1993 Bombay

bombings

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The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series

of 13 terrorist bombings that took place in
Mumbai, India, then known as Bombay, on
12 March 1993.[3] The single-day attacks
resulted in 257 fatalities and 1,400
injuries.[2][4][5][6][7]
 1993 Bombay bombings
Location Bombay,
Maharashtra, India

Date 12 March 1993

13:30–15:40
(UTC+05:30)

Target Hotels, office

buildings, banks,
petrol pump, markets
etc

Attack type Car bombings,

scooter bombings
and grenades

Weapons 13 car bombs (RDX)

containing shrapnel
Deaths 257[1]
Injured 1,400[2]

Perpetrators Mafia groups

affiliated with D-
Company

The attacks were reported to be

coordinated by Dawood Ibrahim,[8] leader
of the Mumbai-based international
organised crime syndicate D-Company.[9]
Ibrahim was believed to have ordered and
helped organize the bombings through his
subordinates Tiger Memon and Yakub
Memon.
The Supreme Court of India gave its
judgement on 21 March 2013, after over
20 years of judicial proceedings, upholding
the death sentence against suspected
ringleader Yakub Memon while commuting
the previous death sentences against 10
others to life in prison.[10][11][12] However,
two of the main suspects in the case,
Dawood Ibrahim and Tiger Memon, have
not yet been arrested or tried.[13] After
India's three-judge Supreme Court bench
rejected his curative petition, saying the
grounds raised by him do not fall within
the principles laid down by the apex court
in 2002,[14] the Maharashtra state
government executed Yakub Memon on 30
July 2015.[15]

Introduction

Background …

In December 1992 and January 1993,

there was widespread rioting throughout
the nation[16] following the Babri Masjid
demolition in Ayodhya, where some of the
most notable riots occurred in Mumbai.
Five years after the December–January
riots, the Srikrishna Commission report
found that 900 individuals had died and
over 2,000 had been injured.[17]
Confession of Gul Mohammed …

On 9 March 1993, three days before the

bombings took place, a small-time
criminal from the Behrampada slum in
Northeast Mumbai named Gul Noor
Mohammad Sheikh (Gullu) was detained
at the Nag Pada police station. A
participant in the communal riots that had
rocked Mumbai the previous year, Gullu
was also one of the 19 men handpicked by
Tiger Memon, whose office was burnt in
the riots. Tiger was a silver smuggler and
chief mastermind of the bombings, for
training in the use of guns and bomb
making.[18]
Gullu had been sent to Pakistan via Dubai
on 19 February 1993 and upon completion
of his training returned to Mumbai on 4
March. In his absence the police had
detained Gullu's brothers to encourage him
to surrender, which he did. He confessed
to his role in the riots, his training in
Pakistan, and a conspiracy underway to
bomb major locations around the city,
including the Bombay Stock Exchange,
Sahar International Airport and the Sena
Bhavan. However, his conspiracy claim
was dismissed by the police as "mere
bluff".[18]
The arrest of Gul Mohammed spurred
Tiger Memon to advance the date of the
bombings which had originally been
planned to coincide with the Shiv Jayanti
celebrations in April 1993.[18][19]

The bombings
At 1:30 p.m. on 12 March 1993, a powerful
car bomb exploded in the basement of the
Bombay Stock Exchange building. The 28-
storey office building was severely
damaged and many nearby office
buildings also suffered damage. Reports
indicate that 50 were killed by this
explosion.[20] About 30 minutes later,
another car bomb exploded in front of the
Mandvi branch of Corporation Bank near
Masjid. From 1:30 p.m. to 3:40 p.m. a total
of 12 bombs exploded throughout
Mumbai. Most of the bombs were car
bombs but some were in scooters.[21]

Three hotels – the Hotel Sea Rock, Hotel

Juhu Centaur, and Hotel Airport Centaur –
were targeted by suitcase bombs left in
rooms booked by the perpetrators.[22]
Banks, the regional passport office, the Air
India Building, and a major shopping
complex were also hit. Bombs exploded at
Zaveri Bazaar and opposite it a jeep-bomb
exploded at the Century Bazaar.[23]
Grenades were thrown at Sahar
International Airport and at Fishermen's
Colony, apparently targeting certain
citizens at the latter.[24] A double-decker
bus was very badly damaged in the
deadliest explosion, with as many as 90
people killed.[23]

The locations attacked:

Fisherman's Colony in Mahim

causeway[25]
Zaveri Bazaar Fort[22]
Plaza Cinema Dadar[22]
Century Bazaar[22]
Katha Bazaar[22]
 Hotel Sea Rock[22]
Terminal at Sahar Airport (now
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport
[CSIA])[22]
Air India Building[22]
Hotel Juhu Centaur[22]
Worli[26]
Bombay Stock Exchange Building
Fort[27]
Passport Office[28]

Aftermath
The official number of fatalities was 257
with 1,400 others injured (some sources
reported that 317 people died;[29] this
misreport was due to a bomb which killed
69 in Calcutta on 16 March[7] and was not
part of 12 March Bombay bombings).

On 10 July 2006, the Chief Minister of

Maharashtra, Sharad Pawar, admitted that
he had "deliberately misled" people
following the 1993 Mumbai bombings by
saying there were "13 and not 12"
explosions and had added the name of a
Muslim-dominated locality to show that
people from both communities had been
affected.[30] He attempted to justify this
deception by claiming that it was a move
to prevent communal riots by falsely
portraying that both Hindu and Muslim
communities in the city had been affected
adversely. He also admitted to lying about
evidence recovered and misleading people
into believing that it pointed to the Tamil
Tigers as possible suspects.[31]

The bombings also caused a major rift

within D-Company, the most powerful
criminal organisation in the Mumbai
underworld, headed by Dawood Ibrahim.
Infuriated at the bombings, Ibrahim's right-
hand man, Chotta Rajan, split from the
organisation and took most of the
leadership-level Hindu aides with him,
including Sadhu, Jaspal Singh and Mohan
Kotiyan. Rajan's split divided the Mumbai
underworld along communal lines and
pitted Chhota Rajan's predominantly Hindu
gang against Dawood Ibrahim's
predominantly Muslim D-Company. The
ensuing gang war took the lives of more
than a hundred gangsters and continues in
2017.[32] Seven of the accused (Salim
Kurla, Majeed Khan, Shakil Ahmed,
Mohammed Jindran, Hanif Kadawala,
Akbar Abu Sama Khan and Mohammed
Latif) were assassinated by Rajan's
hitmen.[33][34]

Arrests, convictions and

verdict
Many hundreds of people were arrested
and detained in the Indian courts. In 2006,
100 of 129 accused were found to be
guilty and were convicted by Justice PD
Kode of the specially designated Terrorist
and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act
(TADA) court.[35] Many of those convicted
have eluded custody, including the
mastermind of the attacks, Tiger
Memon.[36]

On 12 September 2006, the special TADA

court convicted four members of the
Memon family[36] on charges of conspiring
and abetting acts of terror.[37] They face
jail terms from five years to life
imprisonment, that would be determined
based on the severity of their crime.[36]
Three other members of the Memon
family were acquitted with the judge giving
them the benefit of the doubt.[36]

Yakub Memon was charged for

possession of unauthorised arms. After
the bombings, family members of Tiger
Memon, including Yakub, escaped to
Dubai and Pakistan. Correspondents say
Tiger owned a restaurant in Mumbai and
was allegedly closely associated with
Dawood Ibrahim, the suspected
mastermind.[38]
Except for Tiger and Yakub, the entire
family returned to India and were promptly
arrested by the Central Bureau of
Investigation in 1994. Yakub was later
taken into custody and was undergoing
treatment for depression. The Memon
family was tried in court and found guilty
of conspiracy. The defence lawyers asked
for leniency in the sentencing and caused
delays in the process.[38]

Yakub Memon was executed by hanging in

Nagpur Central Jail at 6:35 a.m. IST on 30
July 2015.
Two of the accused, Mohammed Umar
Khatlab and Badshah Khan (pseudonym
given by the prosecution to hide his real
identity) turned state approvers.[34]

Dawood Ibrahim, believed to have

masterminded the terrorist attacks, is the
Don of the Mumbai organised crime
syndicate D-Company. He is suspected of
having connections to Islamic terrorist
elements[39] such as al-Qaeda and its
leader, Osama bin Laden,[40] as well as
Lashkar-e-Toiba,[41] and was declared a
terrorist by the governments of India and
the United States in 2003. Ibrahim is now
wanted by Interpol as a part of the
worldwide terror syndicate of Osama bin
Laden.[42] He has been in hiding since the
bombings and is living in white house,
karachi, Pakistan, which the Pakistani
government denied previously but
accepted on 22 August 2020.[43] The Bush
administration in the United States
imposed sanctions on Ibrahim in 2006.[44]

The penalty stage of the longest-running

trial in India's history continued. In
February 2007, prosecutors asked for the
death penalty for 44 of the 100 convicted.
The prosecution also requested the death
penalty for those convicted of conspiracy
in the case.[45] Asghar Yusuf Mukadam
and Shahnawaz Qureshi, who have been
found guilty for involvement in the
bombings pleaded for leniency, claiming
that they were not terrorists and were
emotionally driven to participate in the act.
Mukadam claimed that the main
conspirators took advantage of his "frame
of mind" after the demolition of Babri
Masjid and the subsequent riots, alleging
police partiality during the riots. "Vested
interests" instigated him to act as he did.
Quareshi was trained in Pakistan to handle
arms and ammunition. He and Muquddam
parked the explosive-filled vehicle at Plaza
cinema which resulted in 10 deaths and 37
injuries.[46] Qureshi reached Pakistan via
Dubai, where he claims he was taken
"under the pretext of providing ... an
alternative job". He claims that his house
was set on fire during the riots.[47]

Some of the conspirators who managed to

flee India after the bombings were
arrested and extradited to India. These
conspirators were declared absconders
during the course of the trial. Abu Salem,
Mustafa Dossa, Firoz Khan, Taher
Merchant, Riyaz Siddiqui, Karimullah Khan,
and Abdul Kayoum[48] amongst others
were arrested and the trial continued
against these absconders in a special
TADA court in Mumbai. Ujjwal Nikam who
was earlier the Special Prosecutor in these
case was replaced by Deepak Salvi to
continue with the trial in the light of the
subsequent developments.[48] On 16 June
2017 gangster Mustafa Dossa and Firoz
Khan were found guilty of conspiracy,
which can carry the death penalty. On 26
June 2017 Dossa died of cardiac arrest in
a Mumbai Hospital. Kayoom Sheikh was
acquitted due to lack of evidence.[49]

The Memons …

Yakub Memon was held in prison

beginning in 1994. He was convicted for
conspiracy: arranging and financing
training and purchasing vehicles used
for the bombings. He was sentenced to
death in July 2007 and was executed by
hanging on 30 July 2015 at 6:35 a.m.
IST at Nagpur Jail.[50]
Isa and Yusuf Memon, brothers of
Yakub, were both charged for using their
residence to host conspiracy meetings
and store arms and explosives. Yusuf
also provided his van to plant bombs.
Isa was sentenced to life imprisonment
on October 2006.[51] Yusuf, a chronic
schizophrenia patient, was also
sentenced to life imprisonment.[52] As of
2015 both were in Harsul Central Jail in
 Aurangabad, Maharashtra.[53] Yusuf died
of a heart attack on 26 June 2020.[54]
Rubina Memon. Her Maruti car was the
first piece of evidence in the trial. She
was convicted of allowing the use of her
vehicle to deliver explosives and
received a life sentence.[55]
Three members of the Memon family –
Suleiman, Hanifa and Raheen – were
acquitted with the judge giving them the
benefit of doubt.[56]

The bomb planters …

The prosecution had sought the death

sentence for all of the following except
Imtiaz Ghavate. As he is HIV positive, the
prosecution sought a lesser sentence for
him.

Shoaib Ghansar, Asghar Mukadam's

cousin, was convicted of putting RDX
explosive in a scooter and planting it in
Zaveri Bazaar where the explosion killed
17 and injured 57. He was sentenced to
death[57] on 19 July 2007.[58]
Asghar Mukadam and Shahnawaz
Qureshi planted an RDX-laden van in
Plaza Cinema that killed 10 and injured
37 others. Mukadam loaded RDX in
vehicles and disbursed money to
conspirators while Qureshi undertook
arms training and loaded contraband.
Both were sentenced to death on 19
July 2007.[57]
Abdul Ghani Turk was found guilty of
loading RDX explosive into a jeep and
parking it at Century Bazaar killing 113
and injuring 227. He was sentenced to
death on 18 July 2007.[59]
Parvez Shaikh was found guilty of
parking a bomb in Katha Bazaar that
killed 4, and planting a bomb in Hotel
Sea Rock that destroyed 9 crores (₹
90 million) of property. He was
sentenced to death on 18 July 2007.[59]
Mohammed Iqbal Mohammed Yusuf
Shaikh was convicted for throwing hand
grenades in Sahar airport, parking an
unexploded RDX-laden scooter in
Naigaon, and loading RDX in vehicles.
He was sentenced to death on 20 July
2007.[60]
Naseem Barmare was found guilty of
hurling hand grenades at Sahara airport,
parking an unexploded scooter at
Naigaum, weapons training, conspiracy,
and preparing bombs. He was
sentenced to life imprisonment and
fined ₹ 2,30,000.[61]
Mohammed Farooq Pawale planted an
RDX-laden car at Air-India Building killing
20 and injuring 84, parked an RDX-laden
van near Sena Bhavan killing 4 and
injuring 50, participated in arms training
and landing of arms and ammunition.
He was sentenced to death on 25 July
2007.[62]
Mushtaq Tarani participated in a
meeting at hotel Taj Mahal and did a
reconnaissance of the bombing sites.
He planted bomb at Hotel Juhu Centaur
injuring 3 and causing loss of property
worth 2.10 crore (₹ 21 million) and
planted an unexploded scooter at
Sheikh Memen street in Zaveri Bazaar.
He was sentenced to death on 18 July
2007.[59]
 Imtiaz Ghavate planted an unexploded
RDX-laden scooter at Dhanji street in
South Mumbai, landed explosives, arms
and ammunition, and was present where
bombs were readied. He was sentenced
to life imprisonment and a fine of ₹
2,27,000.[61]

In March 2013, most of these death

sentences awarded by the Terrorist and
Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act court
were commuted to life in prison until death
by the Supreme Court of India. Only the
death sentence of Yakub Memon was
upheld.[63]
Accused involved …

Mohammed Moin Qureshi, Feroz Amani

Malik, Bashir Khairulla, Zakir Hussain and
Abdul Akhtar Khan had thrown hand
grenades in Mahim Causeway causing 3
deaths and injuring 6. The driver, Salim
Shaikh, did not throw any hand grenades.

Bashir Khairulla was convicted for his

participation in arms, ammunition and
explosives training, conspirators'
meetings, and filling of RDX in the
vehicles. He was sentenced to life
imprisonment on 20 July 2007.[64]
Zakir Hussain was convicted for
participating in the arms, ammunition
and weapon training, conspirators'
meetings and filling of RDX. He was
sentenced to death on 24 July 2007.[65]
Abdul Akhtar Khan was convicted for
taking arms, ammunition and explosives
training in Pakistan. He was sentenced
to death on 24 July 2007.[65]
Firoz Amani Malik was convicted for
taking arms, ammunition and explosives
training in Pakistan. He was sentenced
to death on 24 July 2007.[65]
Moin Qureshi was convicted for
participating in the arms, ammunition
 and explosives training, conspirators'
meetings and filling RDX. He was also
found guilty for possession of 17 hand
grenades. He was sentenced to life
imprisonment on 24 July 2007.[65]

Landing agents …

Dawood Phanse, a.k.a. Dawood Taklya

(Dawood Baldie), was found guilty of
conspiracy, organising the landing of
arms, ammunition and the nearly
3,000 kg (6,600 lb) of RDX at Shekhadi in
Raigad district on 3 and 7 February 1993
and attending a conspiracy meeting in
Dubai with Dawood Ibrahim and Tiger
Memon.[66] Due to his old age, he was
given two life sentences (to be served
concurrently) and fined 2 lakhs (₹
200,000).[67][68]
Sharif Abdul Gafoor Parkar, a.k.a.
Dadabhai, was found guilty of bribing
officials and police at Raigad to assist in
the landing of RDX, arms and
ammunition at Shekhadi, showed
training camps at Sandheri and Bhor
Ghat, and transportation of
consignment.[66][68] He was sentenced
to 14 years imprisonment as he was
aware of the content of the contraband,
but acquitted of conspiracy. He was also
fined ₹ 2,00,000, defaulting which he
 would have to serve three more
years.[68]

Customs officials …

S.N. Thapa, a former additional customs

collector, was convicted for obtaining
information about the landing at
Shekhadi and identifying the main exit
point. He is alleged to have laid a trap at
Purarphata on Mhasla-Goregaon road
on 30 January. Additionally, his team left
their watch after 2 February in spite of
warnings. However, confessions of
some co-accused suggest that the
landing took place many days after
Thapa's team left for Mumbai and that
the smugglers, in fact, postponed the
landing as they heard from sources that
an ambush had been laid for them by
Thapa. These accusations stand to be
the same even when contradicting
others. Journalist S. Bhatt summarized
the confessions thusly: "[they] bribed all
Customs officers except for Thapa, who
incidentally is an accused in the
case."[69] In the 10,000-page judgement,
TADA Court Judge P.D. Kode reasoned
that even without evidence against
Thapa, he received a life sentence
because he was the senior-most
customs officer and thus must be aware
of the conspiracy. Thapa proclaimed his
innocence and was confident that the
greater conspiracy of his wrongful
arrest, trial and conviction would be
unveiled in the Supreme Court which, in
1994, granted him bail on lack of
evidence.[70] Thapa died due to lung
cancer on 11 April 2008. His family
expressed hopes that the supreme court
would hear their plea for the truth.
R K Singh, a former assistant
commissioner of customs, was
convicted for facilitating the RDX
landing in Shekhadi after accepting a
bribe of more than 7.8 lakh (₹ 780,000).
He was sentenced to 9 years rigorous
imprisonment and a fine of ₹
3,00,000.[71]
Mohammed Sultan Sayyed, a former
customs superintendent, was convicted
for facilitating the RDX landing in
Shekhadi after accepting bribe of more
than 7.8 lakh. He was sentenced to 7
years rigorous imprisonment and fine of
₹ 1,00,000.[71]
Jaywant Gurav, a former customs
inspector. was convicted for allowing
passage of RDX from Raigad to Mumbai
and sentenced to 8 years rigorous
imprisonment and a fine of ₹
2,00,000.[71]
 S S Talwadekar, a former customs
superintendent, was convicted for
allowing passage of RDX from Raigad to
Mumbai and sentenced to 8 years
rigorous imprisonment and a fine of ₹
2,00,000.[71]

Policemen …

Vijay Patil, a former police sub-

inspector, was found guilty of
conspiracy and taking bribes to allow
passage of RDX from Raigad to
Mumbai.[72] He was sentenced to life
imprisonment and 1 lakh (₹ 100,000)
fine on 22 May 2007.[72]
 Ashok Narayan Muneshwar, P M
Mahadik, Ramesh Mali and S Y
Palshikar, all police constables, were
found guilty of allowing passage of RDX
and arms from Raigad to Mumbai. They
were each sentenced to six years'
imprisonment and a fine of ₹ 25,000.[73]

Other co-conspirators …

Sanjay Dutt, a Bollywood actor, was

convicted and sentenced to five years in
prison for possession of arms. These
arms were allegedly supplied by
Dawood Ibrahim's gang to be trafficked
to the aide in Mumbai for protection
during potential communal rioting after
the bombings.[74][75]
Yusuf Nulwalla was convicted for trying
to destroy Sanjay's arms. He was
sentenced to five years rigorous
imprisonment with an additional two
years for destroying the evidence and a
fine of ₹ 25,000.[76]
Kersi Adejania was convicted for trying
to destroy Sanjay's arms. He has been
sentenced to two years rigorous
imprisonment and a fine of ₹ 25,000.[76]
Rusi Mulla was convicted for trying to
destroy Sanjay's arms. He has been
freed by the court but has to pay 1 lakh
(₹ 100,000) to the court.[76]
Zaibunnisa Kadri was found guilty for
storing an AK-56 and hand grenades for
Anees Ibrahim and Abu Salem, and she
faced a minimum of five years RI.
Mansoor Ahmed was convicted for
carrying weapons from Sanjay Dutt's
house to a co-accused's house has
already spent 9 years in prison
Samir Hingora was convicted for
conspiracy,[77] for supplying 3 AK-56
rifles, magazines, ammunition, and hand
grenades to Sanjay Dutt's residence as
instructed by Anis Ibrahim. The
prosecution has sought the death
sentence.
Ibrahim Musa Chauhan, alias Baba
Chauhan, was convicted for supplying
AK-56 rifles, magazines, ammunition,
and hand grenades to Sanjay Dutt and
Salim Kurla as instructed by Anis
Ibrahim. He was also convicted for
unlawful possession of one AK 56 rifle,
635 rounds of ammunition, 10
magazines, and 25 hand grenades
Ejaz Pathan was extradited from Dubai
in 2003 for participating in Dubai
meetings, providing men for landing of
arms and ammunition at Shekhadi, and
 being in possession of explosives.
Pathan died of Paralytic stroke in 2013.

Popular culture
Bombay March 12 is Babu
Janardhanan's Malayalam film based on
the bombings.[78]
Black Friday is a 2004 Indian crime film,
written and directed by Anurag Kashyap,
based on Black Friday – The True Story
of the Bombay Bomb Blasts, a book by
Hussain Zaidi about the 1993 Bombay
bombings.
Sanju is a 2018 biographical film of the
Indian actor Sanjay Dutt which covers
 some parts of the event and the actor's
involvement in it.

See also
2006 Mumbai train bombings
2008 Mumbai attacks
2011 Mumbai bombings
Bowbazaar bomb blast 1993
Azam Ghauri (One of the 1993 bombers
shot by police in 2000)
Bombay riots of 1992–1993
Srikrishna Commission, investigating
the Bombay riots and bombings
Zanjeer (dog), a bomb-finder dog
distinguished for identifying numerous
 explosives

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External links
At least 48 die in Mumbai blasts in
2003
2003 report: "Why is Mumbai a tempting
target?"
BBC On this day – 1993: Mumbai hit by
devastating bombs
From when PM Narendra Modi
'snapped', and how Smriti Irani stole the
 'Rakhi' limelight; an insider's account

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