INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL / U.P.

ESIME TICOMAN CURSO

ACADEMIA DE OPERACIONES AERONAUTICAS – Manual de Trabajo NAVEGACION AEREA

V-SPEED Simbolo ¿Qué es?

V1 (Decision / Action) V1 means the maximum speed in the takeoff at which the pilot must take the first
action (e.g., apply brakes, reduce thrust, deploy speed brakes) to stop the airplane
within the accelerate-stop distance. V1 also means the minimum speed in the takeoff,
following a failure of the critical engine at VEF, at which the pilot can continue the
takeoff and achieve the required height above the takeoff surface within the takeoff
distance.

V2 (Takeoff Safety V2 means takeoff safety speed.

Speed) V2 is aptly named, it keeps you safe with a margin above stall and minimum control
speeds, it even gives you maneuverability.

VA (Maneuvering VA means design maneuvering speed.Regulations does not specify the weight or
Speed) altitude for which this speed is determined so the number in your flight manual does
not work for most of the flight conditions you will find yourself in.

VEF (Engine Failure VEF means the speed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail during takeoff.
Speed) VEF is the calibrated airspeed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail. VEF must
be selected by the applicant, but may not be less than VMCG

VFTO (Final Takeoff VFTO means final takeoff speed.

Speed) VFTO, in terms of calibrated airspeed, must be selected by the applicant to provide at
least the gradient of climb required, but may not be less than:
1.18 VSR
A speed that provides the maneuvering capability

VLE (Maximum Landing VLE means maximum landing gear extended speed.
Gear Extended Speed)
VLO (Maximum Landing VLO means maximum landing gear operating speed.
Gear Operating Speed)
VLOF means lift off speed.
VLOF (Lift Off Speed) VLOF is the calibrated airspeed at which the airplane first becomes airborne.

VMC (Minimum Control VMC means minimum control speed with the critical engine inoperative.
Speed) VMC is the calibrated airspeed at which, when the critical engine is suddenly made
inoperative, it is possible to maintain control of the airplane with that engine still
inoperative and maintain straight flight with an angle of bank of not more than 5
degrees.
TEMA: VELOCIDADES

VMC is the minimum speed you will have directional control of the aircraft in takeoff
configuration with the critcal engine failed.

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 INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL / U.P. ESIME TICOMAN CURSO
ACADEMIA DE OPERACIONES AERONAUTICAS – Manual de Trabajo NAVEGACION AEREA

V-SPEED Símbolo ¿Qué es?

VMCG, the minimum control speed on the ground, is the calibrated airspeed
during the takeoff run at which, when the critical engine is suddenly made
inoperative, it is possible to maintain control of the airplane using the rudder
control alone (without the use of nosewheel steering), as limited by 150

VMCG (Minimum pounds of force, and the lateral control to the extent of keeping the wings
Controllable Speed on the level to enable the takeoff to be safely continued using normal piloting skill.
Ground)
VMCG is the lowest speed you have control of the aircraft following a failure
of the critical engine without the aid of the nosewheel; where you have
enough rudder effectiveness to keep the airplane within 30 feet of runway
centerline with the critical engine failed.

VMCL is the minimum control speed during approach and landing with all
engines operating, it's the calibrated airspeed at which, when the critical
engine is suddenly made inoperative, it is possible to maintain control of the
airplane with that engine still inoperative, and maintain straight flight with
an angle of bank of not more than 5 degrees. VMCL must be established with:

VMCL (Minimum Control

Speed, Landing) 1. The airplane in the most critical configuration (or, at the option of
the applicant, each configuration) for approach and landing with
all engines operating.

2. The most unfavorable center of gravity.

3. The airplane trimmed for approach with all engines operating.

4. The most favorable weight, or, at the option of the applicant, as a

function of weight

5. For propeller airplanes, the propeller of the inoperative engine in

the position it achieves without pilot action, assuming the engine
fails while at the power or thrust necessary to maintain a three
degree approach path angle.

6. Go-around power or thrust setting on the operating engine(s).

TEMA: VELOCIDADES

7. VMO / MMO (Maximum Operating Limit Speed) VMO /

MMO means maximum operating limit speed.
VMU means minimum unstick speed.
VMU is the calibrated airspeed at and above which the airplane can safely lift
VMU (Minimum Unstick off the ground, and continue the takeoff. VMU speeds must be selected by
Speed) the applicant throughout the range of thrust-to-weight ratios to be
certificated. These speeds may be established from free air data if these data
are verified by ground takeoff tests.

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 INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL / U.P. ESIME TICOMAN CURSO
ACADEMIA DE OPERACIONES AERONAUTICAS – Manual de Trabajo NAVEGACION AEREA

V-SPEED Símbolo ¿Qué es?

VNE (Never-Exceed Speed) VNE means never-exceed speed.
VNO (Maximum Structural VNO means maximum structural cruising speed.
Cruising Speed)

VR (Rotation Speed) VR means rotation speed.

VREF (Reference Landing VREF means reference landing speed.

Speed)
VS (Stalling Speed) VS means means the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed
at which the airplane is controllable.
VSR0 (Stalling Speed in VSR0 means the reference stall speed in the landing configuration.
Landing Configuration)
VSR (Reference Stalling VSR means reference stalling speed.
Speed)
VSR is refrenced by "not less than a 1-g stall speed."
TEMA: VELOCIDADES

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