Scribd
Upload
32 views12 pages

File 1735175915775

Sample phy investigatory project class 12 for the preparation of viva

Uploaded by

Rajendiran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views12 pages

File 1735175915775

Sample phy investigatory project class 12 for the preparation of viva

Uploaded by

Rajendiran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

AUTOMATIC LIGHT

DETECTION SWITCH
(BY USING LDR
CIRCUIT)

LIST OF CONTENTS

➢ INTRODUCTION

➢ AIM
➢ COMPONENTS REQUIRED

➢ THEORY

➢ PROCEDURE

➢ OBSERVATION

➢ EXTENSION OF SCOPE IN FUTURE

➢ CONCLUSION

➢ PRECAUTION
INTRODUCTION

A photoresistor or light dependent resistor (LDR)


is a light controlled variable resistor. The
resistance of a photoresistor decreases with
increasing incident light intensity; in other
words, it exhibits Photoconductivity. A
photoresistor can be applied in light sensitive
detector circuits, and light and dark activated
switching circuits. These resistor use pure
semiconductors like silicon or germanium. When
the light falls on the LDR, then the electrons get
excited by the incident photons and move from
the valence bond to the conduction band and
therefore the number of charge carriers
increases. In other words, the conductivity goes
up. Distinction needs to be made here between
photocells and LDRs. In a photocell, when it is
excited by light (photons), electricity is
generated. Unlike photocells, LDRs do not
generate electricity but only charge their
conductivity.
AIM:
The aim of the project is to demonstrate the
underlying principles of electrical conduction
under the influence of light. Various applications
are possible by employing this simple principle
such as
a) Automatic switching of street
lamps b) Intruder’s alarm
c) Morning wake up alarm
d) Fire alarm
e) Light intensity meters
f) Automatic elevator doors
In this project, I have demonstrated the
AUTOMATIC LIGHT SWITCHING CIRCUIT in a
simple manner which is easy to understand. The
heart of the project is LDR or LIGHT DEPENDENT
RESISTOR. This project could have been done
using a photo-voltaic cell in place of LDR but the
circuit would have become complicated in the
case of photocell.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

The project consists of the following compounds;

•Battery

•Battery cap

•Led
•Connecting wires

•Switching circuit

•Resistor of 15k and 1k

•Transistor BC547

•LDR
THEORY:
A light dependent resistor works on the
principle of photo conductivity. Photo
conductivity is an electro optical phenomenon
in which the material’s conductivity is increased
when light is absorbed by the material. Modern
light dependent resistors are made of materials
such as lead sulphide, lead selenide, indium
antimonide and most commonly cadmium
sulphide and cadmium selenide.
When the light falls that is when the protons
falls on the material, the electrons in the
valence bond of the semiconductor material
are excited to the conduction bond. These
photons in the incident light should have
energy greater than the bond gap of the
semiconductor material to make the electrons
jump from the valence bond to the conduction
bond. Hence when light having enough energy
strikes on the device, more and more electrons
are excited to the conduction bond which result
in large number of charge carriers. The result of
this process is more and more current starts
flowing through the device when the circuit is
closed and hence it is said that the resistance of
the device has been decreased. This is the most
common working principle of LDR.
This can be clearly seen from the graph. The
resistance of the LDR falls rapidly with the
increasing intensity of the incident light. The
converse is also true when light intensity is
reduced or cut off.
PROCEDURE:

•Take all the components which are given in


the components required.

•In a cardboard, firstly draw a circuit with clear


direction of current flow with the required
components.

•Then, fix the components as per you drawn in


the cardboard.

•BC547 Transistor which has 3 pins, as pin 1 is


collector, pin 2 is base and pin 3 is emitter.

•Now, connect the LED to the transistor


through connecting wires, connect negative
pin of LED to collector pin of the transistor as
well as 1k resistor with base pin and LDR with
emitter pin.

•Next, connect the LDR and LED to 15k resistor


as well as connect the battery to the LDR AND
LED.

•Connect battery to the battery cap and


observe that when the light is on LDR sensor
then LED is not glowing and when light is not
on the LDR then LED is glowing.
OBSERVATION:

I. LED glows when the material of interceptor is


opaque.

II. LED does not glow when the material of


interceptor is transparent.
EXTENSION OF SCOPE IN FUTURE:

The device was also tested under invisible light


using a TV remote control as an infrared light
source. The same observations were made as
above. This extends the scope of the project to
the invisible light sources such as ultraviolet and
infrared. The advantages is that; we can dupe
the intruder by using invisible light as the light
rays will not be visible even in the night. Another
interesting application that can be thought of is
an automatic people counter that can be used
to measure the number of people traversing a
certain passage or entrance in an auditorium or
theatre. It can also be used as a traffic counter
in check posts and troll gates. For this we have
to simply replace a LED with a digital counter.
CONCLUSION:

Based on the observation above, it can be


concluded that the LDR based electronic switch
can be successfully deployed for the following
applications;

•Intruder detection\burglar’s alarm for home


uses.

•Anti theft alarm for banks and offices.

•People counter or vehicles counter.

•Automatic street lights

•Day and Night sensor


PRECAUTION:

•All connection should be very neat, clean and


tight.

•Make sure all the components are in well


condition.

•Make sure you are testing the model in


proper light surrounding.

•Do all the connection carefully and


accurately.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy