An Asian Journal of Soil Science

Volume 9 | Issue 1 | June, 2014 | 121-125 |  e ISSN–0976–7231 | Open Access | www.researchjournal.co.in

Research Article

Effect of FYM, biofertilizers and zinc on yield and

micronutrients uptake in maize
R.S. FAUJDAR, M. SHARMA, R.L. SOLANKI AND R.C. DANGI
Received : 17.02.2014; Revised : 14.05.2014; Accepted : 23.05.2014
MEMBERS OF RESEARCH FORUM : Summary
Corresponding author : A field experiment was conduct to study the effect of FYM, biofertilizers and zinc on grain, stover yield and
R.L. SOLANKI , Krishi Vigyan Kendra micronutrients uptake of maize under maize- wheat cropping system two consecutive years of 2006-07 and
(M.P.U.A.T.) CHITTORGARH 2007-08 at Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture
(RAJASTHAN) INDIA and Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan) on Typic Haplustepts. The experiment consisted of 32 treatment
Email: solanki_rl@yahoo.com combinations comprising of two levels of farmyard manure (0 and 10 t FYM ha-1), four levels of biofertilizers
[no inoculation, Azotobacter, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) and Azotobacter + VAM co-inoculation].
Co-authors : Azotobacter and VAM were used as biofertilizers for fixing atmospheric nitrogen and increasing phosphorus
R.S. FAUJDAR AND M. SHARMA,
availability and four levels of zinc (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg Zn ha-1). The application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1,
Department of Agricultural
inoculation, Azotobacter, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) and Azotobacter + VAM co-inoculation]
Chemistry and Soil Science,
and zinc application resulted in significant increase in grain yield and stover yield of maize and significantly
Rajasthan College of Agriculture,
Maharana Pratap University of increased micronutrients uptake of (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) was higher over control.
Agriculture and Technology, Key words : FYM, Biofertilizers, Zinc, Yield, Micronutrients uptake, Maize
UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) INDIA
How to cite this article : Faujdar, R.S., Sharma, M., Solanki, R.L. and Dangi, R.C. (2014). Effect of FYM,
R.C. DANGI , Krishi Vigyan Kendra biofertilizers and zinc on yield and micronutrients uptake in maize. Asian J. Soil Sci., 9(1): 121-125.
(M.P.U.A.T.) CHITTORGARH
(RAJASTHAN) INDIA

Introduction release of nutrients throughtout the crop growth period

coupled with better assimilation of nutrients and improved
Maize (Zea mays L.) is third most an important cereal physicochemical properties of soil with FYM. The beneficial
crop of India and plays a pivotal role in agricultural economy effect of FYM on yield was also reported by Meena (2011)
both as staple food for larger section of population, raw material and Chandel et al. (2013). Azotobacter and VAM were used
for industries and feed for animals. There is no cereal on earth as biofertilizers can have a greater importance in increasing
which has so immense yield potential as maize and that is why fertilizer use efficiency and fixing atmospheric nitrogen. The
it is called as “queen of cereals”. Being a C 4 plants, maize is seed inoculation with phosphate solubilizing bacteria secrete
capable of utilizing solar radiation more efficiently compared acidic substances which acts as solubilizers to unavailable
to other cereals. Despite high potential and photosynthesis soil phosphorus. These biofertilizer may increase yield of crop
explorative crop, its average productivity achieved in India is by 10-30 per cent. Such mutually beneficial synergistic effect
only 2507 kg ha-1 with the production of 21.29 M tones (Eco has also been reported by Radwan (1998) and Choudhary et
Stat., 2011). It has diverse uses in various forms. Out of the al. (2013a). Zn plays an important role in the production of
total production, 45 per cent are consumed as staple food in indole acetic acid, a growth hormone where results in higher
various forms. In Rajasthan maize is grown on 1.05 m ha with value of auxin content which helps in increased growth and
the production and productivity of 1.95 M tones and 1860 kg yield of the maize crop. The beneficial effect has also been
ha-1, respectively. The application of organic manure increase reported by Tripathi et al. (2011).
yield might be due to steady decomposition of FYM and

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 R.S. FAUJDAR, M. SHARMA, R.L. SOLANKI AND R.C. DANGI

Resource and Research Methods grain yield of maize during both the years of experimentation.
The application of @ 10 t FYM ha-1 resulted in significant
A field study was conducted at instructional Farm, increase in grain yield of maize (32.78 q ha-1) by 19.8 per cent
Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University over no FYM application (27.36 q ha-1).The corresponding
of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan) on Typic increase in stover yield with application of @ 10 t FYM ha-1
Haplustepts during Kharif seasons of 2006 and 2007. The (59.71 q ha-1) was 19.7 per cent than without FYM application
soil of the experimental field was sandy clay loam in texture. (49.89 q ha-1) (Table 1).
The values of available NPK status of soil alkaline in reaction Addition of FYM is known to favourably improve soil
(pH 8.2), medium in organic carbon (7.1 g kg-1), available physical and biological properties. FYM as a source of organic
nitrogen (233.4 kg N ha-1), available phosphorus (13.6 kg P2O5 matter improves soil structure, reduces soil compaction, and
ha-1), available potassium (336.2 kg K2O ha-1) and available increases water holding capacity (Biswas and Mukherjee,
zinc (0.52 mg Zn kg-1). The experiment consisted of 32 treatment 1997). FYM also provides energy for N-fixation by free living
combinations comprising of two levels of organic manure with heterotrophic microorganisms. The amount of N fixation by
(without FYM and 10 t FYM ha-1), four levels of biofertilizers microorganisms if influenced by energy available in the form
[control, Azotobacter inoculation, vesicular arbuscular of organic residues. All these factors contributed to enhance
mycorrhizae (VAM) inoculation and Azotobacter + VAM co- crop yields. Results of present investigation also corroborate
inoculation] and four levels of zinc (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg Zn the findings of Verma et al. (2006) and Meena (2011).
ha-1). Azotobacter and VAM used for as a biofertilizers for
fixing atmospheric and increasing phosphorus availability. The Effect of biofertilizers :
recommendation doses of fertilizers were applied to maize crop The grain yield of maize increased with inoculation by
at the rate of 90 kg N ha-1 and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1.The sources of Azotobacter, VAM and Azotobacter + VAM over no
N and P were urea, diammonium phosphate (adjusted for its N inoculation. Dual inoculation of Azotobacter + VAM was
content), respectively, zinc sulphate (ZnSO4.7H2O) was used resulted 19.5 per cent higher grain yield over no inoculation
to supply zinc. The other sources of nutrients were FYM and (26.98 q ha-1). A perusal of data in Table 1, indicates that a
biofertilizers (Azotobacter +VAM ).The field experiment was significantly increase in stover yield was recorded with
laid out in Split Plot Design allocating organic manure and biofertilizers inoculation during both the years of experiment.
biofertilizers in main plot and zinc in sub plots and replicated On pooled basis inoculation of Azotobacter, VAM and
three times and maize as test crop in Kharif season. The test Azotobacter + VAM resulted in 10.1, 12.5 and 18.8 per cent
variety “Pratap Makka-5” was sown with onset of rain on 23 increases in stover yield over no inoculation (49.56 q ha-1)
and 19 June, during both the years using 25 kg seed ha-1. In (Table 1). The improvement in yield were limited when these
well prepared field, furrows were opened at 60 cm apart and biofertilizers were used singly, however, a significant additive
two seeds were placed manually using 25 cm spacing at a effect was observed when they were used together. The
depth of 3-4 cm. The crop was harvested on 27 and 23 October observed additive influence of biofertilizers is attributable to
during both the years. Observations were recorded on grain mutually beneficial and synergistic role played by each group
and stover yield from net plot area of 9.6 m2. The uptake of Cu, of biofertilizers used. Such mutually beneficial synergistic
Zn, Fe and Mn at harvest by grain and stover were computed effect has also been reported by Radwan (1998) and Choudhary
by multiplying content value with yield data. The grain and et al. (2013b).
stover samples collected at harvest were oven dried at 65°C
to a constant weight and ground in laboratory mill. These Effect of zinc :
samples were digested in di acid mixture (HNO3: HClO4) for The application of zinc at increasing levels significantly
Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn determined by method used atomic improved the grain yield of maize up to 5 kg Zn ha-1. Further
absorption spectrophotometer (Elwell and Gidley, 1966). increase in level up to 7.5 kg ha-1 though had positive influence
but failed to bring about significantly enhancement during
Research Findings and Discussion both the years. Application of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn ha-1 resulted
The results obtained from the present investigation as in 9.57, 15.86 and 17.2 per cent increased the stover yield of
well as relevant discussion have been summarized under maize over control, respectively.
following heads : The application of zinc at increasing levels significantly
improved the stover yield of maize up to 5 kg Zn ha-1 during
Yield of maize : both the years and on pooled basis. Further increase in level
Effect of FYM : up to 7.5 kg ha-1 though had positive influence but failed to
Table 1 shows the effect of FYM, biofertilizers and zinc bring about significantly enhancement during both the years.
levels on grain yield of maize during both the years of On pooled basis, application of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn ha -1
investigation. All the applied treatments significantly affected resulted in 8.30, 14.06 and 16.12 per cent increased the stover

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122 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2014) 9 (1) : 121-125
 EFFECT OF FYM, BIOFERTILIZERS & ZINC ON YIELD & MICRONUTRIENTS UPTAKE IN MAIZE

yield of maize over control, respectively. Such improvement zinc uptake by grain and stover of maize significantly with
in yield with increased zinc levels have also been observed increased in FYM during both the years. On pooled basis
by several workers (Dwivedi et al., 2002 and Khan et al., 2007). application of 10 t FYM ha-1 increased the zinc uptake by
grain and stover over no FYM by a margin of 22.3 and 29.2 per
Micro nutrients uptake by seed and stover of maize: cent, respectively. Results of present investigation also
Zinc uptake: corroborate the findings of Verma et al. (2006). Table 1 revealed
The uptake of nutrient presented in Table 1 showed that that zinc uptake by grain and stover of maize increased with
Table 1: Effect of FYM, biofertilizers and zinc on grain and stover yield and uptake of Micro nutrients of maize
Zn uptake (g ha-1)
Grain yield qha-1 Stover yield qha-1
Treatments Gra in Stover
2006 2007 Pooled 2006 2007 Pooled 2006 2007 Pooled 2006 2007 Pooled
-1
FYM (t ha )
0 26.97 27.74 27.36 49.11 50.67 49.89 153.30 155.60 154.48 113.25 119.22 11.24
10 32.17 33.38 32.78 58.71 60.71 59.71 197.02 202.42 199.72 145.88 154.45 150.17
S.E.+ 0.37 0.38 0.26 0.68 0.69 0.49 2.68 2.48 1.82 1.95 1.96 1.38
C.D. (P=0.05) 1.11 1.15 0.76 2.07 2.10 1.41 8.11 7.51 5.28 5.92 5.95 4.01
Biofertilizers
No inoculation 26.55 27.42 26.98 48.65 50.46 49.56 152.52 154.89 153.70 113.35 120.47 116.91
Azotobacter 30.14 30.81 30.47 54.04 55.99 55.01 174.79 174.23 174.51 126.91 134.88 130.89
VAM 30.10 31.05 30.58 55.01 56.52 55.76 180.81 185.43 183.12 134.17 140.76 137.47
Azoto+VAM 31.49 32.97 32.23 57.94 59.80 58.87 192.50 201.61 197.06 143.83 151.24 147.54
S.E.+ 0.59 0.54 0.37 0.96 0.98 0.69 3.78 3.50 2.58 2.76 2.77 1.96
C.D. (P=0.05) 1.57 1.63 1.08 2.93 2.96 1.99 11.48 10.62 7.47 8.37 8.41 5.67
Zinc levels (kg ha-1)
0 26.65 27.70 27.17 49.12 50.85 49.99 134.22 141.44 137.83 101.13 108.06 104.59
2.5 29.51 30.04 29.77 53.34 54.94 54.14 170.02 170.56 170.29 124.62 130.22 127.42
5.0 30.93 32.02 31.48 56.11 57.93 57.02 192.88 195.68 194.28 141.25 148.48 144.86
7.5 31.21 32.49 31.85 57.06 59.04 58.05 203.51 208.50 206.00 151.27 160.59 155.93
S.E.+ 0.49 0.52 0.36 0.92 0.87 0.63 3.09 3.30 2.26 1.99 2.25 1.50
C.D. (P=0.05) 1.40 1.47 1.00 2.61 2.47 1.77 8.79 9.37 6.34 5.65 6.40 4.21
Table 1 contd….

Cu uptake (g ha-1) Fe uptake (g ha-1 ) Mn uptake (g ha-1 )

Gra in Stover Grain Stover Grain Stover
2006 2007 Pooled 2006 2007 Pooled 2006 2007 Pooled 2006 2007 Pooled 2006 2007 Pooled 2006 2007 Pooled

81.82 82.36 82.09 42.58 44.50 43.54 225.70 229.63 227.67 657.26 686.58 671.92 51.94 53.11 52.53 175.27 184.01 179.64
102.81 104.40 103.60 53.58 55.87 54.73 282.55 290.27 286.41 828.77 865.22 846.99 64.87 66.82 65.84 224.59 235.25 229.92
1.18 1.30 0.88 0.68 0.64 0.47 3.58 3.95 2.66 9.74 9.74 6.89 0.74 0.81 0.55 2.69 2.61 1.88
3.57 3.94 2.54 2.06 1.96 1.36 10.85 11.96 7.71 29.54 29.54 19.95 2.24 2.45 1.59 8.17 7.93 5.44

80.76 81.48 81.12 42.34 44.30 43.32 222.59 227.49 225.04 656.98 687.62 672.30 51.22 52.48 51.85 174.60 183.56 179.08
92.33 92.25 92.29 47.51 49.82 48.67 255.31 258.55 256.93 733.54 770.27 751.91 59.03 59.65 59.34 199.48 208.15 203.81
95.60 96.50 96.05 49.57 51.65 50.61 262.21 268.08 265.14 767.38 794.57 780.97 59.99 61.89 60.94 206.47 216.56 211.52
100.56 103.28 101.92 52.90 54.98 53.94 276.38 285.70 281.04 814.14 581.14 832.64 63.37 65.84 64.60 219.17 230.26 224.72
1.67 1.84 1.24 0.96 0.91 0.66 5.06 5.58 3.77 13.78 13.78 9.70 1.04 1.14 0.77 3.81 3.70 2.65
5.05 5.58 3.59 2.91 2.77 1.92 15.35 16.92 10.91 41.78 41.78 28.22 3.17 3.47 2.24 11.55 11.21 7.69

83.45 85.12 84.29 44.18 46.37 45.27 233.88 240.37 237.13 693.50 728.62 711.06 52.94 54.57 53.76 183.83 193.22 188.52
92.15 91.87 92.01 47.59 49.53 48.56 254.60 256.16 255.38 739.08 768.69 753.88 58.34 58.94 58.64 198.47 207.10 202.79
96.38 97.59 96.98 49.91 52.02 50.96 263.75 269.93 266.84 765.29 799.25 782.27 60.95 62.73 61.84 207.49 217.44 212.46
97.28 98.93 98.10 50.65 52.83 51.74 264.26 273.36 268.81 774.18 807.05 790.61 61.40 63.62 62.51 209.93 220.76 215.34
1.55 1.63 1.13 0.90 0.89 0.63 4.75 5.20 3.52 13.51 13.23 9.45 0.98 1.07 0.73 3.66 3.34 2.48
4.42 4.64 3.16 2.57 2.54 1.78 13.52 14.78 9.89 38.40 37.60 26.33 2.80 3.05 2.04 10.40 9.49 6.95

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123 Asian J. Soil Sci., (June, 2014) 9 (1) : 121-125
 R.S. FAUJDAR, M. SHARMA, R.L. SOLANKI AND R.C. DANGI

inoculation of Azotobactor, VAM and dual inoculation of 5.0 kg Zn ha-1. Further increased in level of zinc up to 7.5 kg Zn
Azotobactor and VAM and over uninoclated control during ha-1 though had positive influence but failed to bring about
both the years of experiment and on pooled data. Dual significant enhancement. Application of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg Zn
inoculation of Azotobactor + VAM increased 13.52, 19.14 and ha-1 resulted in 7.70, 12.52 and 13.36 per cent increased iron
28.29 per cent higher by grain and 11.96, 17.59 and 26.20 per uptake by grain and 6.02, 10.01 and 11.19 per cent increased
cent higher by stover of maize, respectively over no iron uptake by stover of maize over control, respectively (Table
inoculation. Application of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg Zn ha-1 resulted 1). These results are in conformity with finding of Dwivedi et
in 23.5, 41.0 and 49.5 per cent increase in zinc uptake by grain al. (2002) and Tripathi et al. (2011).
and 21.8, 38.5 and 49.1 per cent by stover, respectively, over
control (Table 1). Similar finding have been also reported by Manganese uptake:
Khurana et al. (2002) and Tripathi et al. (2011). Because zinc is Application of 10 t FYM ha-1 increased the manganese
one of the seven micro nutrients essential for crop growth. uptake by grain and stover of maize over no FYM by a margin
Zinc is directly or indirectly required by several enzymes of 25.34 and 27.99 per cent, respectively. Similar finding have
system, auxin and in protein synthesis. been also reported by Das et al. (2010). The manganese uptake
by grain and stover of maize increased significantly with the
Copper uptake: inoculation of Azotobactor, VAM and dual inoculation of
Application of 10 t FYM ha-1 significantly enhanced Azotobactor and VAM over uninoclated. Dual inoculation of
copper uptake by grain and stover of maize over no FYM Azotobactor + VAM increased the manganese uptake by grain
application. Application of 10 t FYM ha-1 increased the copper 14.45, 17.53 and 24.59 per cent higher and 13.81, 18.11 and
uptake by grain and stover over no FYM by a margin of 26.20 25.49 per cent higher, manganese uptake in stover of maize,
and 25.70 per cent, respectively. respectively over no inoculation.
Copper uptake by grain and stover of maize increased The application of zinc at increasing levels significantly
with the inoculation of Azotobactor, VAM and dual inoculation influenced the manganese uptake by grain and stover up to 5.0
of Azotobactor + VAM over uninoclated. Dual inoculation of kg Zn ha-1. Further increased in level though had positive
Azotobactor + VAM increased the copper uptake by grain influence but failed to bring about significant enhancement.
13.77, 18.40 and 25.60 per cent and copper uptake in stover of Application of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg Zn ha-1 resulted in 9.08, 15.03
maize by 12.35, 16.83 and 24.52 per cent higher copper uptake and 16.28 per cent increased manganese uptake by grain of
over no inoculation, respectively. The application of zinc at maize and 7.57, 12.70 and 14.23 per cent increased manganese
increasing levels significantly influenced the copper uptake uptake by stover of maize, respectively, over control (Table 1).
by grain of maize. Application of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg Zn ha-1
resulted in 9.16, 15.06 and 16.38 per cent increased copper Summary :
uptake by grain over control. The applications of zinc at Grain and stover yield of maize increased significantly
increasing levels significantly influence the copper uptake by with application at 10 t FYM ha-1, biofertilizers inoculation
stover of maize up to 5.0 kg Zn ha-1 Application of 2.5, 5.0 and (Azotobacter+VAM) and increasing levels of zinc application
7.5 kg Zn ha-1 resulted in 7.27, 12.57 and 14.29 per cent (up to 5.0 kg ha-1) to maize. Combined effect of zinc and FYM
increased copper uptake by stover of maize, respectively over significantly increased grain and stover yield of maize. The
control (Table 1). application of 10 t FYM ha-1, biofertilizers (Azotobacter +
VAM) and zinc (0 to7.5 kg Zn ha-1) significantly increased the
Iron uptake : uptake of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn by maize 86.8, 42.5, 37.7 and 43.0
The application of 10 t FYM ha-1 significantly improved per cent, respectively over the estimated under control. While
iron uptake by grain and stover of maize over no FYM application of zinc significantly increased the uptake of zinc
application. Application of 10 t FYM ha-1 increased iron uptake and decreased the content of Fe in maize crop. Combined use
by grain and stover of maize over no FYM by a margin of of FYM and biofertilizers and combined use of FYM and zinc
25.80 and 26.06 per cent, respectively. also resulted in significantly increase in uptake of zinc, copper,
The iron uptake by grain and stover of maize increased iron and manganese by maize. This could be attributed
significantly with the inoculation of Azotobactor, VAM and sustained availability of major as well as trace elements which
dual inoculation of Azotobactor + VAM over uninoclated. is evident from higher accumulation of nutrients by the plants
Dual inoculation of Azotobactor + VAM increased the iron that consequently led to higher productivity due to combined
uptake by grain 14.17, 17.82 and 24.88 per cent and 11.84, application of manure and fertilizers.
16.16 and 23.85 per cent increased iron uptake in stover,
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