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Structure of Matter

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35 views7 pages

Structure of Matter

Uploaded by

Eshan Sachintha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Trends in the Modern Periodic Table

Groups and Periods

Group of an element = Number of valence electrons present in the outer energy level of
an atom of the element.

Period of an element = Number of energy levels carrying electrons in an atom of the


element

GCE O/L 2023(2024) 1 ESHAN SAMARAKKODY


First Ionization Energy
The minimum energy that should be supplied to remove the most loosely bound electron from
a gaseous state atom to form a unipositive gaseous ion.
Example: First ionization energy of Sodium (Na):

Na (g) Na+(g) + e-
Note:- Since 1st ionization energy of an atom is considerably small, this value is normally
expressed for 1 mole of atoms. (1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 atoms).

Downwards a group:

• Atomic size increases (no.of.energy levels increase)


• Distance between electrons in the outer energy level and the nucleus increases.
• Attraction force between valence electrons and the nucleus decreases.
• Energy required to remove a valence electron decreases.
• Also no.of.valence electrons filling into the same outer energy level increases, so
repulsion of electrons increases.
• Therefore, first ionization energy decreases.
Across a period:

• Atomic radius decrease


• Distance between electrons in the outer energy level and the nucleus decrease.
• Attraction force between valence electrons and the nucleus increases.
• Energy required to remove a valence electron increases.
• Therefore, first ionization energy increases.

GCE O/L 2023(2024) 2 ESHAN SAMARAKKODY


Group I elements (alkali metals) – Lowest 1st ionization energy
Group VIII (noble gases) – Highest 1st ionization energy

Electronegativity
The ability of an atom of an element to attract the electrons of a bond towards itself when it is
bonded to an atom of another element. Pauling scale is used to measure electronegativity.
➢ Tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself.
• Higher electron attraction – Higher electronegativity
• Lower electron attraction – Lower electronegativity

E.g:- HCl (Hydrochloric acid)


Cl has higher electronegativity than H,
therefore Cl attracts the electron pair
towards it.

GCE O/L 2023(2024) 3 ESHAN SAMARAKKODY


Downwards a group:

• Atomic size increases (no.of.energy levels increase)


• Distance between valence energy level and nucleus increase.
• Positive charge of the nucleus becomes further away from the bonding electrons.
• Positive attraction of nucleus is shielded by the inner electron shells (shielding effect).
• Therefore, electronegativity decreases.

Across a period:

• Atomic radius decrease


• Nuclear charge increase (atomic no. increases so positive charge of nucleus increase).
• Pull of electrons in energy levels towards the nucleus increase
• Therefore, electronegativity increases.

Valency
The valency of an element is equal to the number of electrons lost from or gained by an atom
of that element or the number of pairs of electrons shared between the atoms during
chemical combination.

• Valency is the combining ability of an atom of an element.


• This is measured relative to hydrogen. (No.of. H atoms combining with or replaced by an
atom of an element)
• Electrons present in the outermost energy level of an atom of an element are called
valence electrons.
• Some elements can have several valencies. E.g:- P, S, Cl
• The number of valence electrons in an atom of an element is generally equal to its
highest valency.

Octet rule

• Atoms try to have a complete set of 8 valence electrons after filling the 1st energy level
• This is because this configuration provides the most stability for the atom.
• Group VIII noble gases have an octet of electrons, which causes them to be chemically
inert and nonreactive. So, they do not react with other elements.

GCE O/L 2023(2024) 4 ESHAN SAMARAKKODY


Valency of elements in:
❖ Group I, II, III and IV = no.of.valence electrons present in outer energy level.
❖ Group V, VI, VII = 8 - no.of.valence electrons present in outer energy level.
❖ Group VIII (all noble gases) = 0

Elements with 2 valences:


❖ Phosphorus (P) = 5,3
❖ Sulphur (S) = 6,2
❖ Chlorine (Cl) = 7,1

Writing Chemical Formulae Using Valency

Chemical Formula – Chemical constituency of a molecule/compound.

1. Atoms and Monoatomic ions


Step 1 – Find the valency of each atom / ion.
Step 2 – Exchange the valances of two elements so that their combining powers equal.
Step 3 - Write them at the bottom end on the right-hand side of the respective symbols.
Step 4 – Simplify, if possible, to show the simplest chemical formula of the molecule.

GCE O/L 2023(2024) 5 ESHAN SAMARAKKODY


2. Polyatomic ions (Radicals)
Polyatomic ions are an orderly arranged group of atoms of elements with a charge.

Memorize this set: -

Step 1 – Find the valency of the contributing atom/ion and the polyatomic ion.
Step 2 – Exchange the valances of two elements so that their combining powers equal.
Step 3 - Write them at the bottom end on the right-hand side of the respective symbols.
Step 4 – Simplify, if possible, to show the simplest chemical formula of the molecule.

GCE O/L 2023(2024) 6 ESHAN SAMARAKKODY


When there are more than one radical in the chemical formula of a compound, they are written
within brackets.

GCE O/L 2023(2024) 7 ESHAN SAMARAKKODY

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