3 axis Force sensor XYZ is featured with low profile design to measure X/Y/Z 3-axis force at the same

time.Aluminum construction, compact size, light weight, competitive price. Suitable for test
benches,force experiments and other force measurements where more than one directional force is
involved.

These load cells are used in a vast array of applications including motorcycle axle and suspension force
measurements, force measurements at the vehicle tire patch, force sensors for feedback control of test
stands, and many more. By using an array of the three axis load cells, it is also possible to . For more
load measuring equipment

3-axis force load cell measures forces simultaneously in 3 mutually perpendicular axes: X, Y, and Z –
tension and compression. Each axis provides a full bridge output

The 3-axis force sensor is based on an aluminium feather-spring component in a cylindric beam-struc-
ture. This setup is easy to produce and cost-effective.

To measure the forces in x, y, and z direction, three strain gauge full bridges were installed:

Measuring the z direction: Four transducer strain gauge rosettes 350 were installed inside the feather-
spring component with a cold curing two-component adhesive.
Measuring the x and y direction: Eight transducer strain gauges 350 were attached outside of the
feather-spring component. Due to the stick-on design the transducer strain gauges could be applied hot
and user-friendly.

The strain gauges are arranged like demonstrated in the figure 1. Strain gauges number 1-4 measure the
z direction, strain gauges 5-12 measure the x and y direction.
 OPERATING INSTRUCTION

1. Connect the 3 Axis Force sensor to the trainer by 9 pin D connector.

2. Switch On Trainer.

3. Place the weights 100 grams on the force sensor pan, measure the X axis, Y axis and Z axis forces
on the LCD Display.

4. Likewise add weight 100 grams step upto 500 grams to the pan and Measure all axis values.

5. Table the values.

6. Here we are loading only on Z axis. The other axis direct loading are done only by actual usage
machines and not by Lab Setup. We can test by manually apply force to X and Y axis direction on pan
and observe the readings on this axises.

X AXIS Y AXIS Z AXIS

Loading
weight

1. 0 grams .....................................................................................................................

2. 100 grams .....................................................................................................................

3. 200 grams ......................................................................................................................

4. 300 grams ......................................................................................................................

5. 400 grams ......................................................................................................................

6. 500 grams ......................................................................................................................

7. 600 gram ......................................................................................................................

8. 700 grams ......................................................................................................................

9. 800 grams .......................................................................................................................

10. 900 grams ......................................................................................................................

11. 1000 grams .....................................................................................................................

Absolute encoders are feedback devices that provide speed, position information by outputting a digital
word or bit in relation to motion. Unlike incremental encoders that output a continuous stream of
ubiquitous pulses, absolute encoders output unique words or bits for each position.
Absolute Encoders

By outputting a digital word or bit instead of a stream of pulses, absolute rotary encoders offer several
advantages:

Higher overall resolution vs incremental encoders

Better start up performance because of low homing (or initial position) time
Accurate motion detection along multiple axes
Multiple output protocols for better electronics integration
Better recovery from system or power failures

Types of Absolute Encoders

Absolute encoders can be categorized based on their sensing technology type (optical or magnetic) or
their output over multiple turns of the motor shaft (single-turn or multi-turn).

Optical absolute encoders use a code disc with markings and an LED that shines light through the code
disc. As the disc turns with the motor shaft, changes in positions can be detected. For magnetic absolute
encoders, the optical markers are replaced by magnetic poles and the LED is replaced by a magnetic
sensing array.

While all absolute rotary encoders provide feedback based on the rotation of shaft (position of the
encoder within 360 degrees or single turn), applications differ based on the requirement to know how
many times the encoder has made a complete rotation or multiple turns. Multi-turn absolute encoders
offer additional feedback for the number of 360 degree turns.
How Absolute Encoders Work: Accuracy Even in Complex Systems

absolute-encoder-code-discAn absolute rotary encoder determines its position using a static reference
point. The method is slightly different depending on whether the absolute rotary encoder is optical or
magnetic, but the principle is the same either way.

Absolute encoders work by outputting a digital word of bit as the shaft rotates. There are two discs,
both with concentric rings with offset markers. One disc is fixed to the central shaft; the other moves
freely. As the disc turns, the markers along the track of absolute encoders change position on the fixed
disc. Each configuration along the disc of an absolute rotary encoder represents a unique binary code.
Looking at the binary code within the absolute rotary encoder determines the absolute position of the
object. For optical absolute encoders, the marker is an opening which lets through light. For magnetic
absolute encoders, the markers are a magnetic sensor array that passes over a magnet and detects the
position of the magnetic poles.
Advantages of Absolute Encoders

Absolute encoders offer unique advantages over incremental encoders. They have a unique code for
each shaft position, meaning that they can provide very unique position information as no two positions
on a track are identical. They measure actual position by generating a stream of unique digital codes that
represent the encoder’s actual position and therefore do not require an index or reference point. This
also provides absolute encoders an advantage in applications returning to a home position may present
issues in the event of a power loss.
What is an Incremental Encoder?

An incremental encoder is a type of encoder device that converts angular motion or position of a shaft
into an analog or digital code to identify position or motion. Incremental encoders are one of the most
commonly used rotary encoders.
Incremental Encoders

An incremental encoder can be used in positioning and motor speed feedback applications which
includes servo/light, industrial or heavy-duty applications.

An incremental encoder provides excellent speed and distance feedback and, since there are few
sensors involved, the systems are both simple and inexpensive. An incremental encoder is limited by
only providing change information, so the encoder requires a reference device to calculate motion.

How Does An Incremental Encoder Work?

Incremental Encoder A-B-Z Output Diagram

An incremental encoder provides a specified amount of pulses in one rotation of the encoder. The
output can be a single line of pulses (an “A” channel) or two lines of pulses (an “A” and “B” channel)
that are offset in order to determine rotation. This phasing between the two signals is called quadrature.

In an incremental optical encoder, the typical assembly consists of a spindle assembly, PCB, and cover.
The PCB contains a sensor array that creates just two primary signals for the purpose of position and
speed. For an incremental optical encoder, an optical sensor detects light as it passes through a marked
disc. The disc moves as the spindle assembly rotates and the information is translated into pulses by the
PCB. For an incremental magnetic encoder, the optical sensor is replaced with a magnetic sensor and
the rotating disc contains a series of magnetic poles.
Absolute

An absolute encoder maintains position information when power is removed from the encoder. The
position of the encoder is available immediately on applying power. The relationship between the
encoder value and the physical position of the controlled machinery is set at assembly; the system does
not need to return to a calibration point to maintain position accuracy.

An absolute encoder has multiple code rings with various binary weightings which provide a data word
representing the absolute position of the encoder within one revolution. This type of encoder is often
referred to as a parallel absolute encoder.

A multi-turn absolute rotary encoder includes additional code wheels and toothed wheels. A high-
resolution wheel measures the fractional rotation, and lower-resolution geared code wheels record the
number of whole revolutions of the shaft.
Incremental
Incremental encoder

An incremental encoder
Two square waves in quadrature. The direction of rotation is indicated by the sign of the A-B phase
angle which, in this case, is negative because A trails B.
Conceptual drawing of a rotary incremental encoder sensor mechanism, with the corresponding logic
states of the A and B signals

The rotary incremental encoder is the most widely used of all rotary encoders due to its ability to
provide real-time position information. The measurement resolution of an incremental encoder is not
limited in any way by its two internal, incremental movement sensors; one can find in the market incre-
mental encoders with up to 10,000 counts per revolution, or more.

Rotary incremental encoders report position changes without being prompted to do so, and they convey
this information at data rates which are orders of magnitude faster than those of most types of absolute
shaft encoders. Because of this, incremental encoders are commonly used in applications that require
precise measurement of position and velocity.

A rotary incremental encoder may use mechanical, optical or magnetic sensors to detect rotational
position changes. The mechanical type is commonly employed as a manually operated "digital potenti-
ometer" control on electronic equipment. For example, modern home and car stereos typically use
mechanical rotary encoders as volume controls. Encoders with mechanical sensors require switch
debouncing and consequently are limited in the rotational speeds they can handle. The optical type is
used when higher speeds are encountered or a higher degree of precision is required.

A rotary incremental encoder has two output signals, A and B, which issue a periodic digital waveform
in quadrature when the encoder shaft rotates. This is similar to sine encoders, which output sinusoidal
waveforms in quadrature (i.e., sine and cosine),[13] thus combining the characteristics of an encoder
and a resolver. The waveform frequency indicates the speed of shaft rotation and the number of pulses
indicates the distance moved, whereas the A-B phase relationship indicates the direction of rotation.
 OPERATING INSTRUCTION

1. Switch On Trainer.

2. In the incremental ENCODER section, Connect output A and B to CRO.

3. Rotate the shaft on clockwise direction.

4. Observe the pulses of OUT A and OUT B.

5. Also observe the LED state on board.

6. The LCD will show number of rotations and direction of rotation.

7. If we rotate in clockwise direction the count will increase and if we rotate anticlockwise
direction the count will decrease.

This is the function of Incremental Encoder.

Absolute Encoder Function.

1. In the absolute encoder section, Rotate the encoder shaft.

2. Observe the LED output patterns.

3. This encoder is 8 bit with 128 position.

4. The output has unique bit pattern for each position.

5. The position is displayed in the LCD Display.

6. Note the Position and its Output LED pattern.

7. The main advantage is when power fails, it retains its position.

 Accelerometers

An accelerometer is a tool that measures proper acceleration.[1] Proper acceleration is the acceleration
(the rate of change of velocity) of a body in its own instantaneous rest frame;[2] this is different from
coordinate acceleration, which is acceleration in a fixed coordinate system. For example, an accelerom-
eter at rest on the surface of the Earth will measure an acceleration due to Earth's gravity, straight
upwards[3] (by definition) of g ˜ 9.81 m/s2. By contrast, accelerometers in free fall (falling toward the
center of the Earth at a rate of about 9.81 m/s2) will measure zero.

Accelerometers have many uses in industry and science. Highly sensitive accelerometers are used in
inertial navigation systems for aircraft and missiles. Vibration in rotating machines is monitored by
accelerometers. They are used in tablet computers and digital cameras so that images on screens are
always displayed upright. In unmanned aerial vehicles, accelerometers help to stabilise flight.

When two or more accelerometers are coordinated with one another, they can measure differences in
proper acceleration, particularly gravity, over their separation in space—that is, the gradient of the
gravitational field. Gravity gradiometry is useful because absolute gravity is a weak effect and depends
on the local density of the Earth, which is quite variable.

Single- and multi-axis accelerometers can detect both the magnitude and the direction of the proper
acceleration, as a vector quantity, and can be used to sense orientation (because the direction of weight
changes), coordinate acceleration, vibration, shock, and falling in a resistive medium (a case in which the
proper acceleration changes, increasing from zero). Micromachined microelectromechanical systems
(MEMS) accelerometers are increasingly present in portable electronic devices and video-game con-
trollers, to detect changes in the positions of these devices.

What is an Accelerometer?

Accelerometers are devices that measure acceleration, which is the rate of change of the velocity of an
object. They measure in meters per second squared (m/s2) or in G-forces (g). A single G-force for us
here on planet Earth is equivalent to 9.8 m/s2, but this does vary slightly with elevation (and will be a
different value on different planets due to variations in gravitational pull). Accelerometers are useful for
sensing vibrations in systems or for orientation applications.
How an Accelerometer Works

Accelerometers are electromechanical devices that sense either static or dynamic forces of acceleration.
Static forces include gravity, while dynamic forces can include vibrations and movement.

Axes of measurement for a triple axis accelerometer

Accelerometers can measure acceleration on one, two, or three axes. 3-axis units are becoming more
common as the cost of development for them decreases.

Generally, accelerometers contain capacitive plates internally. Some of these are fixed, while others are
attached to minuscule springs that move internally as acceleration forces act upon the sensor. As these
plates move in relation to each other, the capacitance between them changes. From these changes in
capacitance, the acceleration can be determined.

Other accelerometers can be centered around piezoelectric materials. These tiny crystal structures
output electrical charge when placed under mechanical stress ( e.g. acceleration).
How to Connect to an Accelerometer

For most accelerometers, the basic connections required for operation are power and the communica-
tion lines. As always, read the datasheet to ensure proper connections are made.
Communication Interface

Accelerometers will communicate over an analog, digital, or pulse-width modulated connection inter-
face.

Analog - Accelerometers with an analog interface show accelerations through varying voltage levels.
These values generally fluctuate between ground and the supply voltage level. An ADC on a
microcontroller can then be used to read this value. These are generally less expensive than digital
accelerometers.

Digital - Accelerometers with a digital interface can either communicate over SPI or I2C communica-
tion protocols. These tend to have more functionality and be less susceptible to noise than analog
accelerometers.

Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) - Accelerometers that output data over pulse-width modulation
(PWM) output square waves with a known period, but a duty cycle that varies with changes in accel-
eration.

Power

Accelerometers are generally low-power devices. The required current typically falls in the micro (µ) or
milli-amp range, with a supply voltage of 5V or less. The current consumption can vary depending on
the settings (e.g., power saving mode versus standard operating mode). These different modes can
make accelerometers well suited for battery powered applications.

Make sure that proper logic levels are matched, especially with the digital interfaces.
How to Select an Accelerometer

When choosing which accelerometer to use, several features are important to consider including power
requirements and communication interfaces as discussed previously. Additional features for consider-
ation are below.
Range

Most accelerometers will have a selectable range of forces they can measure. These ranges can vary
from ±1g up to ±250g. Typically, the smaller the range, the more sensitive the readings will be from the
accelerometer. For example, to measure small vibrations on a tabletop, using a small-range accelerom-
eter will provide more detailed data than using a 250g range (which is more suited for rockets).
Accelerometer
The triple-axis accelerometer included in your Photon kit can be used to detect changes in motion or
orientation in 3 dimensions (x, y, z).

CHANGE IN MOTION (TAP)

Like the name implies, an accelerometer works by detecting acceleration – a change in motion. If a
device with an accelerometer experiences a change in motion (i.e., speeding up, slowing down, or
changing direction), the accelerometer can sense this change and measure the amount of acceleration in
each of the 3 dimensions (x, y, z).
For example, fitness trackers use accelerometers to count steps by detecting changes in motion.
Your accelerometer is sensitive enough that it can be used to even tiny changes in motion caused by a
nearby tap or bump. For example, if your Photon device is on a table, the accelerometer would be able
to detect if you tapped the table with a finger.
ORIENTATION (TILT)
Even if a device with an accelerometer is not moving, the accelerometer can detect the orientation (tilt)
of the device by measuring the acceleration due to Earth's gravity, which is a constant downward force
acting on all objects. The accelerometer can determine if the object is parallel to the Earth's surface or if
it's tilted.
For example, smartphones and tablets use accelerometers to sense the orientation of the device, in
order to change the screen's orientation to match.
Your accelerometer can be used to measure the tilt (in degrees) for pitch and roll:
Pitch is rotation on the Y-axis, which means an object is tilted up or down.

Roll is rotation on the X-axis, which means an object is tilted right or left.

Orientation of 3 Axes on Accelerometer

NOTE: An accelerometer cannot measure yaw because Earth's gravity acts in the same direction as the
Z-axis, which prevents the accelerometer from measuring rotation on the Z-axis. Instead, a different
sensor called a magnetometer (i.e., digital compass) could be used to measure yaw by measuring an
object's orientation relative to Earth's magnetic north pole.
ADXL335 Module Hardware Overview

At the core of the module is a small, low-power, low-noise triple axis MEMS accelerometer from
Analog Devices – ADXL335. It can measure not only static acceleration caused by gravity, but also
dynamic acceleration caused by motion, shock, or vibration.

Measurement Range

The ADXL335 has a full sensing range of ±3g. Meaning the maximum amount of acceleration that the
ADXL335 can accurately measure and represent as an output is ±3g. If it is accelerated at 4g, for
example, the accelerometer will not break, but the output may rail.

The absolute maximum acceleration of the ADXL335 is 10,000g. When subjected to accelerations
greater than 10,000g, the ADXL335 may fail.
Ratiometric Output

The ADXL335 output is ratiometric, therefore, the output voltage increases linearly with acceleration
over the range. This means that the 0g measurement output is always at half of the 3.3V supply voltage
(1.65V), -3g is at 0v, and +3g is at 3.3V, with full scaling in between.
Technical Specifications

Here are the specifications.

Operating Voltage 1.8V – 3.6V
Operating Current 350µA (typical)
Sensing Range ±3g (Full Scale)
Temperature Range -40 to +85°C
Sensing axis 3 axis
Sensitivity 270 to 330mV/g (Ratiometric)
Shock Resistance Up to 10,000g
Dimension 4mm x 4mm x 1.45mm
OPERATING INSTRUCTION

1. Switch On Trainer.

2. Connect the Accelerometer Frame or Jig to the trainer.

3. Here the Accelerometer sensor is fitted in the Jig, which can be tilted X axis, Y axis and Z axis.

4. First to check X axis, Keep the sensor model flat, ie Horizontally and Measure the X axis value with
degrees.

5. Now tilt the sensor module towards 0 degree in steps of 30 degrees and measure x axis value along
with degrees.

6. Now Tilt the sensor in opposite direction, ie towards 180 degrees in steps of 30 degrees and mea-
sure the values with degrees.

7. Now for Y axis measurement follow the above procedure, but with tilt the sensor model in Y axis in
the jig.

8. Table the all three axis values with corresponding degrees.

9. With Multimeter Measure the Analog Millivolt output of all three axis along with degrees and note
down in the tabular column.
 the analog output voltages from the sensor to gravitational acceleration(G).

X AXIS Y AXIS Z AXIS

Angle degrees
ACCEL X OUT ACCEL Y OUT ACCEL Z OUT

1. 0 Deg .....................................................................................................................

2. 10 Deg .....................................................................................................................

3. 20 Deg ......................................................................................................................

4. 30 Deg ......................................................................................................................

5. 40 Deg ......................................................................................................................

6. 50 Deg ......................................................................................................................

7. 60 Deg ......................................................................................................................

8. 90 Deg .......................................................................................................................

9. 120 Deg .......................................................................................................................

10. 150 Deg ......................................................................................................................

11. 180 Deg ......................................................................................................................

Gyroscopes

A gyroscope is a device that uses Earth’s gravity to help determine orientation. Gyro sensors are
devices that sense angular velocity which is the change in rotational angle per unit of time. Angular
velocity is generally expressed in deg/s (degrees per second). There are three basic types of gyroscope
Rotary (classical) gyroscopes, Vibrating Structure Gyroscope and Optical Gyroscopes.

Its design consists of a freely rotating disk called a rotor, mounted onto a spinning axis in the centre of a
larger and more stable wheel. As the axis turns, the rotor remains stationary to indicate the central
gravitational pull, and thus which way is down. The gyroscope maintains its level of effectiveness by
being able to measure the rate of rotation around a particular axis. When gauging the rate of rotation
around the roll axis of an aircraft, it identifies an actual value until the object stabilizes out. Using the key
principles of angular momentum, the gyroscope helps indicate orientation.

Gyroscopes are available that can measure rotational velocity in 1, 2, or 3 directions. 3-axis gyroscopes
are often implemented with a 3-axis accelerometer to provide a full 6 degree-of-freedom (DoF) motion
tracking system. A gyroscope would be used in an aircraft to help in indicating the rate of rotation
around the aircraft roll axis. As an aircraft rolls, the gyroscope will measure non-zero values until the
platform levels out, whereupon it would read a zero value to indicate the direction of down.

What is A Gyroscope Sensor?

Gyroscope sensor is a device that can measure and maintain the orientation and angular velocity of an
object. These are more advanced than accelerometers. These can measure the tilt and lateral orientation
of the object whereas accelerometer can only measure the linear motion.

Gyroscope sensors are also called as Angular Rate Sensor or Angular Velocity Sensors. These sensors
are installed in the applications where the orientation of the object is difficult to sense by humans.

Measured in degrees per second, angular velocity is the change in the rotational angle of the object per
unit of time.
Gyroscope Sensor Working Principle

Besides sensing the angular velocity, Gyroscope sensors can also measure the motion of the object. For
more robust and accurate motion sensing, in consumer electronics Gyroscope sensors are combined
with Accelerometer sensors.

Depending on the direction there are three types of angular rate measurements. Yaw- the horizontal
rotation on a flat surface when seen the object from above, Pitch- Vertical rotation as seen the object
from front, Roll- the horizontal rotation when seen the object from front.

The concept of Coriolis force is used in Gyroscope sensors. In this sensor to measure the angular rate,
the rotation rate of the sensor is converted into an electrical signal. Working principle of Gyroscope
sensor can be understood by observing the working of Vibration Gyroscope sensor.

This sensor consists of an internal vibrating element made up of crystal material in the shape of a double
– T- structure. This structure comprises a stationary part in the center with ‘Sensing Arm’ attached to it
and ‘Drive Arm’ on both sides.

This double-T-structure is symmetrical. When an alternating vibration electrical field is applied to the
drive arms, continuous lateral vibrations are produced. As Drive arms are symmetrical, when one arm
moves to left the other moves to the right, thus canceling out the leaking vibrations. This keeps the
stationary part at the center and sensing arm remains static.

When the external rotational force is applied to the sensor vertical vibrations are caused on Drive arms.
This leads to the vibration of the Drive arms in the upward and downward directions due to which a
rotational force acts on the stationary part in the center.

Rotation of the stationary part leads to the vertical vibrations in sensing arms. These vibrations caused in
the sensing arm are measured as a change in electrical charge. This change is used to measure the
external rotational force applied to the sensor as Angular rotation.
Types

With the advance in technology highly accurate, reliable and miniature devices are being manufactured.
More accurate measurements of orientation and movement in a 3D space became possible with the
integration of the Gyroscope sensor. Gyroscopes are also available in different sizes with different
performances.

Based on their sizes, Gyroscope sensors are divided as small and large-sized. From large to small the
hierarchy of Gyroscope sensors can be listed as Ring laser gyroscope, Fiber-optic gyroscope, Fluid
gyroscope, and Vibration gyroscope.

Being small and more easy to use Vibration gyroscope is most popular. The accuracy of vibration
gyroscope depends upon the stationary element material used in the sensor and structural differences.
So, manufacturers are using different materials and structures to increase the accuracy of vibration
gyroscope.

Types of Vibration Gyroscope

For Piezoelectrical transducers, materials like crystal and ceramics are used for the stationary part of the
sensor. Here for crystal material structures like double-T- structure, Tuning Fork and H-shaped tuning
fork are used. When ceramic material is used prismatic or columnar structure is chosen.

Characteristics of the Vibration Gyroscope sensor includes scale factor, temperature-frequency coeffi-
cient, compact size, shock resistance, stability and noise characteristics.
How Does a Gyroscope Work?

While accelerometers measure linear acceleration, gyroscopes measure angular rotation. To accomplish
this, they measure the force generated by the Coriolis Effect.
Coriolis Effect

The Coriolis Effect states that when a mass (m) moves in a specific direction with a velocity (v) and an
external angular rate (O) is applied (Red arrow), the Coriolis Effect generates a force (Yellow arrow)
that causes the mass to move perpendicularly. The value of this displacement is directly related to the
angular rate applied.

Consider two masses oscillating in opposite directions at a constant frequency. When an angular rate is
applied, the Coriolis effect produced by each mass is in opposite directions, resulting in a proportional
change in capacitance between the masses. By measuring this change in capacitance, the angular rate
can be calculated.
When we begin to rotate the structure, the Coriolis force acting on the moving proof mass causes the
vibration to change from horizontal to vertical.

There are three modes depending on the axis along which the angular rotation is applied.
Roll Mode:

When an angular rate is applied along the X-axis, M1 and M3 will move up and down out of the plane
due to the coriolis effect. This causes a change in the roll angle, hence the name Roll Mode.

Pitch Mode:

When an angular rate is applied along the Y-axis, M2 and M4 will move up and down out of the plane.
This causes a change in the pitch angle, hence the name Pitch Mode.

Yaw Mode:

When an angular rate is applied along the Z-axis, M2 and M4 will move horizontally in opposite direc-
tions. This causes a change in the yaw angle, hence the name Yaw Mode.
MPU6050 Module Hardware Overview

At the core of the module is a low-power, low-cost 6-axis MotionTracking chip – MPU6050 – that
integrates a 3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis accelerometer, and a Digital Motion Processor (DMP) into a tiny
4mm x 4mm package.

It can measure angular momentum or rotation along all three axes, static acceleration caused by gravity,
and dynamic acceleration caused by motion, shock, or vibration.

The module includes an on-board LD3985 3.3V regulator, so you can safely use it with a 5V logic
microcontroller like Arduino.

The MPU6050 consumes less than 3.6mA during measurements and only 5µA when idle. Because of its
low power consumption, it can be used in battery-powered devices.

Additionally, the module has a Power LED that illuminates when the module is powered on.

Measuring Rotation

The MPU6050 has an on-chip gyroscope that can measure angular rotation over four programmable
full scale ranges of ±250°/s, ±500°/s, ±1000°/s, and ±2000°/s.
The MPU6050 is equipped with three more 16-bit analog-to-digital converters that simultaneously
sample the three axes of rotation (along the X, Y, and Z axes). The sampling rate can be adjusted from
3.9 to 8000 samples per second.
Technical Specifications

Here are the specifications:

Operating Voltage 5V (typical)
Accelerometer Range ±2g, ±4g, ±8g, ±16g
Gyroscope Range ±250°/s, ±500°/s, ±1000°/s, ±2000°/s
Temperature Range -40 to +85°C
Absolute Maximum Acceleration Up to 10,000g

MPU6050 Module Pinout

The MPU6050 module’s pinout is as follows:

OPERATING INSTRUCTION

OPERATING INSTRUCTION

1. Connect the GYROSCOPE Frame or Jig to the trainer.

2. Switch On Trainer.

3. Here the Gyroscope sensor is fitted in the Jig, which can be tilted X axis, Y axis and Z axis.

4. First to check X axis, Keep the sensor model flat, ie Horizontally and Measure the X axis value with
degrees.

5. Now Rotate the sensor module towards 0 degree in steps of 30 degrees and measure x axis value
along with degrees.

6. Now Rotate the sensor in opposite direction, ie towards 180 degrees in steps of 30 degrees and
measure the values with degrees.

7. Now for Y axis measurement follow the above procedure, but with rotate the sensor model in Y axis
in the jig.

8. Likewise Rotate the sensor in Z axis and note down the reading from the LCD Display.

9. Table the all three axis values, ie PITCH, ROLE and YAW Values with corresponding degrees.