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PM303 Ap1

Gyroscope

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12 views6 pages

PM303 Ap1

Gyroscope

Uploaded by

VKB Library iisu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Appendix

Additional Fiber Rotation


Sensor Books, Papers, and
Patents
A.1 Fiber Optic Rotation Sensor Contents in Books and Paper
Collections
This section briefly reviews collections of papers associated with conferences
and selected books with fiber optic rotation sensor content. The first major
conference on fiber optic rotation sensors1 took place in November 1981 in
Cambridge, MA. Shaoul Ezekial and Hervé Ariditty acted as chairs.
Coincidently, it took place about 5 years after Vali and Shorthill demonstrated
the first open-loop fiber gyro. This conference emphasized the theory and
operation of the fiber gyro, the components needed to support it, and early fiber
gyro hardware. I organized and chaired the Fiber Optic Gyros: 10th
Anniversary Conference,2 which also took place in Cambridge in September
1986. I extended many invitations for papers and presentations and was pleased
everyone accepted. Some papers were unsolicited. Robert Smith of Honeywell
called and asked me if a bibliography of fiber gyro papers would be
appropriate, and I told him it would be most welcome. After the conference,
we met and talked about the possibility of doing a collection of important fiber
gyro papers, and I encouraged him to do so. The result3 is an SPIE Milestone
volume published in 1988 that includes a bibliography of over 600 papers. The
1986 version had a bit over 400. The pace of publications picked up. I decided
to organize a 15th anniversary conference,4 held in September 1991 in Boston,
and asked Shaoul Ezekial to chair it with me. A few companies had moved fiber
gyros into early production prototypes. Also in 1991, my first book5 came out
with a chapter describing fiber rotation sensors, along with other chapters
describing the components needed to realize a fiber gyro. A second edition of
the book came out in 2011; other materials and chapters were updated, but
the fiber gyro chapter remained unchanged as fundamentals still stood.
Hervé Lefèvre came out with his book6 in 1993 on the fiber gyro. This book,

277
278 Appendix

which now has a second edition, is a comprehensive overview of the theory and
operation of the fiber gyro. It is the only one of its type by a single author.
William Burns in 1994 edited a competitive book7 asking leading experts
worldwide to contribute chapters. This book goes into the state of the art at the
time and includes a nice chapter on “industry reports.” In many ways, the
books6,7 were complementary rather than competitive. By the 20th anniversary of
the fiber gyro8 (held in Denver in August 1996), production had begun to support
autos, remotely piloted helicopters, aircraft, and robots. Overview production
papers were presented from companies in the US, Japan, and Europe. Additional
anniversary sessions were held at the 25th, 30th, 35th, and 40th anniversary
years.9–12 This book contains the content of the 40th year with, in many cases,
greatly extended contributions and new chapters. Competition from MEMS-
based gyros pushed the fiber gyro away from such mass markets as automobiles
into higher-performance markets, which now include undersea vehicles, surface
ships, military and commercial aircraft, satellites, ground tracking stations,
launch vehicles, and rockets. Many of these applications are described in this
book. To follow a particular development path associated with a specific
company or technology, this collection of papers and books offers a good start.

References
[1] S. Ezekiel and H. J. Arditty, Eds., Fiber Optic Rotation Sensors,
Springer-Verlag, New York (1982).
[2] E. Udd, Ed., Fiber Optic Gyros: 10th Anniversary Conference, Proc.
SPIE 719, SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA (1986).
[3] R. B. Smith, Ed., Selected Papers on Fiber Optic Gyros, SPIE Milestone
Series MS8, SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA (1989).
[4] S. Ezekiel and E. Udd, Eds., Fiber Optic Gyros: 15th Anniversary
Conference, Proc. SPIE 1585, SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA (1991).
[5] E. Udd, “Fiber Optic Sensors Based on the Sagnac Interferometer and
Passive Ring Resonator,” in Fiber Optic Sensors: An Introduction for
Engineers and Scientists, Wiley, New York (1991).
[6] H. Lefèvre, The Fiber Optic Gyroscope, Artech House, Boston (1993).
[7] W. K. Burns, Ed., Optical Fiber Rotation Sensing, Academic Press,
Boston (1994).
[8] E. Udd, H. C. Lefèvre, and K. Hotate, Eds., Fiber Optic Gyros 20th
Anniversary Conference, Proc. SPIE 2837, SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA
(1996).
[9] Special 25th FOG Anniversary Session in OFS-15, 2002.
[10] Special 30th FOG Anniversary Session in OFS-18, 2006.
[11] Y. Liao, et al., Eds., OFS2012 22nd International Conference on Optical
Fiber Sensors, Proc. SPIE 8421, SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA (2012).
[12] E. Udd, G. Pickrell, and H. H. Du, Eds., Fiber Optic Sensors and
Applications XIII, Proc. SPIE 9852, SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA (2016).
Appendix 279

A.2 Accessing the Fiber Optic Rotation Sensor Patent Literature


There is a second important avenue available to a FOG researcher or
historian that offers a significant body of information that is often overlooked.
Many business organizations do not allow their researchers to publish until
patents are filed (and, in some cases, issued). As a result, the patent literature
offers an important window into the technical history of the fiber gyro and the
status of development at any given time. There are many places to start, and
the number of patents on this topic is quite large; however, it can be
interesting to research patents. They are free to download from www.uspto.
gov or from Google patents. As an example, I have included a list of my
patents on fiber gyros and derivative inventions1–23 from work performed on
fiber gyros. The new types of Sagnac interferometer sensors or, in one case,
the Sagnac communication system often fell directly out of working on
improving rotation sensing. It might be instructive to look at an early patent
reference: the original closed-loop fiber gyro patent.23 I collected and
organized my thoughts and those of Richard Cahill in writing the body
(specification) for this patent over about a three month period, spending more
time than any other patent I have written (in part because it was my first
patent application and also in an effort to cover a range of approaches). It
collects our designs that were in place just prior to filing and the results of
testing the original closed-loop fiber gyro breadboard (McDonnell Douglas at
the time would not file without a working model). When the patent was filed,
the US patent department had an unlimited amount of time to introduce new
material that challenged the patent as it was not a “for profit” center (which
happened during the Reagan administration later in the 1980s), so the
examiner introduced a series of early patents. Victor Vali, Richard Shorthill,
Raymond Goldstein, and Reuben Krogstad did have a patent24 on a fiber
gyro. John K. Corbin acted as the primary examiner and cited two patents by
A. Wallace and J. B. Speller.25,26 These patents have figures that have strong
similarity to the open-loop fiber gyro demonstrated by Vali and Shorthill in
1976. The Wallace case was filed on July 9, 1958, and the Speller case on June
28, 1962. The same John K. Corbin acted as primary examiner for our closed-
loop fiber gyro filing.23 The list of prior US patents cited expanded from 3 in
the Vali et al. filing24 on June 11, 1975 to 14 US patents and 2 German patents
with our case filed on December 7, 1978. Many of the new patents filed
preceded the Vali et al. filing. By the time our patent was allowed and I had
looked at all of the prior art cited by Corbin and his assisting examiner, Bruce
Y. Arnold, it became clear that there were a number of candidates for the
inventor of the most basic fiber optic gyro. Using the first hardware
demonstration of the fiber optic gyro by Vali and Shorthill seems to me to be a
good starting point for marking anniversaries. Making hardware work
properly is quite different from a paper design.
280 Appendix

One can go backward or forward from any patent. Looking at patents


cited as prior art on the patent allows one to go back to more fundamental
inventions. Looking for patents that have cited the patent allows one to move
forward in time as inventions intended to improve performance, reduce cost,
or enable other advantages. While I have included my patents here as an
example, patents by any developer of fiber gyro technology could serve as
well. The reader would have to look no further than the authors of the
chapters in this book to find them.

References
[1] E. Udd, et al, “Single fiber Sagnac com system,” US patent 6690890
(Feb 10, 2004).
[2] E. Udd and Mike Morrel, “Single fiber Sagnac system,” US patent
6459486 (Oct 1, 2002).
[3] E. Udd, “Coherent Alarm System,” US patent 5694114 (Dec 2, 1997).
[4] E. Udd, “Sagnac Michelson sensing system,” US patent 5636021 (June 3,
1997).
[5] E. Udd, “Secure fiber optic secure com alarm system,” US patent
5455698 (Oct 3, 1995).
[6] E. Udd and P. Theriault, “Fiber optic measuring apparatus,” US patent
5446533 (Aug 29, 1995).
[7] E. Udd and S. Higley, “Secure for networks,” US patent 5422772 (Jun 6,
1995).
[8] E. Udd, “Distributed sagnac sensor systems,” US patent 5402231,
(Mar 28, 1995).
[9] E. Udd, “Sagnac interferometer based secure communication system,”
US patent 5311592 (May 10, 1994).
[10] E. Udd, “Secure fiber optic secure com system,” US patent 5274488
(Dec 28, 1993).
[11] E. Udd, “Secure fiber optic secure com system,” US patent 5223967
(Jun 29, 1993).
[12] E. Udd, “Optic detection system using a Sagnac interferometer,”
US patent 5046848 (Sep 10, 1991).
[13] E. Udd, “Sagnac distributed sensor,” US patent 4976507 (Dec 11, 1990).
[14] E. Udd, “Sagnac distributed sensor,” US patent 4898468 (Feb 6, 1990).
[15] R. Michal, E. Udd, and R. F. Cahill, “Reciprocally switched four
modulator system,” US patent 4875775 (Oct 24, 1989).
[16] R. Michal, E. Udd, and R. F. Cahill, “Optical fiber sensing systems
having acouto optical modulation and deflection devices,” US patent
4789241 (Dec 6, 1988).
[17] E. Udd, et al., “Fiber optic sensor,” US patent 4787741 (Nov 29, 1988).
[18] R. Cahill and E. Udd, “Vibrating optic fiber accelerometer and gyro,”
US patent 4755051 (Jul 5, 1988).
Appendix 281

[19] E. Udd, et al, “Micro-bending accelerometer and gyro,” US patent


4743116 (May 10, 1988).
[20] R. Cahill, E. Udd, et al., “Fiber optic earth rotation sensor,” US patent,
4712306 (Dec 15, 1987).
[21] R. Cahill and E. Udd, “Compact optical gyro,” US patent 4588296
(May 13, 1986).
[22] R. Cahill and E. Udd, “Optical acoustic sensor,” US patent 4375680
(Mar 1, 1983).
[23] R. Cahill and E. Udd, “Phase nulling optical gyro,” US patent 4299490
(Nov 10, 1981).
[24] V. Vali, R. W. Shorthill, R. Goldstein, and R. Krogstad, “Laser
Gyroscope,” US Patent 4,013,365 (Mar 22, 1977).
[25] A. Wallace, “Electromagnetic wave gyroscopes or angular velocity
measuring systems,” US Patent 3,102,953 (Sep 3, 1963).
[26] J. B. Speller, “Relativistic inertial reference device,” US Patent 3,395,270
(Jul 30, 1968).

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