh water 1.5 to 2 ppb

2403. Average content of arsenic sea water 0.15 to 6 ppm

2404. Organisms oxidising toxic arsenite (11) to Achromobacter, Psuedomonas
arsenate Arthrobaetor
2405. Organism reducing arsenate to toxic Yeast (Candid), Algae
arsenite (Chlorella)
2406. ‘Itai – itai diseases (‘Ouch – ounch’) is Cadmium poisoning
caused by
2407. DDT was first synthesised in 1877 (USA)
2408. Single largest class of insecticide Organophosphorus (40%)
2409. Natural insecticide from Pyrethrum
(Chrysanthemum) flower
2410. Insecticide having highest/longest Chlorinated hydrocarbon (92-15
persistence yrs)
2411. UNEP (1979) United Nations Environmental
programme

125
 Fish-la-iota

2412. Daily municipal sewage discharge by 1100 million litres

Kolkata city

2413. “Well nourished or enriched’ was Hutchinson (1969) for

derived by Eutrophiction

2414. Concentration of phosphorus in lake can Mean or maximum chlorophylla

be related to conc.

2415. Lake having clear water & no Ultraoligotrophic

phytoplankton hypolimnion saturated
with oxygen & Salmon fish

2416. Lake with turbid water, dense algal Hypereutrophic

growth, anaerobic hypolimnion &
cyprinid fish

2417. Study of soil as a natural body Pedology

2418. Study of soil from the stand point of Edaphology

highest plant

2419. Individual layers of soil are call Horizon

2420. Vertical section through the horizon Soil profiles

2421. Soil horizon found in soil profiles 0 (i,e,a) AEBCR

2422. Triangle method or laboratory method of USDA

soil determination

2423. In water two hydrogen molecules are Covalently

bonded to one oxygen atom

2424. Angle between hydrogen nucleic and 1050

oxygen nucleic

2425. Distance between hydrogen & oxygen 0.96  10-8 cm

nucleic

2426. Dielectric constant of water 81 V

2427. Latent heat of fusion of water 80 Cal/g

2428. Latent heat of vaporisation 540 Cal/g

2429. Upper part of the soil darken by organic Epidon

matter

126
 Fish-la-iota

2430. No. of soil orders in soil taxonomy 11 (eleven)

2431. All orders of soil have common ending Sol (Latin: Solum – soil)

2432. Ideal loam is a mixture (in equal Sand, silt, clay

proportion)

2433. Optical activity was first explained by Louis Pasteur (1843)

2434. Minimum oxygen requirement of carps at 0.8 mg/litre

10 C

2435. Minimum oxygen requirement of carps at 1.8 mg/litre

300C

2436. Species which can survive above 520C Cyprinodon macrulasis

2437. Carp which can survive at freezing Crussian carp

temperature

2438. pH range of sea water 7.5 to 8.4

2439. pH range of fresh water 3.5 to 10 (avg.)

2440. Up & down rhythmic movement with the Vertical migration

intensity of light

2441. Avg. oxygen content in Antarctic 7.5 mg/lt

(surface)

2442. A body of water defined by a single point Water type

of temperature or salinity

2443. Pacific ocean & Indian ocean are called Oceanic common water

2444. Oceanic common water is given by Prof. Montgomary (1.50 C & 34.7
ppt)

2445. Estuary were evaporation exceeds run off Inverse precipitation

from precipitation

2446. Sediment deposits on the continental 10 km

margin may be as thick as

2447. Continental shelf area out of total oceans 8%

area

2448. Smallest continental shelf is found in Pacific coast of S. America

127
 Fish-la-iota

2449. Sediment moving down a submarine Deep sea fan

canyon accumulates at the canyon base in
a deposit call

2450. Adjacent deep sea fan may merge to form Continental rise

2451. Flat sea floor in called Abyssal plain (3000 to 5000 m)

2452. Submarine volcanoes in abyssal plain Sea mounts/volcanic is land

2453. Flat topped seamounts are called Guyots

2454. Material rising from the mantle pushes up Ridges

the oceanic crust

2455. Center of the ridge where gap or Central rift valley

depression is form

2456. Central rift valley is also call as Wound in the earth’s crust

2457. Path where heated sea water comes up Hydrothermal vent/deep-sea hot
spring

2458. Temperature of water from hydrothermal 10 to 200C (upto 3500C)

vent

2459. Type of mineral deposit from at Black smokers

hydrothermal vent

2460. Smoke from hydrothermal vent is Dense cloud of mineral particles

(sulfide)

2461. Conversion of light energy into chemical Light reaction

energy

2462. Conversion of energy into chemical Dark reaction

energy without light

2463. Light reaction is carried out in Grana (of chloroplast)

2464. Dark reaction is carried out in Stroma region

2465. z-scheme was proposed by Hill and Bundall (1960)

2466. Dave reaction was founded by Calvin (1962)

2467. Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction cycle is Calvin cyelin

known as

128
 Fish-la-iota

2468. Sulphur bacteria Thiobacillus, Thiothrix,

Beggiatoa

2469. Iron bacteria Leptothrix, Ferrobacillus

2470. Hydrogen bacteria Hydrogenomonas

2471. Green sulphur bacteria Chlorobium, chlorobacterium

2472. Purple sulphur bacteria Chromatium

2473. Bacteria chlorophyll is a pigment present Purple sulphur bacteria

in

2474. Pigment present in green sulphur bacteria Bactrioviridis, bacteriopurpurin

2475. Purple non-sulphur bacteria Rhodopseudomonas,

Rhodispirillum

2476. Reduction Carboxylic acid cycle Evans, Buckanan, Arnon (1966)

2477. Phytoplankton at the uppermost part of Shade plants

the water body

2478. Currents supplied by upwelling Canaries, Benguela, Perus,

California, W. Australia current

2479. Different layers of water mixed by Turbulence

vertical eddies

2480. Charges of CO2 concentration cause the Acidity of water

2481. Alkalinity range for productive water >40 ppm

2482. Lake which undergo a regular annual Temperate lake

alternation of summer & inverse winter
stratification
2483. Lake which the water never cooled below Tropical lakes
40C & stratified
2484. Lake which the water temperature never Polar lake
rise above 40C & inversely stratified
2485. Lakes scaled off perennially by ice from Amictic Lakes
most annual temperature variation
2486. Lakes with temperature average greater Cold monomictic lakes
than 40C & one period of circulation

129
 Fish-la-iota

2487. Lake which circulate twice a year (in Dimictic lake

spring & fall)

2488. Lake with temperature always deep Warm monimictic lakes

below 40C & circulate freely in winter

2489. Circulation period at irregular interval Oligmetric lake

with temperature above 40C

2490. Lakes with frequent or continuous Polymictic lakes

circulation

2491. Region of uppermost layer of sea and air Pleuston

2492. Neritic zone extende upto 0 to 200 (depth)

2493. Diphotic zone extends upto depth of 200 to 400 m

2494. Aphotic zone extends upto depth of Beyond 400 m (no light)

2495. Co-ordinater of SCOR (Scientific Robert Snider, 1957

committee in Oceanic Research)

2496. Berm with a reverse slope into the back Scarb

share

2497. Salinity can be measured/estimated by Multiplying Cl into 1.80655

2498. 10 yearly warm current flowing the coast El-nino

of S. America

2499. Layer of ocean which bounce back sound Deep scattering layer (300 to
400m)

2500. Condition of atmosphere at any time at Weather

any palace

2501. Statistical collection of weather of Climate

specified area & interval of time
(decades)

2502. Station which record, compile & make Climatological station

note monthly data
2503. Station which record weather message for Synoptic station
forecasting
2504. Homogenous atmosphere layer is present 50 to 90 kms
in

130
 Fish-la-iota

2505. Heterogenous atmosphere layer is present Above 90 kms

in

2506. Lowest layer of earth atmospheres Troposphere (satellite)

2507. Temperature with increase in highest it Laps rate

decrease at constant rate

2508. The next layer above or beyond Stratosphere ( 50 to 55 km)

troposphere

2509. Ozone concentration is highest in Stratosphere

2510. Mother/nautilucus could are seen in (20- Stratosphere

30km)

2511. Mesophere tends upto height 80 to 90 kms

2512. Thermosphere layer extends upto 500 km

2513. Altitude above thermosphere Exosphere

2514. The ozone hole is as large as 8 times the size of India

2515. Ionosphere is divided into 3 layer viz D (90 km) E (100 km) F (300
km)

2516. Mercuric barometer is also known as Fortin’s/Kew’s barometer

2517. Pressure reading when connected from Station pressure

Index, temperature & gravity error

2518. Temperature at which air become Dew point temperature

saturated w.r.t water

2519. Temperature at which air become Frost point temperature

saturated w.r.t ice

2520. Amount of water vapour in gm mixed Mixing ratio

with 1 kg of dry air

2521. Amount of water vapour in gm present in Specific humidity

1 kg wt air

2522. Instrument used to measure humidity Psychrometer

2523. The difference between dry & wet bulb Wt. bulb depression
temperature

131
 Fish-la-iota

2524. Changing temperature of a mass instant Adiabatic change

transfer of heat

2525. DALR (Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate) 100 C/km (constant)

2526. SALR (Saturated Adiabatic lapse rate ) 60C/km (not constant)

2527. Instrument used to measure amount of Dudevani dew gauge

water in dew

2528. Instrument used to measure relative Thermograph/Hydrograph

humidity

2529. Radii of a rain drop 250 

2530. Radii of drizzle 100 to 200 

2531. Cloud was classified by Luke Howard, 1803

2532. Number genera of cloud 10

2533. Thunder cloud Cumulonimbus

2534. Mackeral cloud Cirrocumulus

2535. Oldest limonoligical society of world Limnological society of America,

1936

2536. Linnological society of America renamed Limnological society of America

and oceanography, 1948

2537. ‘Introduction to limnology’ written by Prof. Swetch (1935), America

2538. ‘treatise on limnology’ written by G.E. Hutching (1957)

2539. ‘Limnology’ written by R.G. Neteel (1975)

2540. ‘Ecology of Runing water’ H.B.N Hynes (1972)

2541. Pioneer limnologist of India Ganapath; Sriveevasan Banerjee

2542. Lake with no productivity is call Dystrophic lake

2543. Instrument used to measure turbidity Naphlometer

2544. Pyramid of number was advanced by Charles Elton (1927)

2545. The production of organic matter by way Gross primary production

of photosynthesis

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 Fish-la-iota

2546. Amount of organic material synthesis by Net primary production

photosynthetic organism to excess of that
respired of excreted

2547. Organism flourishing the sun lit surface ? of the ocean

zone

2548. Amount of solar radiation absorb in the 80%

upper 10 meters

2549. Amount of solar radiation utilized for 0.02 to 2% (0.1% avg)

production of organic matter

2550. Compensation depth in gulf of Mannar & 6 meters

Palk Bay of Indian Ocean

2551. Light saturation for chlorophytes 5,000 to 75000 lux

2552. Light saturation for diatoms 10,000 to 20,000 lux

2553. Light saturation for dinoflagellates 25,000 to 30,000 lux

2554. Major upwelling areas Of west Africa, off Chile & Peru,
off California coast, off Southern
Arabian coast

2555. High productivity during South west South West coast

monsoon in India

2556. Green algae which require high Nannochloris, Stichococcus

concentration of nitrogen

2557. Green algae which require high Isochrysis

concentration of phosphate

2558. Most productive areas of the world Upwelling areas

oceans

2559. Bacteria acting upon the compound Transformer

broken down by decomposer

2560. Organism acting as middle men in pelagic Copepod Euphausid

food chain

2561. Area of natural lake in India 0.72 million ha.

2562. Fish culture on a very limit scale has been As early as 600 & 350 BC
practictised in China and India since

133
 Fish-la-iota

2563. The medical monks of Europe used to Monasteries

practice carp culture in their

2564. Murrels are found all over India but its Southern India
culture is common in

2565. Gourami (Osphrounemus gourami) was Before 1850

first introduced in India from Java

2566. Gouramy lay about 500 – 800 eggs

2567. Tench (Tinca tinca) along with crusian 1874

carp (Carassus carassus) were introduced
from Europe in lakes & ponds of Nilgiri
hills in

2568. Tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) was first 1952

introduced in India in

2569. Chinese carps including silver carp & December 1959

grass carp were brought from Tokyo and
Hongkong to Cuttck in

2570. European carp or common carp is China

originally a native in

2571. The German strain of Mirror carp was 1939

introduced in Nilgiri hills from Ceylon in

2572. The Chinese strain of common carp August 1957

(Scale carp) was brought from Bangkok
to Cuttack in

2573. Catla grows faster in Alkaline water

2574. The fecundity of catla ranges from 1-2 lakh eggs/kg wt of fish

2575. Spawning season of catla is July – September

2576. The colour of the eggs of catla are Light red – light violet colour
2577. The spawning of rohu is June – early August
2578. The colour of the eggs of Rohu are Slightly reddish transparent
2579. Fecundity of Rohu same as that of catla 1-2 lakhs
2580. The spawning season of mrigal varies June – early August & late
from October

134
 Fish-la-iota

2581. The colour of the eggs of Mrigal are Yellow transparent

2582. Fecundity of mrigal is 1-1.5 lakh

2583. The spawning season of grass carp is June to Septembers

2584. The colour of the eggs of grass carp are Copper colour

2585. Fecundity of grass carp is 1.5 – 3 lakh/2.6 kg of fish

2586. Silver carp spawns once in a year June – August

2587. The colour of the eggs of silver carp is Dirty white

2588. Fecundity of silver carp is 1.50 – 1.80 lakh

2589. Common carp spawns through out the Peak period March – April
year

2590. The eggs of common carp are Yellow colour

2591. Fecundity of common carp 1.30 – 1.60 lakh

2592. The major carps are known to breed over 40C – 400C
a wide range of temperature between

2593. The recorded suitable pH for the 7.5 – 8.3

spawning of major carp is

2594. The bund breeding of the IMC seems to Midnapore & Bankura
have originated from West Bengal
especially from the districts of

2595. In the bundh breeding technique of carp 1O:2♂

the ratio of breeders is

2596. The stocking density of breeders varies 3000 – 5000 kg/ha

from

2597. The injection dozes of pituitary gland in Male 3 – 4 mg/kg & Female 7-
male and female is 3mg/kg

2598. The spawning take place after 4-5 hrs.

2599. The collection of the eggs are done by Mosquito net cloth
dragging a piece

2600. The collection of eggs is impossible in Wet bundhs

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 Fish-la-iota

2601. The hatchlings are lifted from the pits by 12 hrs

dragging & muslin cloth after

2602. In the tanning process, the fish skins are Trypsin

treated with bating enzyme such as

2603. In the algin corporation process, dried sea Calcium chloride solution
weeds are spaced in

2604. Carrageen widely used in the Dental impression compounds

manufacture of

2605. The liver oil of bony fish like cod & Vitamin D activity tthan vitamin
haddock has more A activity

2606. In India the best quality isinglass is Siluridae

produced form fishes of

2607. Stick water usually contains 95% H2O & 4-5% solids.

2608. The two naturally occurring pigments of Xanthophilis & Caroteroids

fish oil is

2609. Sardine oil looses its fleshy odor when its Hydrogenation
iodine value is brought down from 145 –
150 to 81 by

2610. The two impurities present in air bladder Fatty tissue & Blood cloatings
of fish

2611. Class & livers such as livers of cod & 50 – 75% oil by weight
paddock contain

2612. Class a liver due as livers of cod & 500 – 20,000 U.S.P.
haddock has a vitamin G.A potency in the
range of

2613. Hydrogenation can be used to deodorize Fish oil

the

2614. Hydrogenation process also is known as Hardening

2615. Development of oxidative rancidity is Vitamin a potency in fish

largely responsible for the loss of

2617. Saponifaction value of sardine oil is 140

2618. Moisture content of fish eggs ranges from 55% - 60%

136
 Fish-la-iota

2619. Fish meal is rich in Lysine

2620. Fish flesh is an excellent source of Steroporenon

2621. Steroporenon is commonly known as Protein utilization factor

2622. Chitin is an important structural material Crustaceans & insects

of invertebrate such as

2623. Prawns & squilla waste are good source of Chitin

2624. Deacetylated Chitin was named as Seyler in 1994

Chitosan by

2625. In chitin the monomer is linked to one Cellulose

another as in

2626. Among the saturated fatty acids, palmitic Fish oils

starch & myristic acid occur widely in

2627. Sulphurization reaction is made use of in Factice

the manufacture of

2628. In an oil/Fat contains more saturated fatty Room temperature

acids, it will tend to be solid at

2629. Requirements of acid for fish silage Bone content of fish used
depends on the

2630. For fish silage manufacture formic acid as 25% - 35%

used in the range of
2631. Canning is a Bacteriocidal technique
2632. Fish is a low acid food of 4.6 pH
2633. Clostridium botulinum is a mesophilic Spore forming bacteria
2634. The Z value for Cl. botulinum is 100C
2635. The general method of process Bigalow
determination for canned food was
developed by
2636. The first person to investigate spoilage of Russel
canned foods was

2637. The process of sealing of a can with lid for Hermetic seal
complete air light is called a

137
 Fish-la-iota

2638. OTS stands for Open top sanitary

2639. A can having separate lids is OTS

2640. The palatability of post rigor fish is better Pre-rigor fish

than

2641. The thermal conductivity of a frozen fish Fresh fish.

is higher taken

2642. Commonly used antistatic agent in plastics Quatanery ammonium

is compounds

2643. The Hg concentration in fish flesh should 0.5 – 1.0 mg/kg

not exceed

2644. Inosine monophosphate is a degraded ATP

product of

2645. The enzyme involved in melanosis of Tyrosinase

prawn is

2646. Stick water is the product obtained during Reduction process

the process of

2647. The phospholid used as emulsifier is Lecithin

2648. The hart capacity of fish mainly depends Temperature & moisture
on its

2649. Freezer burn observed in frozen stored Dehydration & oxidation of fat
fatty fish is due to

2650. Oxidative rancidity of lipid in fish meat is TBA

determined by estimating

2651. The spoilage flora of iced fish in tropical Mesophilic

country is

2652. Torrymeter is an instrument used to Freshness of fish

determine

2653. The glass like crystals formed in canned Salt of magnesium & calcium.

2654. The compound in fish which act as a Tocopherol

biological antioxidant and also act as
vitamin is

138
 Fish-la-iota

2655. The main carbohydrate in fish muscle is Glycogen

2656. The term natural casing means Cleansed animal intestine

2657. Lipids present in fish is highly reactive Fatty acids are highly
because unsaturated in waters

2658. The non protein nitrogen constituents in Urea & TMAO

shark meet is mainly contributed by

2659. Fish muscle contain group of proteolytic Cathepsins

enzymes commonly refered as

2660. Myoylobin pigment is a Glyco protein

2661. The term cryoprotectant refers to Protection of proteins at low

temperature

2662. Myosin is a Oligomeric protein

2663. The term meat curing refers to Salting & picking

2664. During surmi productin removal of water Screw press

from meat is achieved by

2665. The quality of surmi is judged by Moisture, color & gel forming
ability

2666. In fin fishes important nitrogenous IMP

extractive in importing delicate
taste/flavour is

2667. The term modori? refers to Disruption of network

2668. The most common form of synthetic Krehalon

casing for fish is

2669. Peptide pond in protein molecule is Covalent bond

2670. Struvite crystals in canned fishery Sodium hexametaphosphats &

products can be controlled by EDTA

2671. The main basis for acidity classification of Destruction effect on bacteria by
canned food is the increasing acidity of food

2672. A measure of heat resistance which is not TDT

affected by the initial no of
microorganisms present is

139
 Fish-la-iota

2673. In fish hypoxanthin is formed from ATP

2674. The process of removing air from canned Paneling

food sealing is called

2675. Stick water is the water released during Fish oil preparation

2676. Mallard reaction occurs only in Foods containing protein &

reducing sugar

2677. Fish body oils are a good source of Omega – 3 fatty acids

2678. Whole fish meal is Meal from whole fish or meal

with fish solubles mixed

2679. A sea food product, which needs the use Canned

of chemical additive for preservation is

2680. The gas mixture used in packing fatty fish N2, CO2

2681. Ambergris is a Secretion of whales

2682. The polysaccharide extracted from Agar

seaweeds is

2683. Black spot formation in shrimp is Sulphites

controlled by

2684. The air bladder of fish is chemically Collagen

2685. A canned food which is bacteriologically Breather

tight but not exactly air tight is called

2686. The minimum hook overlap percentage in 45%

a good double seam should be

2687. The pasteurization heat treatment given to Aspertisation

fruit can presence them by canning can
also be called as

2688. The micro-oroganism which causes flat B. stearothermophseus

sour in low acid food is

Taxonomy of shell fishes

2689. Shell fishes have two broad Molluses & crustacean

categories

140
 Fish-la-iota

2690. The fishes which are having Shell fishes

exoskeleton & hard covering are
called

2691. The fishes belonging to Shrimps, prawns, crabs, lobsters etc.

Crustaceans are

2692. The fishes belonging to molluscs Clams, oysters, squids, cuttle fishes,
are octopuses

2693. The characters of the phylum Body is hyploblastic i.e. divided into
Arthropoda is head, thorax & abdomen

2694. The circulatory system in Open type

Arthropoda is

2695. The sub-phylum of Arthropoda Mandibulata, Univemia, Chelicerata &

are Trilobiata.

2696. The most important sub-phylum Mandibulata

of the Arthropoda is

2697. The classes of sub-phylum Crustracea, Insecta, Arachnida &

Mandibulata are Myriapoda

2698. The most important sub-classes is Crustracea

2699. General characters of class Head with 5 pairs of appendages, Thorax

Crustracea are with & abdomen with 6 pairs of
appendages

2700. Sub-classes of Crustracean are Cephalocarida,Copepoda,Ostracoda,

having of sub classes Branchiopoda,Mystacocarida,
Branchiura, Cirripedia & Malacostraca.

2701. General characters of Endopodites are segmented

Cephalocarida are (Most
primitive ones)

2702. General characters of Body segments are with similar

Branchiopoda are appendayes*

2703. The orders of sub-class Anostraca, Diplostraca & Notostraca.

Branchiopoda are

2704. General characters of Anostraca Carapace is present

are

141
 Fish-la-iota

2705. The word straca refers to Carapace

2706. General characters of Diplostraea The carapace is laterally compressed

(Clam shrimp) water fleas and does not cover the head

2707. General characters of Notostraca Carapace is shield like

(Tadpole shrimp)

2708. General characters of sub-class Body is covered by bivalve carapace &

Ostraeada both pairs of antenna are modified for
swimming

2709. The orders of sub-class Ostracoda Mydocopa, Cladocopa, Matycoipa, &

are Podocopa

2710. General characters of Mydocopa The carapace bears an aperture through

are the antennae protrudes

2711. General characters of Cladocopa The carapace is without any aperture &
are two pairs of limbs present

2712. General characters of Matycopa The carapace without any carapace &
are three pairs of limbs present

2713. General characters of Cladocopa The carapace is without any aperture &
are two pairs of limbs present

2714. General characters of Matycopa Carapace without any carapace & three
are pairs of limbs present

2715. General characters of Podocopa Carapace without any carapace & 4 pairs
are of limbs present

2716. General characters of sub-class Body is without cephalic appendages

Mystaco corida

2717. General characters of sub-class Abdominal appendages are absent

Copepodo

2718. The most important food items of Copepoda & Ostracoda

fish S

2719. The orders of sub-class Copepoda Calanoida, Harpaticodia, Cyclopodia,

are Notodel Phyoida, Monostrilloida,
Caligodia & Lernacopopoida.

2720. General characters of Calanoida 2nd antenna is biramous & carries only
are one egg sac.

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 Fish-la-iota

2721. General characters of Cyclopodia 2nd antenna is uniramous & carries one
are pair of egg sac.

2722. General characters of Adults are without antenna

Monostrilloida are

2723. General characters of Female acts as a parasite after spawning

Lernacopopaida are

2724. The sub-classes of Branchiura Branchiura (one order)

have

2725. General characters of Branchiura Mouth is modified into sucking device

are & sessile eyes are present.

2726. General characters of sub-class G 6 pairs of biramous appendages &

Cirripedia are coax-pace covers the whole body

2727. The orders of sub-class Cirripedia Thoracica, crothoracica, Apoda,

are Ascothorracicag & Rhizocephala

2728. General characters of Thoracica 6 pairs of trunk appendages are present

are

2729. General characters of 4 pairs of trunk appendages are present

Acrothoracia are

2730. General characters of Apoda are Trunk appendages are absent

2731. General characters of Thoracica 6 pairs of trunk append ages are present
are

2732. General characters of 4 pairs of trunk appendages are present

Acrothoracia are

2733. General characters of Apode are Trunk appendages are absent

2734. General characters of Appendages absent & body is

Rhizocephala degenerated

2735. The largest sub-class of class Malacostraca

Crustracea

2736. General characters of Body with 20-21 segments are distinct,

Malacostraca are caxapoce covers cephalothorax.

2737. The are 5 super orders of sub- Phyllocoxidam Haplocarida, Syncarida,

class Molacostraca peracarida & Eucarida

143
 Fish-la-iota

2738. The super – order Phyllocarida is Nebalicea

having only one order

2739. The super order Heplocarida is Stomatopoda

having only one order

2740. General character of Stomatopoda Abdominal appendages are biramous &

the last four thoracic segments are from
carapace

2741. The super order Suncarida is Anispadacea

having only one order

2742. The super order Precarida is Mysidacea, Cumacea, Tanaidacea,

having 5 orders Isopoda, & Amphipoda.

2743. General characters of Mysidacea 1st antenna is biramous & carapace is the
chief respiratory organ

2744. General characters of Cumacea Antenna is unsegmented

2745. General characters of Isopoda Carapace is absent

(both aquatic & terrestrial)

2746. General characters of Amphipoda Thoracic appendages carries gills &

body is laterally compressed

2747. General characters of super order Mandibles are present & very important
Eucarida grout includes by shrimps, prawn,
lobsters & crabs

2748. The orders of super order Euphauslacea & Decapoda

Eucarida are

2749. General characters of Telson is with one spine

Euphousiacea

2750. General characters of Decapoda 10 pairs of legs are present ( 5 pairs each
of peleopods & pereopods).

2751. The sub-orders of Decapoda are Natantia & Reptantia

2752. The family of super order Penaeidae, Polaeomonidae &

Natantia are Sergestidae

2753. General characters of Penaeidae Antennule with two flagella & 1st three
pairs of walking legs are chilated, 2nd
abdominal segment only the 3rd

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 Fish-la-iota

2754. General characters of Antennule with three flagella & 1st two
Palaeomonidae paris of walking legs are chileated, 2nd
abdominal segment 1st & 3rd

2755. Sub-order Reptantia is having Section A (Brachyura) & Section B

two orders (Macrura)

2756. General characters of family Last pair of legs are flattened for
Portunida important family of swimming
Brachyura (Crabs)

2757. General characters of family The body is brightly coloured with

panuliridae one important family numerous spots
of Macrura

2758. The word called “Mollis” Means “Soft-bodied”

2759. The circulatory system of Open type

Mollusc is

2760. The respiratory organs of mollusc The Foot of Mollusc is modified for
consists of glib called Tenidia

2761. Creeping, swimming &

burrowing

2762. The body of Mollusc is Unsegmented & without appendages

2763. In mollusc the mouth, eyes, Head

tentacles & other sensory are
present in the

2764. The body of Mollusc is divided in Visceral mass, Head, Foot & Mantle
to four parts

2765. The Respiratory pigment of Haemocyanin

mollusk is

2766. The excretory system of Molluscs Nephridia

consists of

2767. The fertilization of Mollusc is Both external & Internal

2768. The classification of Mollusc was Morton & Yonge

done by

2769. Classification of Mollusc was Glib, foot structure, shell & Nervous
done on the basis of system

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 Fish-la-iota

2770. The classes of phylum Molluscs Monoplacophora, Amphineura,

are Scophopoda, Gastropoda apholopoda &
Pelycypoda

2771. General characters of Shell is made up of a single piece

Monoplacophora

2772. The word placo refers to Shell

2773. General characters of Nervous system is primitive with

Amphineura longitudinal pallial & pedal cords.

2774. The word neural refers to Nerve

2775. There are two orders of Aplacophora & Polyplacophora

Amphineura

2776. General characters of Shell is absent

Aplacophora

2777. General characters of Shell is with of broad plates

Polyplacophora

2778. General characters of class Foot is boat shaped

Scaphopoda

2779. The word Scapho refers to Boat

2780. The word podos refers to Foot

2781. General characters of Gastropoda Shells under go torsion on coiling & is

univalved, Head with large two tentacles
& eyes

2782. The word gastor refers to Stomach

2783. There are thru (3)sub classes of Prosobranchia, Opisthobranchia &

Gastropoda Pulmonata.

2784. The subclass Prosobranthis have Archaeogastropoda, Mesogastropoda &

3 orders Neogastropoda

2785. General characters of Mantle is with two ctinidia, two auricles

Archaeogastropoda & two nephridia

2786. General characters of Mantle is with one ctinidium, one

Mesogastropoda auricles & one nephridium.

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 Fish-la-iota

2787. General characters of class Shell is without any torsion

Peleycypoda

2788. The orders of Pelycypoda are Protobranchia,filibranchia,

Eulomellibranchio & septibranchia

2789. General characters of Gills are present posteriorly & one gill
Protobranchia filaments are not folded

2790. General characters of Filibranchia Gill filaments are long folded with
ciliary connections

2791. General characters of Gill filaments are folded

Eulamellibronchia

2792. General characters of class Foot is modified into arms or tentacles

Cephalopoda attached to head

2793. The word cephato means Head

2794. There are three sub-classes of Nautiloidea, Coleoidea & Anthanoidea

Cepholopoda

2795. Nautiloidea is having one family Nautilidae

2796. General characters of Nautilidae Many tentacles are present & without
sucking device

2797. General characters of Coleoidea 8-10 tentacles with sucking devices

present

2798. Two orders of coleoidea are Decapoda & Octopoda

present

2799. General characters of Decapoda Head with ten tentacles of which two are
long & eight short arms

2800. Families of Decapoda are Sepiidae & Laliginidae

2801. General characters of Sepiidae Cuttle bone is head

2802. General characters of Laliginidae Cuttle bone is thin or absent

2803. General characters of order Eight equal arms are present

Octopoda

2804. Only one family of Octopoda Octopodidae

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 Fish-la-iota

2805. The subclass Antanoidae are Extinct

2806. The excretory system of a prawn Greengland, lattral duct, Renal sac &
consists of a Integument

2807. The green gland is present at the Coxa of each antenna

2808. Each gland of green gland End sac, labyrinth & bladder
consists of three parts

2809. End sac is present between Labyrinth & bladder

2810. Reproductive system of male Pair of testes, pair of vas different & a
prawn consists of 3 parts pair of vesicular seminalis

2811. In prawn the production & Spermatogenesis

Maturation of spermatozoa within
the testis in male is

2812. The matured & functional male Spermatozoa

sex cells or male gamates is

2813. The tests of a prawn are fused at Anterior end

its

2814. The middle gap of the testes is Pyloric stomach

filled up by

2815. The germinal epithelium Spermatozoa or sperm

undergoes spermatogenesis to
form

2816. The sperm of a prawn consists of Nucleolus & a short tail

a round cytoplasmic body which
contain a large

2817. A long coiled & narrow tube of a Vas differentia

sperm duct is called

2818. Reproductive system of a female Pair of ovary & pair of oviduct

consists of two parts

2819. Ovary is a pair of compact Sickle shaped & white in colour

2820. On the basis of Anatomy nervous Central nervous system (CNS) &
system of fish is of two types peripheral nervous system (PNS)

2821. The CNS consists of Brain & spinal card

148
 Fish-la-iota

2822. All nerve tissue excluding Brain & spinal cord

2823. All nerve tissue excluding Brain P.N.S

& spinal cord is called

2824. The anterior enlargement of the A brain

spinal cord is called

2825. Brain is present in the ?cavity of the skull

2826. The brain of fish is divided into Fore brain, midbrain & hind brain
there parts (prosen cephalon)

2827. Fore brine consists of two parts Telencephalon & Diancepholon

2828. Telencephalon has two parts Olfactory lobes & cerebral hemisphere

2829. The main function of cerebral Control the reproductive behaviour of

hemisphere is to fish

2830. The main function of olfactory To transmit smell impulses to other

lobe is centers

2831. Diancepholon has two parts Dorsal epithalomus, lateral thalamus &
ventral hypothalamus

2832. Mid brain is large in size end Optic tectum & ventral tegumentum
co** of dorsally placed

2833. Hind brain consists of two parts Cerebellum (Meten cephalon) &
Medulla oblongata (Myelencephelon)

2834. The main function of cerebellum Control swimming equilibration

is to maintenance & mascular movement etc.

2835. The main function of medulla Respiration, paling of body colour &
oblongata is for asmoreyulation

2836. Cranial nerves has 10 pairs in Teleost

2837. Auditory nerve has two branches Vestibules & **

2838. Spinal nerves consists of two Posterior sensory root & anterior motor
roots root

2839. The blood vascular system of Veins & capillaries

prawn is open type because there
is no

149
 Fish-la-iota

2840. The heart of a prawn is present Carapace

below the

2841. The anterior part of the heart of Apex

prawn is called

2842. The posterior part of the heart of Base

prawn is called

2843. The mascular well of the heart Ostia

contain 5 Paris of slit like
apparatus called

2844. The shape of a prawn heat is Triangular

2845. The circulatory system of prawn Heart & pericardium chamber, the
is divided into three parts anterior artery & posterior arteries

2846. The posterior arteries is known as Median posterior artery

2847. The oxygenated blood are stored Pericardial chamber

in the

2848. Sastric artery is supplied to the Stomach

2849. Mandibular artery is supplied to Mandible

the

2850. The endoskeletin of teleost is Ossified

more or less completely

2851. The skull is divided into two parts Neurocranium & Branchiocranium

2852. The Neurocranium includes the Brain base, olfactory & ofice capsules

2853. The Branchicranium includes the Jaws, hyoidarch, apercular series & the
gill arches

2854. Vertebral column is divided into Anterior complex vertebral, typical trunk
vertebrae, pre caudal vertebrae, caudal
vertebrae & Rib bones

2855. Anterior complex vertebrae is 1st 4 (carps) – 6 (catfishes) vertebrae

formed by the fusion of

2856. The last caudal vertebrae is run Urastyle

backward into an upturned rod
like process called as

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 Fish-la-iota

2857. In trunk vertebrae a pair of small Pre-zygopophysis & postozygopophysis

blunt process arise upwards of the
base of rural arch called

2858. Ribs are of two types One is present at abdominal region & 2nd
on at trunk & caudal region

2859. In Trunk & caudal region a Outer mascular bones

second series of rib like bones are
present called as

2860. The pectoral girdle is made up of Dorsal scopula & a ventral coracoid
two lateral halves & each half of bones
girdle consists of a

2861. The pectoral girdle is also having Dermal bones

a genes of

2862. Each may of a pelvic girdle is Pelvic bone

composed

2863. Migration of fishes in search of Alimental migration

food and water is called

2864. Migration of fishes for Gametic migration

reproduction is called

2865. Migration of fishes in search of Climatic migration

suitable climatic conditions is
called

2866. Migration of fishes in case of Salt balance is called – osmoregulatory

maintaining the water migration

2867. When the fishes are released from Random locomotary movement
a particular point & spread out in
all directions leading to uniform
distribution is called

2868. When the fishes moves towards Oriented swimming movement

or away from a point /source of
stimulation is called

2869. The several methods of migratory Drifting, Random locomotary movement

movements are oriental locomotary movement, Dentant
& contranatant

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 Fish-la-iota

2870. The movement of the fish along Denatant

with the water current is called

2871. The movement of the fish against Contranatant

the water current is called

2872. Fish migration may be divided Diadromous, potadromous &

into 3 types oceanodromous

2873. Diadromous meens Fresh water – seawater & vice versa

2874. Potadromous means Migration wholly in fresh water

2875. Oceanodromous means Migration wholly in sea water

2876. Diadromous is divided into three Anadromous, catadromous & Amphid-

puts ramous

2877. Migration of the fishes from fresh – Amphidromous

water to Sea water & vice versa
but not for the purpose of
breeding is called

2878. Development takes place in Parthogonetic development

Poecilla Formosa in which the
sperms simply induce the egg to
develop, but take no part in
fertilization as called

2879. When the ovaries are naked then “Gymaorian” condition & is primitire
it is called as (e.y Elasmobranch, Dipoi, chondrostei &
Ami)

2880. In lepidosteus & teleost, the Cystoarian

ovaries become enclosed in
coelmic sacs & the lumen of the
ovary is continued into the
oviduct is called

2881. The testis is composed of a large Connective tissue

number of seminiferous tubules
or lobules which are closely
bound together by thin layer

2882. The walls of the lobules or Germinal epithelium

tubules are not lined by
permanent

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 Fish-la-iota

2883. The space between the lobules or Connective tissue , blood capillaries &
tubules are filled with interstitial cells
2884. The process of metamorphosis of Spermiogenesis
spermatids to sperms is called
2885. The ovaries are paired elongated Abdominal cavity ventral to the kidney
sac like structures lying in the
2886. The developing egg is known as Oocyte
an
2887. In the oocyte VII the yolk Cortical alveoli
vesicles are pushed of the egg and
form
2888. A mature egg is surrounded by an Follicular epithelium (Zonagranulosa)
external layer of the **
followed by

2889. On the basis of Resting phase, early maturingphase,

histomorphological changes the advanced maturing phase, mature or
ovarian cycle is divided into the prespawning phase , spawning phase &
following phases spent phase

2890. All the developing oocytes of a Atretic oocytes

fish ovary do not reach maturity
& degeneration and resorption
called as

2891. The disc of cells thus formed on Blastoderm

the animal pole of the egg is
called

2892. The free blostomeres which Periblast

become arranged on the top of the
yolk to form a layer of cells
called as

2893. The space between the Blostocoal

blastoderm & the periblast is
called

2894. During the period of the Epiboly

involution of cells, the cells of the
blestoderm have continued to
grow over the yolk this process is
called as

153
 Fish-la-iota

Fecundity
2895. The number of eggs before fertilization Prefertilized Fecundity
in an ovary is called

2896. The number of fertilized eggs in an ovary Fertilized fecundity

is called

2897. The no of larvae after hatching before Larval Fecundity

extresion is called

2898. A type of eggs which float passively is Planktonic eggs (Sardine,

called Mackerel etc)

2899. A type of eggs which neither float nor Semi-buoyant eggs (Shad)
settle on bottom is called

2900. The counting of laid eggs can be done by Volumetric method & Van
Bayer method

2901. The otoliths are also called as Ear stone

2902. The increase in the growth of fish is Triodothyronine (T3)

achieved by a thyroid hormone called

2903. The teleostean kidney is divided into two Head kidney & trunk kidney
parts

2904. There are five (5) types of kidney in Teleost

2905. The two kidney are completely fused and Clupeidae

there is no colour distinction between
head & trunk kidney found in

2906. The middle and posterior partition of the Eels & catfish
kidneys are fused & there is distinction
between head & trunk kidney found in

2907. Only the extreme posterior part of the Seahorse, pipe fish
kidney is fused & there is no distinction
& head & trunk kidney found in

2908. Only the posterior part of the kidney is Mugilidae, Scombridae

fused & head & Trunk kidney easily
distinguishable tuna in

2909. The two kidneys are completely Lophidae

separated

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2910. Testes are attached to body well that is Measorchia

coelomic epithelium by means of

2911. In the stomach the food is activated by Gastric juice & Hcl

2912. Gastric juice is of there kinds of enzymes Pepsin, rennin & gastric lypase

2913. Helps in the digestion of proteins Pepsin

2914. Helps in the digestion of lactose Rennin

2915. Bile is secreted from the Liver

2916. Pancreatic juice is secreted from the Pancreas

2917. Bile pigments are named as Beliverdin

2918. Pancreatic juice contains 3 imp enzymes Amylopsin, steapsin & Trypsin

2919. Converts standard glycogen into maltose Amylopsin

2920. Converts tats into in soluble fatty acids Steapsin

then to maltose is

2921. Converts peptides & peptones into Trypoin

monoacids

2922. The intestines produces a digestive juice Successentericas

2923. The enzymes produced by Erepsin, Lipase, Invertase,

successenterices are Maltose,

2924. Hydrolyses the fats Lipase

2925. Transforms peptones into amino acids Erepsin

2926. Converts cane sugar into glucose & Maltase

fructose changes Maltose into glucose

2927. Changes lactose into glucose & galactose Lactase

2928. The cardiovascular system consists of Blood, heart & Blood vessels.

2929. Blood is a Liquid connective tissue (red in

colour)

2930. Blood consists of two components Plasma (liquid) & cellular

(Blood cells)

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 Fish-la-iota

2931. A liquid portion, colour less & which Plasma

consists of water is

2932. Cellular also is called as Corpuscular part

2933. There are there varieties of corpuscles or RBC (Erythrocytes), WBC

cells present in blood (Leucocytes) & plate lets
(thrombocytes)

2934. WBC is divided into Agranulocytes & Grenulocytes

2935. Agranulscytes again is divided into Lymphocytes & Monocytes

antibodies

2936. Granulocytes is divided into Neutrophils,

Eosinophils/acidophils &
Basophils

2937. The heart of the fishes is known as Branchial heart

2938. The heart of a fish conist of four chamber Sinus venosus, Auricle (atrium),
ventricle & Balbus arteriosus
(conus)

2939. The main function of sinus venosus is To receive blood & pass it to
arteries

2940. The base of the ventral aorta is thickened Balbus

to form the

2941. The blood vessels through which the Artery

blood are supplied away from heart is
called

2942. Arterial system of fish is divided into Artery to head & glib,
three parts Abdominal artery & coronary
artery

2943. Abdominal artery is divided into two Dorsal aorta & ventral aorta
parts

2944. The artery which supplies blood to Coelia artery ?

anterior part of intestine is

2945. The artery which supplies to posterior Mesenteric artery

part of the intestine is

2946. The marine fishes in this body have Low salt concentration

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2947. The fresh water fishes in their body have High salt concentration

2948. The maintenance of dynamic equilibrium Osmoregulation

of internal body fluid to that of the
external environment is called

2949. The organisms maintaining the body Hyperosmoregulation

fluids above the conc.of environment is
called

2950. The organisms then maintain one salt Hypo-osmoregulation

conc.of their body fluid below that of the
environment is called

2951. When the osmotic conc.of the body fluid ISO-osmotic

is regulated to the conc.of environment is
called

2952. The ions present in the fish are excreted Chloride cells ( present in the
by a special type of cells called as gills)

2953. The chloride cells are absent in Fresh water fishes

2954. The blood of elasmobranch is Isotonic to sea water

2955. The similar type of chloride cells is Rectal glands

present in Elasmobranch

2956. Rectal glands are absent in F. water elasmobranch

2957. Fishes have no salivary glands but they Gastric glands

have

2958. The respiratory pigment in the fishes Haemoglobin

2959. Haemoglobin loosely combines with Oxyhaemoglobin

ozygen to form

2960. Haemoglobin also combines with carbon Carbonyl haemoglobin

monoxide (CO) to form

2961. Respiration in which oxygen is pass in & External respiration

CO2 is pass out from the blood is called

2962. Respiration in which oxygen of the blood Internal respiration

is given up to the tissue of the body and
the CO2 is passed from the tissue into the
blood is called

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2963. The gaseous exchange between the External respiration

outside water (DO2) blood is called as

2964. The international respiration also is Tissue respiration

called as

2965. The air bladder is completely modified as Dipnoi

a long in

2966. Fast swimming tissue as Tuna can active “Ram ventilation”.

the required water flow by

2967. The rate of O2 consumption increases Temperature

with the increase in

2968. The salt concentration of water ranges 10 mg/lt. – 200 mg/lt

from

2969. The study of animal function both at Physiology

tissue & cellular level is called

2970. The water is present in three Plasma, intestinal &

compartments in any organism Intracellular

2971. The hormone which is responsible for Neurohypophysial hormone

control of osmoregulation is

2972. The free stomach is characterized by the Muscularis mucosa

presence of smooth muscle called

2973. In most of the holostean & Teleostean Chloroid gland

bony fishes, the blood vessels of choroids
layer are arranged like a horse shoe
shaped structure known as

2974. The largest neurons of the retina is called Bipolar cells

the

2975. The eyes of most of the fishes resemble Flattened spheres

2976. The two morphologically distinct types Rads & Cones

of receptor cells are

2977. The primary sensory organ of gestory Taste bud

system is the

2978. The pituitary gland is located below one Diencephalons

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2979. Thyrolropin activates Thyroid

2980. Advernocorticotropic hormones activate Adrenal cortex

2981. The Pituitary gland lies on the ventral Ofice chiasma

side of the brain behind the

2982. The another name of pituitary gland is Hypophysis

2983. The pituitary gland is enclosed in the Sellaturcica

cavity of the parasphenoid bone ?

2984. The two major parts of the pituitary gland Adenohypophysis &
are neurohypophysis

2985. The rostral pars distalis as also known as Proadenohypophysis

2986. The proximal pars distalis is also called Mesoadenohypophysis

2987. The pars intermedia is also known as Metadenohypophysis

2988. The glandular part is called the Adenohypophysis

2989. The nervous part is called the Neurohypophysis

2990. The Infundibulum stalk enters the gland Leptobasic type

& in such cases the gland is called

2991. The infundibulum stalk enters the gland Platybasic type

at the outer side

2992. The infundibulum stalk enters the gland Caudobasic type

at the posterior part of the
neurophypophysis

2993. The stalk enters the gland from middle Donso-basic type
region of the dorsal surface

2994. The pituitary gland of elasmobranch has Rostral pars distabs, proximal
four compartment pars distalis, neurointermediate
to be & Rachendackhypophysis

2995. The dorsal lobe is also known as Rostral lobe

2996. Sella turnica is attached to the brain by Infundibulum

means of a stalk called

2997. Rostral pars distalis has two hormones Prolactin & corticotropin

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2998. Function of corticotropin is Controls secreation of adrenal

galnd & internal gland

2999. Proximal pars distalis has three hormones Thyrotropins, gonadotropin &
somatotropin

3000. Function of Thyrotropin is Controls the growth of thyroid

gland

3001. Function of gonadotropin is of two types FSH & LH

3002. Function of FSH & LH Controls gametogenes,

oogenesis & Dpermatogenesis
(i.e. controls the maturation of
gametes)

3003. Function of somatotropin (Growth Controls the growth of the body

hormone) is

3004. Pars intermidia has two hormones Melanaphore stimulating

hormone (MSH) &
Melanophore contracting
hormone (MCH)

3005. Function of FSH & LH Control the concentration &

depression of pigments within
melanophores

3006. Neurohypophysis has two types of Vasopression & oxytocin

hormones

3007. Function of vasopression is Osmoregulation & salt water

balance

3008. Function of oxytocin is Mating & egg laying

3009. Gonadotropin (GTH) secretion is GnRH & Dopamine

regulated by two neurohormones

3010. Function of GnRH is To release Gonadotropin

3011. Function of Dopamine Gonadotropin releasing

inhibiting hormone

3012. Different types of hormone Pituitary homogenate, purified

administration for spawning are fish gonadotropin, somach,
steroids, & ovaprin.

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3013. Purified fish gonadotropin for spawning SG – G – 100

of IMC is

3014. The combination of HCG & P.G is the Somach

3015. The examples of steroids are 17-  - hydroxy, 20 -  -

dihydroxy & Progesterone (17
 - 20 pp)

3016. The examples of ovaprim are Ovatide & ova – FH

3017. The spawning of the fishes is influenced Petrichor

by the

3018. Two types of synthetic hormones are Pomozide & Domperidone

3019. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming (1928)

3020. The 1st successful genetic engineering U.K (1973)

experiment was conducted in

3021. Raw material for plastic industry was Late 80’s

obtained from & microbes in

3022. The enzymes extracted from yeast that Edward Butchner (1897)
can convert sugar to alcohol was
discovered by

3023. The 1st genetically engineered growth mid 80’s

hormone was approved for the treatment
of dwarfism in

3024. Insulin was approved for use in diabetes 1982

3025. The 1st man to who observed microbes Antone van Leeuwanhoek
(1680)

3026. Sperm is divided into three parts Head, middle space & Tail

3027. The middle space of a sperm contain Mitochondria & centrozome

3028. An opening is present in the fish egg for Micropile

sperm fertilization called

161