Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (/ˌtʃəndrəˈʃeɪkər/;[3]

19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995)[4] was an Indian- Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
FRS
American theoretical physicist who made significant
contributions to the scientific knowledge about the
structure of stars, stellar evolution and black holes. He
was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in physics along
with William A. Fowler for theoretical studies of the
physical processes of importance to the structure and
evolution of the stars. His mathematical treatment of
stellar evolution yielded many of the current
theoretical models of the later evolutionary stages of
massive stars and black holes.[5][6] Many concepts,
institutions and inventions, including the
Chandrasekhar limit and the Chandra X-Ray
Observatory, are named after him.[7]

Chandrasekhar worked on a wide variety of problems

in physics during his lifetime, contributing to the
contemporary understanding of stellar structure, white Born 19 October 1910
dwarfs, stellar dynamics, stochastic process, radiative Lahore, Punjab, British India
transfer, the quantum theory of the hydrogen anion, (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability, turbulence, Died 21 August 1995 (aged 84)
equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
equilibrium, general relativity, mathematical theory of Citizenship British India (1910–1947)
black holes and theory of colliding gravitational
India (1947–1953)
waves.[8] At the University of Cambridge, he
developed a theoretical model explaining the structure United States (1953–1995)
of white dwarf stars that took into account the Alma mater University of Madras (BSc)
relativistic variation of mass with the velocities of Trinity College, Cambridge (MSc,
electrons that comprise their degenerate matter. He PhD)
showed that the mass of a white dwarf could not
Known for Chandrasekhar limit
exceed 1.44 times that of the Sun – the Chandrasekhar
limit. Chandrasekhar revised the models of stellar Chandrasekhar number
dynamics first outlined by Jan Oort and others by Chandrasekhar friction
considering the effects of fluctuating gravitational Chandrasekhar–Kendall function
fields within the Milky Way on stars rotating about the
Chandrasekhar's H-function
galactic centre. His solution to this complex dynamical
Emden–Chandrasekhar equation
problem involved a set of twenty partial differential
equations, describing a new quantity he termed Chandrasekhar–Fermi method
"dynamical friction", which has the dual effects of Chandrasekhar–Friedman–
Schutz instability
decelerating the star and helping to stabilize clusters of Chandrasekhar transformation
stars. Chandrasekhar extended this analysis to the Chandrasekhar–Page equations
interstellar medium, showing that clouds of galactic Kramers–Chandrasekhar
gas and dust are distributed very unevenly. equation

Chandrasekhar studied at Presidency College, Madras Chandrasekhar tensor

(now Chennai) and the University of Cambridge. A Chandrasekhar virial equations
long-time professor at the University of Chicago, he Batchelor–Chandrasekhar
did some of his studies at the Yerkes Observatory, and equation
served as editor of The Astrophysical Journal from Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit
1952 to 1971. He was on the faculty at Chicago from
Chandrasekhar's white dwarf
1937 until his death in 1995 at the age of 84, and was
equation
the Morton D. Hull Distinguished Service Professor of
Chandrasekhar polarization
Theoretical Astrophysics.[9]
Chandrasekhar's X- and Y-
function
Early life and education Discrete Ordinates Method
Others in list form
Subrahmanyan was born in Lahore on 19 October
Spouse Lalitha Doraiswamy ​(m. 1936)​
1910 of the British Raj (present-day Pakistan) in a
Tamil family,[10] to Sita Balakrishnan (1891–1931) and Family Chandrasekhar family
Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar (1885–1960)[11] Awards FRS (1944)[1]
who was stationed in Lahore as Deputy Auditor Adams Prize (1948)
General of the Northwestern Railways at the time of
Nobel Prize in Physics (1983)
Chandrasekhar's birth. He had two elder sisters,
Copley Medal (1984)
Rajalakshmi and Balaparvathi, three younger brothers,
Vishwanathan, Balakrishnan, and Ramanathan, and National Medal of Science
four younger sisters, Sarada, Vidya, Savitri, and (1966)
Sundari. His paternal uncle was the Indian physicist Royal Medal (1962)
and Nobel laureate Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. Padma Vibhushan (1968)
His mother was devoted to intellectual pursuits, had Heineman Prize (1974)
translated Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House into Tamil
Marcel Grossman Award (1994)
and is credited with arousing Chandra's intellectual
curiosity at an early age.[12] The family moved from Scientific career
Lahore to Allahabad in 1916, and finally settled in Fields Astrophysics
Madras in 1918. General relativity
Fluid dynamics
Chandrasekhar was tutored at home until the age of Radiation
12.[12] In middle school his father taught him Quantum theory
mathematics and physics and his mother taught him
Institutions University of Chicago
Tamil. He later attended the Hindu High School,
Yerkes Observatory
Triplicane, Madras during the years 1922–25.
Ballistic Research Laboratory
Subsequently, he studied at Presidency College,
University of Cambridge
Madras (affiliated to the University of Madras) from
Thesis Polytropic distributions (1933)
1925 to 1930, writing his first paper, "The Compton
Scattering and the New Statistics", in 1929 after being Doctoral Ralph H. Fowler
inspired by a lecture by Arnold Sommerfeld.[13] He advisor Arthur Eddington
obtained his bachelor's degree, BSc (Hon.), in physics, Doctoral Donald Edward Osterbrock
in June 1930. In July 1930, Chandrasekhar was students Guido Münch
awarded a Government of India scholarship to pursue
Roland Winston
graduate studies at the University of Cambridge, where
Jeremiah P. Ostriker
he was admitted to Trinity College, secured by R. H.
Fowler with whom he communicated his first paper. Jerome Kristian
During his travels to England, Chandrasekhar spent his Yousef Sobouti
time working out the statistical mechanics of the Anne Barbara Underhill
degenerate electron gas in white dwarf stars, providing Arthur Code
relativistic corrections to Fowler's previous work (see
Surindar Kumar Trehan[2]
Legacy below).
Signature

University of Cambridge
In his first year at Cambridge, as a research student of Fowler, Chandrasekhar spent his time calculating
mean opacities and applying his results to the construction of an improved model for the limiting mass of
the degenerate star. At the meetings of the Royal Astronomical Society, he met E. A. Milne. At the
invitation of Max Born he spent the summer of 1931, his second year of post-graduate studies, at Born's
institute at Göttingen, working on opacities, atomic absorption coefficients, and model stellar
photospheres. On the advice of P. A. M. Dirac, he spent his final year of graduate studies at the Institute
for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen, where he met Niels Bohr.

After receiving a bronze medal for his work on degenerate stars, in the summer of 1933, Chandrasekhar
was awarded his PhD degree at Cambridge with a thesis among his four papers on rotating self-
gravitating polytropes. On 9 October, he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College for the
period 1933–1937, becoming only the second Indian to receive a Trinity Fellowship after Srinivasa
Ramanujan 16 years earlier. He had been so certain of failing to obtain the fellowship that he had already
made arrangements to study under Milne that autumn at Oxford, even going to the extent of renting a flat
there.[13]

During this time, Chandrasekhar became acquainted with British physicist Sir Arthur Eddington.
Eddington took an interest in his work, but in January, 1935, gave a talk severely criticizing
Chandrasekhar's work (see #Dispute with Eddington and Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute).

Career and research

Early career
In 1935, Chandrasekhar was invited by the director of the Harvard Observatory, Harlow Shapley, to be a
visiting lecturer in theoretical astrophysics for a three-month period. He travelled to the United States in
December. During his visit to Harvard, Chandrasekhar greatly impressed Shapley, but declined his offer
of a Harvard research fellowship. At the same time, Chandrasekhar met Gerard Kuiper, a noted Dutch
astrophysical observationalist who was then a leading authority on white dwarfs. Kuiper had recently
been recruited by Otto Struve, the director of the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, which
was run by the University of Chicago, and the university's president, Robert Maynard Hutchins. Having
known of Chandrasekhar, Struve was then considering him for one of three faculty posts in astrophysics,
along with Kuiper; the other opening had been filled by Bengt Stromgren, a Danish theorist.[13]
Following a recommendation from Kuiper, Struve invited Chandrasekhar to Yerkes in March 1936 and
offered him the job. Though Chandrasekhar was keenly interested, he initially declined the offer and left
for England; after Hutchins sent a radiogram to Chandrasekhar during the voyage, he finally accepted,
returning to Yerkes as an assistant professor of Theoretical Astrophysics in December 1936.[13] Hutchins
also intervened on an occasion where Chandra's participation on teaching a course organised by Struve,
was vetoed by the dean Henry Gale based on a racial prejudice; Hutchins said "By all means have Mr.
Chandrasekhar teach".[14]

Chandrasekhar remained at the University of Chicago for his entire career. He was promoted to associate
professor in 1941 and to full professor two years later at the age of 33.[13] In 1946, when Princeton
University offered Chandrasekhar a position vacated by Henry Norris Russell with a salary double that of
Chicago's, Hutchins incremented his salary matching with that of Princeton's and persuaded
Chandrasekhar to stay in Chicago. In 1952, he became Morton D. Hull Distinguished Service Professor
of Theoretical Astrophysics and Enrico Fermi Institute, upon Enrico Fermi's invitation. In 1953, he and
his wife, Lalitha Chandrasekhar, took American citizenship.[15]

After the Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research (LASR) was built by NASA in 1966 at the
university, Chandrasekhar occupied one of the four corner offices on the second floor. (The other corners
housed John A. Simpson, Peter Meyer, and Eugene N. Parker.) Chandrasekhar lived at 4800 Lake Shore
Drive after the high-rise apartment complex was built in the late 1960s, and later at 5550 Dorchester
Building.

Dispute with Eddington

After graduating from Cambridge, Chandrasekhar, who was in close contact with Arthur Eddington,
presented a full solution to his stellar equation at the Royal Astronomical Society meeting in 1935.
Eddington booked a talk right after Chandrasekhar, where he openly criticized Chandrasekhar's theory.
This depressed Chandrasekhar and sparked a scientific dispute. Eddington refused to accept a limit for the
mass of a star and was proposing an alternative model.[16]

Chandrasekhar sought support from prominent physicists like Léon Rosenfeld, Niels Bohr and Christian
Møller who found Eddington's arguments lacking. The tension persisted through 1930s, as Eddington
continued to openly criticize Chandrasekhar during meetings and the two compared each other's theories
in publications. Chandrasekhar ultimately completed his theory of white dwarfs in 1939, receiving praise
from others in the field. Eddington died in 1944, and despite their disagreements, Chandrasekhar
continued to state that he admired Eddington and considered him a friend.[16]

World War II
During World War II, Chandrasekhar worked at the Ballistic Research Laboratory at the Aberdeen
Proving Ground in Maryland. While there, he worked on problems of ballistics, resulting in reports such
as 1943's On the decay of plane shock waves, Optimum height for the bursting of a 105mm shell, On the
Conditions for the Existence of Three Shock Waves,[17] On the Determination of the Velocity of a
Projectile from the Beat Waves Produced by Interference with the Waves of Modified Frequency Reflected
from the Projectile[18] and The normal reflection of a blast wave.[19][8] Chandrasekhar's expertise in
hydrodynamics led Robert Oppenheimer to invite him to join the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, but
delays in the processing of his security clearance prevented him from contributing to the project. It has
been rumoured that he visited the Calutron project.

Philosophy of systematization
He wrote that his scientific research was motivated by his desire to participate in the progress of different
subjects in science to the best of his ability, and that the prime motive underlying his work was
systematization. "What a scientist tries to do essentially is to select a certain domain, a certain aspect, or a
certain detail, and see if that takes its appropriate place in a general scheme which has form and
coherence; and, if not, to seek further information which would help him to do that".[20]

Chandrasekhar developed a unique style of mastering several fields of physics and astrophysics;
consequently, his working life can be divided into distinct periods. He would exhaustively study a
specific area, publish several papers in it and then write a book summarizing the major concepts in the
field. He would then move on to another field for the next decade and repeat the pattern. Thus he studied
stellar structure, including the theory of white dwarfs, during the years 1929 to 1939, and subsequently
focused on stellar dynamics, theory of Brownian motion from 1939 to 1943. Next, he concentrated on the
theory of radiative transfer and the quantum theory of the negative ion of hydrogen from 1943 to 1950.
This was followed by sustained work on turbulence and hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability from
1950 to 1961. In the 1960s, he studied both the equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of
equilibrium, and general relativity. During the period, 1971 to 1983 he studied the mathematical theory of
black holes, and, finally, during the late 80s, he worked on the theory of colliding gravitational waves.[8]

Work with students

Chandra worked closely with his students and expressed pride in the fact that over a 50-year period (from
roughly 1930 to 1980), the average age of his co-author collaborators had remained the same, at around
30. He insisted that students address him as "Prof. Chandrasekhar" until they received their PhD degree,
after which time they (as other colleagues) were encouraged to address him as "Chandra". When
Chandrasekhar was working at the Yerkes Observatory in 1940s, he would drive 150 miles (240 km) to
and from every weekend to teach a course at the University of Chicago. Two of the students who took the
course, Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen-Ning Yang, won the Nobel prize before he could get one for himself.
Regarding classroom interactions during his lectures, noted astrophysicist Carl Sagan stated from
firsthand experience that "frivolous questions" from unprepared students were "dealt with in the manner
of a summary execution", while questions of merit "were given serious attention and response".[21]

Other activities
From 1952 to 1971 Chandrasekhar was editor of The Astrophysical Journal.[22] When Eugene Parker
submitted a paper on his discovery of solar wind in 1957, two eminent reviewers rejected the paper.
However, since Chandra as an editor could not find any mathematical flaws in Parker's work, he went
ahead and published the paper in 1958.[23]

During the years 1990 to 1995, Chandrasekhar worked on a project devoted to explaining the detailed
geometric arguments in Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica using the
language and methods of ordinary calculus. The effort resulted in the book Newton's Principia for the
Common Reader, published in 1995.

Chandrasekhar also worked on collision of gravitational waves,[24] and algebraically special

perturbations.[25]

Personal life
Chandrasekhar was the nephew of C. V. Raman, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930.

Chandrasekhar married Lalitha Doraiswamy in September 1936. He met her as a fellow student at
Presidency College. He became a naturalised citizen of the U.S. in 1953. Many considered him as warm,
positive, generous, unassuming, meticulous, and open to debate, while some others as private,
intimidating, impatient and stubborn regarding non-scientific matters,[21] and unforgiving to those who
ridiculed his work.[26] Chandrasekhar was a vegetarian.[27]

Chandrasekhar died of a heart attack at the University of Chicago Hospital in 1995, having survived a
prior heart attack in 1975.[21] He was survived by his wife, who died on 2 September 2013 at the age of
102.[28] She was a serious student of literature and western classical music.[26]

Once when involved in a discussion about the Bhagavad Gita, Chandrasekhar said: "I should like to
preface my remarks with a personal statement in order that my later remarks will not be misunderstood. I
consider myself an atheist".[29] This was also confirmed many times in his other talks. Kameshwar C.
Wali quoted him saying: "I am not religious in any sense; in fact, I consider myself an atheist."[30] In an
interview with Kevin Krisciunas at the University of Chicago, on 6 October 1987, Chandrasekhar
commented: "Of course, he (Otto Struve) knew I was an atheist, and he never brought up the subject with
me".[31]

Awards, honours and legacy

Nobel prize
Chandrasekhar was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983 for his studies on the physical
processes important to the structure and evolution of stars. Chandrasekhar accepted this honour, but was
upset the citation mentioned only his earliest work, seeing it as a denigration of a lifetime's achievement.
He shared it with William A. Fowler.

Other awards and honors

Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1944[1]
American Philosophical Society, Member (1945)[32]
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Member (1946)[33]
Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (1949)[34]
Bruce Medal (1952)[35]
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1953)[36]
 United States National Academy of Sciences, Member (1955)[37]
Rumford Prize of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1957)[38]
National Medal of Science, USA (1966)[39]
Padma Vibhushan (1968)
Henry Draper Medal of the National Academy of Sciences (1971)[40]
Marian Smoluchowski Medal (1973)
Copley Medal of the Royal Society (1984)
Gordon J. Laing Award (1989)
Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1990)[41]
Jansky Lectureship before the National Radio Astronomy Observatory

Legacy
Chandrasekhar's most notable work is on the astrophysical Chandrasekhar limit. The limit gives the
maximum mass of a white dwarf star, ~1.44 solar masses, or equivalently, the minimum mass that must
be exceeded for a star to collapse into a neutron star or black hole (following a supernova). The limit was
first calculated by Chandrasekhar in 1930 during his maiden voyage from India to Cambridge, England
for his graduate studies. In 1979, NASA named the third of its four "Great Observatories" after
Chandrasekhar. This followed a naming contest which attracted 6,000 entries from fifty states and sixty-
one countries. The Chandra X-ray Observatory was launched and deployed by Space Shuttle Columbia
on 23 July 1999. The Chandrasekhar number, an important dimensionless number of
magnetohydrodynamics, is named after him. The asteroid 1958 Chandra is also named after
Chandrasekhar. The Himalayan Chandra Telescope is named after him. In the Biographical Memoirs of
Fellows of the Royal Society of London, R. J. Tayler wrote: "Chandrasekhar was a classical applied
mathematician whose research was primarily applied in astronomy and whose like will probably never be
seen again."[1]

Chandrasekhar supervised 45 PhD students.[42] After his death, his wife Lalitha Chandrasekhar made a
gift of his Nobel Prize money to the University of Chicago towards the establishment of the
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Memorial Fellowship. First awarded in the year 2000, this fellowship is
given annually to an outstanding applicant to graduate school in the PhD programs of the department of
physics or the department of astronomy and astrophysics.[43] S. Chandrasekhar Prize of Plasma Physics is
an award given by Association of Asia Pacific Physical Societies (AAPS) to outstanding plasma
physicists, started in the year 2014.[44]

The Chandra Astrophysics Institute (CAI) is a program offered for high school students who are
interested in astrophysics mentored by MIT scientists[45] and sponsored by the Chandra X-ray
Observatory.[46] Carl Sagan praised him in the book The Demon-Haunted World: "I discovered what true
mathematical elegance is from Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar." On 19 October 2017, Google showed a
Google Doodle in 28 countries honouring Chandrasekhar's 107th birthday and the Chandrasekhar
limit.[47][48]

In 2010, on account of Chandra's 100th birthday, University of Chicago conducted a symposium titled
Chandrasekhar Centennial Symposium 2010 which was attended by leading astrophysicists such as
Roger Penrose, Kip Thorne, Freeman Dyson, Jayant V. Narlikar, Rashid Sunyaev, G. Srinivasan, and
Clifford Will. Its research talks were published in 2011 as a book titled Fluid flows to Black Holes: A
tribute to S Chandrasekhar on his birth centenary.[49][50][51]

Publications

Books
Chandrasekhar, S. (1958) [1939]. An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure. New
York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-60413-8.
Chandrasekhar, S. (2005) [1942]. Principles of Stellar Dynamics. New York: Dover.
ISBN 978-0-486-44273-0.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1960) [1950]. Radiative Transfer (https://archive.org/details/radiativetran
sfe0000chan). New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-60590-6.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1975) [1960]. Plasma Physics. Chicago: The University of Chicago
Press. ISBN 978-0-226-10084-5.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1981) [1961]. Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability. New York:
Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-64071-6.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1987) [1969]. Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium. New York: Dover.
ISBN 978-0-486-65258-0.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1998) [1983]. The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes. New York:
Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850370-5.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1983) [1983]. Eddington: The Most Distinguished Astrophysicist of His
Time. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521257466.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1990) [1987]. Truth and Beauty. Aesthetics and Motivations in Science.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-10087-6.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1995). Newton's Principia for the Common Reader. Oxford: Clarendon
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-851744-3.
Spiegel, E.A. (2011) [1954]. The Theory of Turbulence : Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar's
1954 Lectures. Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-0117-5.

Notes
Chandrasekhar, S. (1939). "The Dynamics of Stellar Systems. I–VIII" (https://doi.org/10.108
6%2F144094). The Astrophysical Journal. 90 (1): 1–154. Bibcode:1939ApJ....90....1C (http
s://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939ApJ....90....1C). doi:10.1086/144094 (https://doi.org/10.1
086%2F144094). ISSN 0004-637X (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X).
Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). "Stochastic Problems in Physics and Astronomy". Reviews of
Modern Physics. 15 (1): 1–89. Bibcode:1943RvMP...15....1C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/
abs/1943RvMP...15....1C). doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.15.1 (https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRev
ModPhys.15.1). ISSN 0034-6861 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6861).
Chandrasekhar, S. (1993). Classical general relativity. Royal Society.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1979). The Role of General Relativity: Retrospect and Prospect. Proc.
IAU Meeting.[52]
Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). New methods in stellar dynamics. New York Academy of
Sciences.
 Chandrasekhar, S. (1954). "The illumination and polarization of the sunlit sky on Rayleigh
scattering" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005777). Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society. 44 (6). American Philosophical Society: 643–728.
doi:10.2307/1005777 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1005777). JSTOR 1005777 (https://www.j
stor.org/stable/1005777).
Chandrasekhar, S. (1983). "On Stars, their evolution and their stability, Nobel lecture" (http
s://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.56.137). Reviews of Modern
Physics. 56 (2). Stockholm: Nobel Foundation: 137–147. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.56.137
(https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.56.137).
Chandrasekhar, S. (1981). New horizons of human knowledge: a series of public talks given
at Unesco (https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000047482). Unesco Press.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1975). "Shakespeare, Newton, and Beethoven: Or, Patterns of
Creativity" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/24099932). Current Science. 70 (9). University of
Chicago: 810–822. JSTOR 24099932 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/24099932).
Chandrasekhar, S. (July 1973). "P.A.M. Dirac on his seventieth birthday" (https://www.tandfo
nline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00107517308210761). Contemporary Physics. 14 (4): 389–394.
Bibcode:1973ConPh..14..389C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973ConPh..14..389C).
doi:10.1080/00107517308210761 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00107517308210761).
ISSN 0010-7514 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-7514).
Chandrasekhar, S. (1947). Heywood, Robert B. (ed.). The Works of the Mind:The Scientist.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 159–179. OCLC 752682744 (https://search.world
cat.org/oclc/752682744).
Chandrasekhar, S. (1995). Reminiscences and discoveries on Ramanujan's bust. Royal
Society. ASIN B001B12NJ8 (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001B12NJ8).
Chandrasekhar, S. (1990). How one may explore the physical content of the general theory
of relativity. American Mathematical Society. ASIN B001B10QTM (https://www.amazon.com/
dp/B001B10QTM).

Journals
Chandrasekhar published around 380 papers[53][1] in his lifetime. He wrote his first paper in 1928 when
he was still an undergraduate student about Compton effect[54] and last paper which was accepted for
publication just two months before his death was in 1995 which was about non-radial oscillation of
stars.[55] The University of Chicago Press published selected papers of Chandrasekhar in seven volumes.

Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 1, Stellar structure and stellar atmospheres
(https://archive.org/details/stellarstructure0000chan). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
ISBN 9780226100890.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 2, Radiative transfer and negative ion of
hydrogen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100920.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 3, Stochastic, statistical and hydromagnetic
problems in Physics and Astronomy (https://archive.org/details/stochasticstatis0003chan).
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100944.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 4, Plasma Physics, Hydrodynamic and
Hydromagnetic stability, and applications of the Tensor-Virial theorem (https://archive.org/det
ails/plasmaphysicshyd0000chan). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
ISBN 9780226100975.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1990). Selected Papers, Vol 5, Relativistic Astrophysics. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100982.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1991). Selected Papers, Vol 6, The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes
and of Colliding Plane Waves. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226101019.
 Chandrasekhar, S. (1997). Selected Papers, Vol 7, The non-radial oscillations of star in
General Relativity and other writings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
ISBN 9780226101040.

Books and articles about Chandrasekhar

Miller, Arthur I. (2005). Empire of the Stars: Friendship, Obsession, and Betrayal in the
Quest for Black Holes (https://archive.org/details/empireofstarsobs00mill). Boston:
Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-34151-1.
Srinivasan, G., ed. (1997). From White Dwarfs to Black Holes: The Legacy of S.
Chandrasekhar. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-76996-7.
Penrose, Roger (1996). "Chandrasekhar, Black Holes and Singularities" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20180723153030/http://www-old.ias.ac.in/jarch/jaa/17/213-231.pdf) (PDF).
Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. 17 (3–4): 213–231. Bibcode:1996JApA...17..213P
(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JApA...17..213P). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.496.2529 (http
s://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.496.2529). doi:10.1007/BF02702305
(https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02702305). ISSN 0250-6335 (https://search.worldcat.org/iss
n/0250-6335). S2CID 119807977 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119807977).
Archived from the original (http://www-old.ias.ac.in/jarch/jaa/17/213-231.pdf) (PDF) on 23
July 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Parker, E. (1996). "S. Chandrasekhar and Magnetohydrodynamics". Journal of Astrophysics
and Astronomy. 17 (3–4): 147–166. Bibcode:1996JApA...17..147P (https://ui.adsabs.harvar
d.edu/abs/1996JApA...17..147P). doi:10.1007/BF02702301 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF0
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54. "Thermodynamics of the Compton Effect with Reference to the Interior of the Stars" (http://ar
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Further reading
Struve, Otto (1 April 1952). "The Award of the Bruce Gold Medal to Dr. S. Chandrasekhar" (h
ttp://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0064//0000055.000.html). Publications of the
Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 64 (377): 55. Bibcode:1952PASP...64...55S (https://ui.ad
sabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952PASP...64...55S). doi:10.1086/126422 (https://doi.org/10.1086%
 2F126422). ISSN 0004-6280 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6280).
S2CID 119668926 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119668926).
Parker, E. N. (1997). "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. 1910-1995" (http://www.nasonline.or
g/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/chandrasekhar-s.pdf) (PDF). Biographical
Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 72: 28–49.

Obituaries

Devorkin, David H. (1 January 1996). "Obituary: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 1910-

1995" (http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/BAAS./0028//0001448.000.html). Bulletin of the
American Astronomical Society. 28 (4): 1448. Bibcode:1996BAAS...28.1448D (https://ui.ads
abs.harvard.edu/abs/1996BAAS...28.1448D).
McCrea, W. (1 April 1996). "Obituary: Subramanyan Chandrasekhar" (http://adsabs.harvard.
edu//full/seri/Obs../0116//0000121.000.html). The Observatory. 116: 121–124.
Bibcode:1996Obs...116..121M (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Obs...116..121M).
ISSN 0029-7704 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7704).
Comment: Cronin, J. W. (1 February 1998). "Subramanyan Chandrasekhar" (http://adsa
bs.harvard.edu//full/seri/Obs../0118//0000024.000.html). The Observatory. 118: 24.
ISSN 0029-7704 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7704).
Garstang, R. H. (1 February 1997). "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995)" (http://ad
sabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0109//0000073.000.html). Publications of the Astronomical
Society of the Pacific. 109: 73–77. Bibcode:1997PASP..109...73G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.
edu/abs/1997PASP..109...73G). doi:10.1086/133864 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2F133864).
ISSN 0004-6280 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6280). S2CID 123095503 (https://ap
i.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123095503).
Spruit, H. C. (1 March 1996). "A 'curve of growth' of astronomers on the Citation Index" (htt
p://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/QJRAS/0037//0000261.000.html). Quarterly Journal of the
Royal Astronomical Society. 37: 1–9. Bibcode:1996QJRAS..37....1S (https://ui.adsabs.harva
rd.edu/abs/1996QJRAS..37....1S). ISSN 0035-8738 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8
738).

External links
Great Indians: Professor Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (http://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/
great-indians/great-indians-professor-subrahmanyan-chandrasekhar-305874) – Video of
Chandra's last interview at Chicago.
Audio – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar(1988) The founding of general relativity and its
excellence (http://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/videos/31542/the-founding-of-general-
relativity-and-its-excellence-1988/laureate-chandrasekhar).
Audio – Cain/Gay (2010) Astronomy Cast (http://www.astronomycast.com/history/ep-191-ch
andrasekhar/) Chandrasekhar.
National Academy of Sciences biography (http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/
schandrasekhar.html)
Harvard's site on Chandrasekhar (http://chandra.harvard.edu/about/chandra.html)
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/subrahmanyan_cha
ndrasekhar.html)
Subramaniam Chandrashekhar (https://web.archive.org/web/20060528140547/http://www.ia
sf.org/subraman.htm)
Bruce Medal page (http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Chandrasekhar/inde
x.html)
 Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 17 May 1977,
American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives (https://www.aip.org/history-p
rograms/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4551-1) - Session I
Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 18 May 1977,
American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives (https://www.aip.org/history-p
rograms/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4551-2) - Session II
Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 31 October 1977,
American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives (https://www.aip.org/history-p
rograms/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4551-3) - Session III
Oral History interview transcript for Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 6 October 1987,
American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives (https://www.aip.org/history-p
rograms/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4552)
Mathematics Genealogy Project (http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=70801)
Concordia University Honorary Degree Citation (http://archives.concordia.ca/chandrasekha
r), June 1988, Concordia University Records Management and Archives
Free PDF of Radiative Transfer on Archive.org (https://archive.org/details/RadiativeTransfer)
Guide to the Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Papers 1913-2011 (https://www.lib.uchicago.ed
u/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.CHANDRASEKHAR) at the University of
Chicago Special Collections Research Center (https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/)
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/122) on Nobelprize.org

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