0

TABLE OF CONTENT
NO TITLE PAGES

1.0 INTRODUCTION 2

2.0 BASIC CONCEPT 3-4

3.0 RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS 5-12

4.0 DISCUSSION 13-14

5.0 CONCLUSION 15

6.0 REFFERENCES 16

7.0 APPENDIX 17

1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Traffic volume study is the study to collect data on the no. of vehicles or
pedestrians that pass a point on a highway facility during a specified time.
There are two types of methods that can be used to determine the volume of
the vehicles which is manual and automatic. Manual methods usually use for
short count duration with vehicles classification. For automatic method, it is
usually used to get a long-term data such as the volume of traffic for 365
days.

So, a group of students in UiTM Pasir Gudang had conducted an

experiment to determine the traffic volume at the T-Junction near Bandar Seri
Alam. The purpose of this experiment is to plan and design the traffic system,
traffic signs and future planning of traffic. Other than that, it is very useful for
traffic control and intersections and improve traffic safety. Lastly, to evaluate
the safety of the chosen location where high-risk location and factors
contribute to accident can be determine from this experiment.

This experiment had conducted by using the manual method because

of student spend only 1 hour staying at the chosen location. There are some
advantages of using manual method which is no need any specialized person
to conduct this experiment because of the instrument use is very simple.
Furthermore, the data and result by using this method is accurate.

2
2.0 BASIC CONCEPT
Apparatus:
- Multi gang tally counter
- Stopwatch
- Clipboard and field data survey forms

Procedure:
- Perform necessary preparation such as an accurate watch and set the
correct time, sufficient pens, field data forms and clipboards, mechanical
hand tally counters that are in good condition, safety vest.
- Select and sketch the layout of the junction (study area) with census
station numbered for each junction arm. The census station must be a
strategic location (safe for the enumerator).
- Enumerators should arrive 15 to 30 minutes earlier at the site to familiarize
with the location, fill in the general information of the tally forms that
comprised of enumerator’s name, time and date of survey name of site
and weather condition. Identify the current traffic movement (through, left
turn and right turn) and begin at the planed time.
- Select proper observes’ positions so they can see clearly, safely and
easily count the traffic.
- Set a stopwatch for the desired count interval required every 15 minutes.
Counting should be done for duration of 1-hour.
- Count the different classification of vehicle and the number of vehicles for
each directional movement.
- Data are reviewed after the survey for any unusual pattern and for its
accuracy and then data analysis.

3
 The picture above shows the T-junction at Bandar Seri Alam. Students
will separately count the number of vehicles at each junction. Each point
refers to the different traffic flow. For V2 and V3, the traffic flow from UiTM
and Invictus International school. For V4 and V5, the traffic flow is from
Highway Pasir Gudang. Lastly, the traffic flow for V7 and V9 is from Balai
Polis Seri Alam.
-

4
 3.0 RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS
HIGHWAY TITLE:
UNIVERSITI ENGINEERING TRAFFIC VOLUME
TEKNOLOGI MARA (ECG344) CHARASTERISTIC STUDIES
LABORATORY
Station Ref.: Bandar Seri Alam Enumerator:
Direction: Students Job
V5: Seri Mutiara to Uitm, V4: Seri Mutiara to No./Sheet No.: 2
Balai Polis Seri Alam, V9: Balai Polis Seri Weather: Sunny
Alam to Seri Mutiara , V7: Balai Polis Seri Intervals minutes recorded: 15 minutes
Alam to Uitm , V3: Uitm to Balai Polis Seri Class of road: Local Road
Alam, V2: Uitm to Seri Mutiara
Date: 24.10.2024
Time: Start: 10.30 am, End: 11.30 am
Time (min) VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION Total Of
Vehicles in
Car/Taxi Van/L.G.V. M.G.V. H.G.V. Bus M/C Each Intervals

0 – 15 200 5 15 9 0 51 280
15 – 30 168 9 6 12 0 69 264
30 – 45 155 7 10 3 0 47 222
45 - 60 195 9 7 3 2 37 253
TOTAL 718 30 31 27 2 204
TOTAL (PHV) 1019

NOTE:

L.G.V = Light Good Vehicle (<3tonne) – include utility vehicle (pickup)

M.G.V = Medium Good Vehicle – two axles

H.G.V = Heavy Good Vehicle (Large lorry, trailer, heavy vehicle

with 3 axles and more)

M/C = Motorcycle

5
 Type Of Total in Vehicle/hour Total Vehicles Conversion Total In PCU/hour Total
Vehicles 0.25hr 0.25hr 0.25hr 0.25hr in Factor 0.25hr 0.25hr 0.25hr 0.25hr Vehicles in
(0 – 15) (15 – 30) (30 – 45) (45 – 60) Vehicle/hour (0 – 15) (15 – 30) (30 – 45) (45 – 60) PCU/hour
min min min min min min min min

Car/Taxi 800 672 620 780 2872 1.0 800 672 620 780 2872
Van/L.G.V. 20 36 28 36 120 2.0 40 72 56 72 240
M.G.V. 60 24 40 28 152 2.50 150 60 100 70 380
H.G.V. 36 48 12 12 108 3.00 108 144 48 48 348
M/C 204 276 188 148 816 1.00 204 276 188 148 816
Bus 0 0 0 8 8 3.00 0 0 0 24 24
Total 1120 1056 888 1012 4076 Total 1302 1224 1012 1142 4680

6
Example Calculation:

 Total vehicle/hour, 0-15 minutes

Car / Taxi = 200

time
Minutes to hour = = 0.25hr
60

200
Total vehicle/hour = = 800
60

 Total Pcu,hour , 0-15 minutes

Car / Taxi = 800

Since, conversion factor Car/Taxi for rural is 1.00

Total Pcu/hour = total vehicle/hour x conversion factor

= 800 x 1.00
= 800 Pcu/hour

 Answer for All minute’s car/taxi Pcu/hour

1. 0-15 minutes = 800 Pcu/hour

2. 15-30 minutes = 672 Pcu/hour
3. 30-45 minutes = 620 Pcu/hour
4. 45-60 minutes = 780 Pcu/hour

Van
+ MGV + HGV Bus
 Pc = LGC x 100
Total no of vehicle

240+380+348+24
Pc = x 100
1019

= 97.35 Pcu/hour

7
 Peak Rate of Flow

4 x V15 = 4 X 280
= 1120

 Peak Hour Factor (PHF)

Peak Hour Volume

PHF =
4 x max 15 minutes volume

1019
PHF = = 0.91
4 x 280

 Design Hourly Volume (DHV)

= PHV / PHF

1019
= = 1119.78
0.91

DHV = 119.78

8
 Type Of Equivalent Value in PCU
Vehicle
Rural Urban Round Traffic Signal
Standard Standard About Design
Design

Passenger Cars 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Motorcycles 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.33

Light Vans 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00

Medium Lorries 2.50 2.50 2.80 1.75

Heavy Lorries 3.00 3.00 2.80 2.25

Busses 3.00 3.00 2.80 2.25

9
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UITM, PASIR GUDANG
CAMPUS
Location & Date : Sketch junction layout and indicate the directions.

Bandar Seri Alam ; 24.10.2024

Time Start & Finish : 10.30 am – 11.30

am Weather : Sunny
Group : Group 1
Vehicle Classification DIRECTION MOVEMENT
LEFT TURN THROUGH/ STRAIGHT RIGHT TURN
V3 V9 V2 V5 V4 V7
Time (mins) 15 30 45 60 15 30 45 60 15 30 45 60 15 30 45 60 15 30 45 60 15 30 45 60

Cars/Taxis 10 11 6 10 88 68 61 86 27 17 14 23 10 6 11 10 63 58 56 51 2 8 7 15

Motorcycles 2 4 6 7 18 26 16 19 8 4 7 2 5 6 3 0 15 24 13 8 3 5 2 1

Light Vans 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 3 3 2 3 2 0 0 1 0

Medium Lorries 0 0 0 0 6 0 2 4 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 7 3 7 2 0 1 0 0

Heavy Lorries (> 3 0 0 0 0 4 5 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 2 2 0 0 0 0

axles)
Buses 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

REMARKS:

10
 PIE CHART OF VOLUME OF VEHICLES IN ONE HOUR

Volume Vehicle in one hour

27

Car / Taxi
204 Van / LGC
MGC
2 Bus
M/C
31
HGV
30

718

TOTAL PCU / HOUR VS TIME

Total Pcu/ hour VS Time

900
800
700
TOTAL Pcu/hour

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0-15 minutes 15-30 minutes 30-45 minutes 45-60 minutes

TIME

Car / taxi Van / LGC MGV

BUS M/C HGV

11
TRAFFIC VOLUME In 1 Hour

12
4.0 DISCUSSION

The traffic volume study conducted near Bandar Seri Alam offers an in
depth look at vehicle composition, flow trends, and road space utilization,
serving as an essential reference for future road design and traffic
management strategies. By focusing on three directional categories left turn,
straight, and right turn students were able to capture specific movement
patterns for vehicles traveling between key locations, including the routes
from UiTM to the Seri Alam Police Station and onward to the Seri Mutiara
Apartment, as well as vice versa. This classification allows for a precise
understanding of which directions see the heaviest flows, providing data
essential for optimizing traffic flow and managing congestion effectively.

Data collected for over one hour, divided into four 15-minute intervals,
including six vehicle categories which are cars/taxis, vans/light goods vehicles
(L.G.V.), medium goods vehicles (M.G.V.), heavy goods vehicles (H.G.V.),
motorcycles, and buses. Among these, cars/taxis dominated with the highest
frequency, totaling 2,872 vehicles per hour, followed by motorcycles at 816,
indicating a clear preference for personal transport in the area. Larger
vehicles, such as vans, M.G.V., H.G.V., and buses, were less frequent, with
buses recording the lowest count of just eight vehicles during the observation
period. To standardize the impact of each vehicle type on road space, each
category was assigned a Passenger Car Unit (PCU) conversion factor that
accounts for the space each type occupies relative to a car, allowing for a
consistent measure across different vehicle types. The PCU factors ,1.0 for
cars/taxis, 2.0 for vans/L.G.V., 2.5 for M.G.V., 3.0 for H.G.V., 1.0 for
motorcycles, and 3.0 for buses are allowed for the calculation of a total PCU
per hour, summing to 4,680 PCU. Cars/taxis contributed the largest portion
with 2,872 PCU, followed by motorcycles at 816, underscoring the
predominance of smaller vehicles on this rural road. Although larger vehicles
like vans, M.G.V.s, H.G.V.s, and buses appeared less frequently, their higher
PCU factors contributed significantly to the overall PCU total, with buses,
despite their low count, adding 24 PCU due to their substantial road space

13
requirement. This data highlights the heavy reliance on cars/taxis and
motorcycles, which occupy most of the road space in the area, suggesting
that personal vehicles are the primary mode of transport. The rural
classification of the study area supports the use of rural-standard PCU values.
However, if the area were classified as urban, changes in vehicle dynamics
would be anticipated, such as a decrease in motorcycle PCU to 0.75, resulting
in a slightly lower total PCU in urban conditions. Additional road features such
as roundabouts or traffic signals would further influence the PCU values for
larger vehicles, particularly for lorries and buses, demonstrating the flexibility
required in traffic management strategies to account for varying road and
traffic conditions.

In summary, the study reveals that small, personal vehicles are the
dominant force in traffic patterns around Bandar Seri Alam, occupying most of
the road space and highlighting the importance of adaptable traffic
management systems that can accommodate future changes. This
understanding of traffic composition and flow trends underscores the need for
data-informed decision-making in road design and traffic management to
optimize space utilization and support safe, efficient travel in the region. For
safety and accuracy, several precautions were taken during the study.
Students stood at safe, designated spots away from traffic to avoid any
hazards, and they wore high-visibility vests to ensure they were seen by
passing vehicles. Data was collected systematically to avoid errors, and
students were advised to take breaks to reduce fatigue that could impact
observation accuracy. These precautions not only helped ensure the safety of
the observers but also contributed to obtaining reliable and precise data for
the analysis.

14
5.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the aim of analysing the vehicle composition and traffic

flow patterns was successfully met. The data for this study was gathered over
the course of one hour, with recordings taken at 15-minute intervals. A total of
1019 vehicles were counted between 10:30 AM and 11:30 AM.

The findings show that cars represented the largest category, with 718
vehicles. Buses had the lowest count, with only 2 busses recorded during the
hour. Motorcycles were the second most common, followed by medium goods
vehicles, light goods vehicles, and heavy goods vehicles.

The highest traffic volume occurred during the first 15-minute interval,
when 280 vehicles were observed. This surge in traffic can be attributed to
factors like students heading to school and workers commuting to their jobs.

Overall, this study offers valuable insights into traffic flow patterns in a
residential area, which could guide future traffic management strategies.

15
6.0 REFERENCES

1. Puan Azlina binti Ismail, (2014), Traffic Volume Studies

https://ocw.ump.edu.my/pluginfile.php/1346/mod_resource/content/1/chapter
%203.pdf

2. Dr.Rawid, (2018), Traffic Volume Studies

https://altafrehman.weebly.com/uploads/9/7/9/7/97973756/
traffic_volume_studies03.pdf

3. Engr. Md Anisur Rahman Titu. Fieb, (2023), Traffic Volume Study and Suitable
Solution for Highway Intersection at "Technical – Junction”
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
368356866_TRAFFIC_VOLUME_STUDY_AND_SUITABLE_SOLUTION_FO
R_HIGHWAY_INTERSECTION_AT_TECHNICAL_-JUNCTION_DHAKA

4. Science Direct, (2022), Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering

(English Edition) Traffic Volume
Traffic Volume - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

16
7.0 APPENDIX

17
18