Rangamati Science and Technology University

Department
of
Computer Science and Engineering

Course Code : Math 2108

Course Title : Vector Calculus, Linear Algebra and
Complex Variable

Assignment Name
All Class Lecture, Home Work & Extra problems with solutions
_____________________________________________

Submitted By
Semester : 2nd Year 1st Semester
Session : 2020-21

Submitted To
Name : Dr. M. Jalal Ahammad
Designation : Professor
Dept. of Mathematics, Chittagong University.

Submission Date: 19th September, 2023

Vector, Dot & Cross Product
 Class Lecture

Q1. Find unit vector parallel to the resultant vector of vectors

𝑟 = 2𝚤̂ + 4𝚥̂ − 5𝑘 & 𝑟 = 𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 3𝑘

Solution
Resultant Vector is 𝑟 + 𝑟 = (2𝚤̂ + 4𝚥̂ − 5𝑘 ) + (𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 )
= 3𝚤̂ + 6𝚥̂ − 2𝑘
So, the unit vector parallel to the resultant vector will be,
𝑟 + 𝑟
η=
|𝑟 + 𝑟 |
Here, |𝑟 + 𝑟 | = 3 +6 +2 =7

3𝚤̂ + 6𝚥̂ − 2𝑘 3 6 2
So, η= = 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 𝑘 . (𝐀𝐧𝐬)
7 7 7 7

Q2. Prove that the area of a parallelogram with sides 𝐴 & 𝐵 is 𝐴 × 𝐵

Solution
The area of a parallelogram 𝐴 is 𝐴 ℎ
=ℎ 𝐵 𝜃 𝐵
= 𝐴 sin 𝜃 𝐵
= 𝐴×𝐵 ∵ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = |η| 𝐴 𝐵 sin 𝜃 = 1 ∙ 𝐴 𝐵 sin 𝜃
[Proved]

Q3. Show that 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 × 𝐶 is in absolute value equal to the volume of a parallelopiped with
the sides 𝐴 , 𝐵 & 𝐶.

Solution
Let η be a unit vector normal to the parallelogram formed by the vectors 𝐵 & 𝐶. Then the
area of the parallelogram is 𝐵 × 𝐶 .

Now, the volume of the parallelopiped = 𝐴 ∙ η 𝐵 × 𝐶

=𝐴∙ 𝐵×𝐶 η 𝐴
η
𝐶
=𝐴∙ 𝐵×𝐶 [Showed]
𝐵
Q4. Prove that a necessary and sufficient condition for the vectors 𝐴 , 𝐵 & 𝐶 to be coplanar
is that 𝐴 . (𝐵 × 𝐶) = 0.

Solution

If 𝐴 . 𝐵 & 𝐶 are coplanar, then the volume of the parallelepiped formed by 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 will zero
i.e., 𝐴 . (𝐵 × 𝐶) = 0 which is necessary condition.

Conversely, if 𝐴 . (𝐵 × 𝐶) = 0, then the volume of the parallelepiped formed by vector 𝐴, 𝐵 &

𝐶 is zero.
So, the vectors must be in a plane. [Proved]

Home Work

Q5. Find the volume of the parallelopiped whose edges are represented by
𝐴 = 2𝚤̂ - 3𝚥̂ + 4𝑘
𝐵 = 𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ – 𝑘
𝐶 = 3𝚤̂ - 𝚥̂ + 2𝑘

Solution
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
The volume of parallelopiped is 𝐴 . (𝐵 × 𝐶) = 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶

𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 2 −3 4
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 = 1 2 −1
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 3 −1 2

= | 2 × (4 – 1) + 3 × (2 + 3) + 4 × (- 1 - 6) |

= | (2 × 3) + (3 × 5) + (4 × - 7) |

= | 6 + 15 – 28 |

= | - 7|

=7 (Ans)
Q6. If 𝐴̅ = 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑦 𝑏 + 𝑧 𝑐̅
𝐵 = 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑦 𝑏 + 𝑧 𝑐̅
𝐶̅ = 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑦 𝑏 + 𝑧 𝑐̅
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
̅ ̅
Prove that: 𝐴 ⋅ ( 𝐵 × 𝐶 ) = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑎 ⋅ (𝑏 × 𝑐̅)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Solution
𝐵 × 𝐶̅ = (𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑦 𝑧 )𝑎 + (𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑧 )𝑏 + (𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦 )𝑐̅

= (𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑦 𝑧 ) 𝑏 × 𝑐̅ + (𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑧 )(𝑐̅ × 𝑎) + (𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦 ) 𝑎 × 𝑏

Now, 𝐴̅ ⋅ (𝐵 × 𝐶̅ )

= 𝑥 (𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑦 𝑧 )𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 × 𝑐̅ + 𝑥 (𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑧 )𝑎 ⋅ (𝑐̅ × 𝑎) + 𝑥 (𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦 )𝑎 ⋅ 𝑎 × 𝑏
+

𝑦 (𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑦 𝑧 )𝑏 ⋅ 𝑏 × 𝑐̅ + 𝑦 (𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑧 )𝑏 ⋅ (𝑐̅ × 𝑎 ) + 𝑦 (𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦 )𝑏
⋅ 𝑎×𝑏 +

𝑧 (𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑦 𝑧 )𝑐̅ ⋅ 𝑏 × 𝑐̅ + 𝑧 (𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑧 )𝑐 ⋅ (𝑐̅ × 𝑎 ) + 𝑧 (𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦 )𝑐 ⋅ 𝑎 × 𝑏

= 𝑥 (𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑦 𝑧 )𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 × 𝑐̅ + 𝑦 (𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑧 ) 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 × 𝑐̅ + 𝑧 (𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦 ) 𝑎
⋅ 𝑏 × 𝑐̅
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 × 𝑐̅ [𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐝]
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Gradient, Divergence, Curl
 Class Lecture

Q7. Show that, ∇r = 𝑛r 𝑟⃗

Solution

∇r = ∇ 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧

=∇ 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝚤̂ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 𝚥̂ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 𝑘 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑛 𝑛
= 𝚤̂ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 2𝑥 + 𝚥̂ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 2𝑦
2 2
𝑛
+𝑘 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 2𝑧
2

= 𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑦𝚥̂ + 𝑧𝑘

= 𝑛(r ) 𝑟⃗
= 𝑛r 𝑟⃗ [Proved]

Q8. Find an eqn tangent plane to the surface 2𝑧𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 at (1, - 1, 2).
Solution
Normal to the given surface is (2𝑥𝑧 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥) at (1, -1, 2).

= (2𝑧 − 3𝑦 − 4)𝚤̂ − 3𝑥𝚥̂ + 4𝑥𝑧𝑘

= {(2 × 4) − 3 × (−1) − 4}𝚤̂ − (3 × 1)𝚥̂ + (4 × 1 × 2)𝑘

= (8 + 3 − 4) 𝚤̂ – 3𝚥̂ + 8𝑘

𝑁 = 7𝚤 – 3𝚥̂ + 8𝑘
The eqn of a plane passing through a point whose position vector is 𝑟 and which is
perpendicular to the normal 𝑁 is
Y
(𝑟– 𝑟 )∙ 𝑁 = 0
Here,

𝑟 = 𝑥𝚤 + 𝑦𝚥̂ + 𝑧𝑘

𝑟 = 𝚤 − 𝚥̂ + 2𝑘 X
Z
So,

(𝑥𝚤 + 𝑦𝚥̂ + 𝑧𝑘 – 𝚤 + 𝚥̂ – 2𝑘 ) ∙ (7𝚤 – 3𝚥̂ + 8𝑘)

⇒ 7(𝑥 − 1) − 3(𝑦 + 1) + 8(𝑧 − 2) = 0
⇒ 7𝑥 − 7 − 3𝑦 − 3 − 8𝑧 − 16 = 0
⇒ 7𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8𝑧 − 26 = 0 (Ans)

Q9. Determine the constant of 𝒂 so that the vector will 𝑉 = (𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝚤̂ + (𝑦 − 2𝑧)𝚥̂ +
(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑧)𝑘 will be solenoidal.

Solution

If ∇ ∙ 𝑉 = 0, then 𝑉 will be solenoidal.

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Or, (𝑥 + 4𝑦) + (𝑦 − 2𝑧) + (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑧) = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Or, 1 + 0 + 1 − 0 + 0 + 𝑎 = 0
Or, 𝑎 = −2 (Ans)

Q10. Find the value of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 so that the vector 𝑉 = (𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧)𝚤̂ + (𝑏𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧)𝚥̂ +
(4𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 2𝑧)𝑘 will be irrotational.

Solution
𝚤̂ 𝚥̂ 𝑘
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Curl 𝑉 = ∇ × 𝑉 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 4𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 2𝑧

= 𝚤̂ (𝑐 + 1) + 𝚥̂ (𝑎 − 4) + 𝑘 (𝑏 − 2)

The vector will be zero if,

𝑐 + 1 = 0, 𝑎 − 4 = 0, 𝑏−2= 0
∴ 𝑐 = −1, 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏=2
∴ 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = −1 these are the values. (Ans)
 Home Work

Q11. Show that ∇ ( ) = 0

Solution
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 1
∇ = + +
𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )

𝜕 1 𝜕
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) = − 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 1 𝜕 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧
= −𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) =
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 𝜕𝑥
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
Similarly,
𝜕 1 2𝑦 − 𝑧 − 𝑥
= &
𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
𝜕 1 2𝑧 − 𝑥 − 𝑦
=
𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
Then, by addition,
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 1
+ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )

2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 − 𝑥 + 2𝑧 − 𝑥 − 𝑦
=
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
= 0. (𝐀𝐧𝐬)
Q12. Prove ∇. =0

Solution

Let, 𝑟 = 𝑥𝚤 + 𝑦𝚥̂ + 𝑧𝑘

𝑟= (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )

𝑟 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
Now,

𝑟 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝑥𝚤 + 𝑦𝚥̂ + 𝑧𝑘
∇∙ = 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘
𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 𝚤 + 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 𝚥̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
+ 𝑧(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 𝑘

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 𝑧(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

3 3
= 𝑥. 𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) ⋅ 2𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 𝑦. 𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) ⋅ 2𝑦
2 2
3
+ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 𝑧. 𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) ⋅ 2𝑧 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
2

= −3𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) − 3𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) − 3𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )

+3(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )

−3(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) 3
= +
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )

−3(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 3(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )

= 0 [Proved]
 Extra

Q13. Find ∇Φ if (a) Φ = ln|𝑟| , (b) Φ = .

Solution
(a)
1
𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑦𝚥̂ + 𝑧𝑘 . Then |𝑟| = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 and Φ = ln|𝑟| = ln(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
2
1
∇Φ = ∇ ln(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
2
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝚤̂ ln(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 𝚥̂ ln(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 𝑘 ln(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
1 2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧
= 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ +𝑘
2 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧

𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑦𝚥̂ + 𝑧𝑘
=
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧
𝑟⃗
= (𝐀𝐧𝐬. )
𝑟
(b)
1 1
∇Φ = ∇ =∇
𝑟 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧

= ∇(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝚤̂ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) + 𝚥̂ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) +𝑘 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝚤̂ 𝚥̂ 𝑘
= − (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) ∙ 2𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) ∙ 2𝑦 + − (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) ∙ 2𝑧
2 2 2
−𝑥𝚤̂ − 𝑦𝚥̂ − 𝑧𝑘
=
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
𝑟⃗
=− (𝐀𝐧𝐬. )
𝑟
Q14. Suppose 𝑣̅ = 𝜔 × 𝑟̅ . Prove 𝜔 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑣̅ where 𝜔 is a constant vector.

Solution
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑣̅ = 𝛻 × 𝑣̅ = 𝛻 × (𝜔 × 𝑟̅ )

𝚤̂ 𝚥̂ 𝑘
=𝛻× ω ω ω
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

= 𝛻 × [(ω 𝑧 − ω 𝑦)𝚤̂ + (ω 𝑥 − ω 1𝑧)𝚥̂ + (ω 𝑦 − ω 𝑥)𝑘]

𝚤̂ 𝚥̂ 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
ω z−ω y ω x−ω z ω y−ω x

= 2(ω 𝚤̂ + ω 𝚥̂ + ω 𝑘 )
= 2𝜔

Then 𝜔 = (𝛻 × 𝑣̅ ) = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑣̅ [Proved]

Vector Calculus
 Class Lecture

Q15. Suppose 𝐴̅ = (3𝑥 + 6𝑦)𝚤̂ − 14𝑦𝑧𝚥̂ + 20𝑥𝑧 𝑘 . Evaluate from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1) along
the following path C.
(a) 𝑥 = 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 .
(b) the straight line from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 0) then to (1, 1, 0) and then to (1, 1, 1).
(c) the straight line joining (0, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 1).

Solution

𝐴̅. 𝑑𝑟̅ = [(3𝑥 + 6y)i − 14yzj + 20x𝑧 k]. (dx𝚤̂ + dy𝚥̂ + dz𝑘)

= (3𝑥 + 6𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 − 14𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 20𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑧

(a)
If 𝑥 = 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 , points (0, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 1) corresponds to 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 1 ,
respectively. Then,

𝐴̅. 𝑑𝑟̅ = (3𝑡 + 6𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 − 14(𝑡 )(𝑡 )𝑑(𝑡 ) + 20𝑡(𝑡 ) 𝑑(𝑡 )

= 9𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − 28𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 60𝑡 𝑑𝑡

= (9𝑡 − 28𝑡 + 60𝑡 )𝑑𝑡

1
= 3𝑡 − 4𝑡 + 6𝑡
0
=5 (Ans)

(b)
Along straight line from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 0) 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑧 = 0 while 𝑥 varies
from 0 to 1. Then the integral over this part of the path is

(3𝑥 + 6(0) + 0 + 0)dx = 1

Along the straight line from (1, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 0) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑑𝑧 = 0 while 𝑦 varies from 0
to 1. Then the integral over this part is

(3(12) + 0 + 20(0)2) = 0

Along the straight line from (1,1,0) to (1,1,1), x=1, y=1, dx=0, while z varies from 0 to 1.
Then the integral over this part is
20
(3(12) + 6(0) + 20𝑧 dz =
3
Adding,
20 23
𝐴. 𝑑𝑟 = 1 + 0 + = (𝐀𝐧𝐬)
3 3

(c)
The straight line joining (0, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 1) is given parametric formed by 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 =
𝑡.
Then,

= (3𝑡 + 6t)dt − 14t(t)dt + 20(t)𝑡 dt.

13
= (6t − 11𝑡 + 20𝑡 )dt = (𝐀𝐧𝐬)
3

Q16. Suppose a force field is given by

𝐹 = (2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝚤̂ + (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 )𝚥̂ + (3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧)𝑘

Find the work done in moving a particle once around a circle C in the 𝑥𝑦-plane with its center
at the origin and radius of 3.

Solution
In the 𝑥𝑦 plane 𝑧 = 0, 𝑑𝑧 = 0
So, 𝑑𝑟̅ = 𝑑𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝚥̂

Work done is = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟̅

 = (2x − y)𝚤̂ + (x + y)𝚥̂ + (3x − 2y)𝑘 ∙ (𝑑𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝚥̂)

= (2x − y)𝑑𝑥 + (x + y)𝑑𝑦

𝑟̅ = 𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑦𝚥̂
= 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝚤̂ + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝚥̂

Choose the parametric equations of the circle as 𝑥 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 where t varies
from 0 to 2π. Then the line integral equals

= [2(3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡) − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡](−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + (3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡)(3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

= (9 − 9 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

9 1 2𝜋
= 9𝑡 − × (−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡) ×
2 2 0
9 2𝜋
= 9𝑡 + × (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡)
4 0
9 9
= 18𝜋 + − 0 −
4 4
= 18𝜋 (𝐀𝐧𝐬)
Q17. Find the total work done in moving a particle in a force field by 𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥𝑦𝚤̂ − 5𝑧𝚥̂ +
10𝑥𝑘 along the curve x=t2+1, y=t2, z=t3 from t=1 to 2.

Solution

Total work done = ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗

=∫ (3𝑥𝑦𝚤̂ − 5𝑧𝚥̂ + 10𝑥𝑘 ) (𝑑𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑑𝑥𝚥̂ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘)

=∫ 3𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 5𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 10𝑥𝑑𝑧

=∫ 3(𝑡2 +1) (2t2) d(t2+1) – 5t3d(2t2) +10 (t2+1) d(t3)

=∫ (3𝑡2+3)2t2 2t dt – 5t3 4t dt +10(t2+1) 3t2 dt

= ∫ (3𝑡2+3) 4t3 dt – 20t4 dt +30t4 dt + 30t2 dt

= ∫ (12t5 + 12t3) dt + 10t4 dt + 30t2 dt

= ∫ 12t5 dt + ∫ 12t3 dt + ∫ 10𝑡 4 dt + ∫ 30𝑡 2 dt

^ ^ ^ ^
= 12 [ ] + 12[ ] + 10[ ] + 30 [ ]

= 2(26-16) + 3(24-14) + 2(25-25) + 10(23-13)

= 126 + 45 + 62 + 70
= 303 (Ans)

Q18. Suppose a force field is given by F = (2x – y + z)i + (x + y - 𝑧 )j + (3x – 2y +4z)k. Find
the work done in moving a particle once around a circle C in the xy-plane with its center at
the origin and a radius of 3.

Solution
Since,
xy plane z = 0 ⸫ dz = 0
dr = dxi + dyj
The work done is ∫F.dr = ∫(2x – y)dx + (x+y)dy
Since the path along a circle with radius 3 which center at origin
Let,
x = 3cost
y = 3sint
t = 0 to 2π

⸫ ∫F.dr = ∫ ( 2.3cost − 3 sint)d(3cost) + (3cost + 3 sint)d(3sint)

=∫ (6cost-3sint)(-3sint)dt + (3cost + 3sint)3costdt

=∫ −18cost.sintdt + 9sin tdt ++ 9cos tdt+9 cost.sintdt

=∫ −9cost.sintdt +9dt

= ∫ sin2tdt + 9∫ dt

= [ (cos4π − cos0)] + 9.2π

= × 0 +18𝜋

= 18𝜋 (Ans)

Q19. Evaluate ∬𝑺 𝑨 .n dS, where A=18z ̂ -12 ̂+ 3y 𝒌 and S is that part of the plane

2x+3y+6z=12 which is located in the first octant.

The surface S and its projection R on the xy plane are shown in the figure below.
 ∬ 𝐴. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 =∬ 𝐴. 𝑛 | . |

To obtain n note that a vector perpendicular to surface 2x+3y+6z=12 is given by ∇(2x+3y+6z)

= 2𝚤̂+3𝚥̂+6𝑘

The unit normal to any point of S is

n .k= = 𝑖+ j 𝑘
√ √ √

Thus n .k = ( 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘). 𝑘 = and so = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

| . |

Also A .n =((18𝑧 𝑖 + 12 𝑗 + 3𝑦 𝑘). 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘 = =

using the fact that z = from equation of S then

∬ 𝐴 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝐴. 𝑛 =∬ . 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ (6 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
| . |

To evaluate this double integral over R, keep x fixed and integrate with respect to y from y

= 0 (Pin The figure above)

To y = (Q in the figure above); then integrate with respect to x from x = 0 to x =

6.In this manner R is completely covered.

The Integral becomes

∫ ∫ (6 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 24 − 12𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 = 24

If we had chosen the positive unit normal n opposite to that in the figure above, we would

have obtained

the result - 24. (Ans)

 Extra

Q20. Find the unit normal to the surface −𝑥 𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑧 = 1 at the point 𝑃(1, 1, 1).

Solution
Let Φ = −𝑥 𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑧 .
∇Φ(1, 1, 1) is normal to the surface −𝑥 𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑧 = 1 at the point 𝑃(1,1,1)
∇Φ(1,1,1)
Hence, will suffice.
|∇Φ(1,1,1)|

∇Φ = (−2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑦 𝑧)𝚤̂ + (−𝑥 𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑦𝑧)𝚥̂ + (−2𝑥 𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥 )𝑘

Then, ∇Φ(1, 1, 1) = 3𝚥̂
|∇Φ(1, 1, 1)| = |3𝚥̂| = 3|𝚥̂| = 3
Thus, at the point 𝑃(1, 1, 1)
3𝚥̂
= 𝚥̂ is a unit normal to − 𝑥 𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑧 = 1 .
3

Q21. Let Φ = 𝑥 𝑦𝑧 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 . Find the directional derivative of Φ at 𝑃(1, 3, 1) in the direction
of 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ − 2𝑘 .

Solution
At first,

∇Φ = (2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 4𝑦𝑧 )𝚤̂ + (𝑥 𝑧 − 4𝑥𝑧 )𝚥̂ + (𝑥 𝑦 − 8𝑥𝑦𝑧)𝑘

Then, ∇Φ(1, 3, 1) = −6𝚤̂ − 3𝚥̂ − 21𝑘 .

The unit vector in the direction of 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ − 2𝑘 is

2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ − 2𝑘
𝑎=
(2) + (−1) + (−2)
2 1 2
= 𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ − 𝑘
3 3 3
Thus, the required directional derivative is
2 1 2
∇Φ(1, 3, 1) ∙ 𝑎 = (−6𝚤̂ − 3𝚥̂ − 21𝑘 ) ∙ ( 𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ − 𝑘 )
3 3 3
= −4 + 1 + 14
= 11 (𝐀𝐧𝐬)

Q22. Find the total work done in moving a particle in the force field given by
𝐹 = 𝑧𝚤̂ + 𝑧𝚥̂ + 𝑥𝑘 along the helix 𝐶 given by
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = .

Solution

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐹 . dr

= (z𝚤̂ + z𝚥̂ + x 𝑘 ) . (𝑑𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝚥̂ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘 )

= (𝑧. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧. 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑧)

= (𝑡 𝑑(cos 𝑡) + 𝑡 𝑑(sin 𝑡) + cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 )

= (−𝑡 sin 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + (𝑡 + 1) cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Evaluating (−𝑡 sin 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 by parts we get,

= |𝑡 cos 𝑡 | − (cos 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0 − |sin 𝑡 | = −1

Evaluation (𝑡 + 1) cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 by parts we get,

π π
= |(𝑡 + 1) sin 𝑡 | − (sin 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = + 1 + |cos 𝑡 | =
2 2

π
∴ The total work is −1 (𝐀𝐧𝐬)
2

Q23. If A =(y-2x)𝚤̂+(3x+2y)𝚥̂, compute the circulation of A about a circle C in the xy plane

with center at the origin and radius 2, if C is traversed in the positive direction.

Solution

Now,r =x𝚤̂+y𝚥̂

=rcost 𝚤̂+rsint 𝚥̂

=2.cost 𝚤̂+2.sint 𝚥̂

∫CA.dr = ∫C(y-2x)𝚤̂ +(3x+2y)𝚥̂. (dx𝚤̂+dy𝚥̂)

=∫C(y-2x)dx+(3x+2y)dy

x = 2cost and y =2sint where t varies from 0 to 2𝜋.Then the line integral

∴∫C A.dr =∫ (2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 2.2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)𝑑(2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) + (3.2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 2.2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑑(2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)

=∫ (2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡). 2(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + (6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡

=∫ (−4 sin 𝑡 + 4.2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + (6.2 cos 𝑡 + 4.2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)𝑑𝑡

 =∫ [{−2(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡) + 4. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡} + {6(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡) + 4. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡}]𝑑𝑡

=∫ {(−2 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 4. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡2𝑡) + (6 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 4. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡)}dt

=∫ (4 + 8𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 8𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡)𝑑𝑡

=[ 4𝑡 + 8. − 8. ]

=[(4.2𝜋+4.sin2.2𝜋 − 4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠22𝜋)-(0+4sin0-4cos0)]

=(8𝜋+0-4)-(-4)

=8𝜋 -4+4

=8𝜋 (Ans)

.
Q24. If F = 3xy𝚤̂ - 𝑦 𝚥̂, evaluate∫ 𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 where C is the curve in the xy plane , y = 2𝑥
from (0, 0) to (1, 2).

Solution
Since the integration is peformed in the xy plane (z = 0), we can take r = x𝚤̂+y𝚥̂. Then
∫ 𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = ∫ (3𝑥𝑦𝚤̂ − 𝑦 𝚥̂) ( 𝑑𝑥𝚤 + 𝑑𝑦𝚥̂)

=∫ 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Let x = t in y = 2𝑥 .Then the parametric equations of C are x=t, y =2𝑡 .

Points (0, 0) and (1, 2) correspond to t=0 and t = 1 respectively .

Then ∫ 𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 =∫ 3(𝑡) (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 − (𝑡 ) 𝑑(2𝑡 )

=∫ (6𝑡 − 16𝑡 )𝑑𝑡

=− (Ans)

Q25. Find the work done in moving a particle in a force field 𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥 𝚤̂ + (2𝑧𝑥 − 𝑦)𝚥̂ + 𝑧𝑘 ,
along line joining (0,0,0) 𝑡𝑜 (2,1,3).

Solution

Work done = ∫ 𝐹⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗

= ∫𝑐(3𝑥 𝚤̂ + (2𝑧𝑥 − 𝑦)𝚥̂ + 𝑧𝑘)(𝑑𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝚥̂ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘)

 = ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑧𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧

Given C is line joining (0,0,0) to (2,1,3).

= = =𝑡

𝑥 = 2𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 3𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑑𝑡

Using (0,0,0) to (2,1,3), Value of t varies 0 to 1.

Now, ∫ 𝐹⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗

= ∫ {3(2𝑡) (2𝑑𝑡) + (2 ∙ 3𝑡 ∙ 2𝑡 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 3𝑡(3𝑑𝑡)}

= ∫ {24𝑡 + (12𝑡 − 𝑡) + 9𝑡}𝑑𝑡

= ∫ (36𝑡 + 8𝑡)𝑑𝑡

=[ + ]

= 12 + 4
= 16 (Ans)
Divergence, Stokes’ & Green’s
Theorem
 Class Lecture

Q26. Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for ∮C(xy+y2) dx + x2dy where C is

the closed curve of the region bounded by y = x and y = x2.

Solution

y=x&y= x2 have
intersecting points at (0,0) & (1,1)
x = x2
x(x-1) = 0
x=0, x=1
y = 0, y=1
Along y = x2 the line integral

𝑥. 𝑥 + (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 . 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

=∫ (3𝑥 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

=[ 𝑥 + ]

= 19/20

Along y = x from (1,1) to (0,0) the line integral equals

∫ (𝑥. 𝑥 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

=∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 =[𝑥 ]
= -1

Then the required line integral = 19/20 – 1 = -1/20.

∫R∫ (∂N/∂x - ∂M/∂y) dx dy
=∫R∫ [ ∂/∂x(x2) - ∂/∂y(xy+y2)] dx dy
=∫R∫ (x-2y) dx dy

=∫ ∫ (𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

=∫ [∫ (𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦]𝑑𝑥

=∫ [𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑥

=∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

= -1/20
So that the theorem is verified.

Q27. Green’s Theorem in the plane in vector notation.

We have ∮ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫( − )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 . . . . . . .(1)

Now 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = (𝑀 𝚤̂ + 𝑁 𝚥̂) . (𝑑𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝚤̂) = 𝐴. 𝑑𝑟̅

Where 𝐴̅ = 𝑀𝚤̂ + 𝑁𝚥̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑟̅ = 𝑑𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝚤̂. 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 , 𝑖𝑓 𝐴̅ = 𝑀 𝚤̂ + 𝑁 𝚥̂ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝚤̂ 𝚥̂ 𝑘
∇ × 𝐴̅ = = − 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + ( − )𝑘
𝑀 𝑁 0

So that (∇ × 𝐴̅) . 𝑘 = −

The form equation (1) Green’s theorem in the plane can be written as,

∮ 𝐴. 𝑑𝑟̅ = ∫ ∫ (∇ × 𝐴̅). 𝑘 𝑑𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑅 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Q28. Show that the area bounded by a simple closed curve is given by 1/2 ∮𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 .

Solution
Here M = − y, N = x
So, ∮ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑐 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ ( 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 + 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑅
= ∫ ∫(1 + 1)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑅
= 2∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑅
= 2A
∴ A = 1/2 ∮𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥.

.
Q29. Evaluate ∬ 𝐹. 𝑛𝑑𝑠 where F = 4xz𝚤̂ – y𝚥 + yz𝑘 and S is the surface of the cube bounded
by x=0, x=1, y=0, y=1, z=0, z=1.

Solution
By divergence theorem;

∇. 𝐴𝑑𝑣 = 𝐴. 𝑛𝑑𝑠

Thus,

∬ F. nds = ∭ ∇. Adv

=∭ 4𝑥𝑧 + (−𝑦 ) + 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑣

= ∭(4𝑧 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑣
=∭(4𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑣

=∫ ∫ ∫ (4𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

=∫ ∫ [2𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧] 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

=∫ ∫ (2 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

=∫ [2𝑦 − ] dx
=∫ 𝑑𝑥

=[1.5𝑥]
= 1.5

Q30. Evaluate ∬s r.n dS where S is a closed surface.

Solution

The surface integral ∬s r. n ds, where S is a closed surface, is equal to the volume enclosed by

S. This is known as the divergence theorem.

The divergence theorem states that for a continuously differentiable vector field F in three

dimensions, and a piecewise smooth, closed surface S, we have

∫∫s F.ndS = ∫∫∫v div(F) dV

where div(F) is the divergence of F, and v is the volume enclosed by S.

In the case of the surface integral ∬s r. n ds, the vector field F is r, the position vector. The

divergence of r is 3, so the divergence theorem tells us that

∫∫s r. n dS = ∫∫∫v 3 dV

The volume enclosed by a closed surface is equal to the volume of the solid that the surface

bounds. So, the integral on the right-hand side is simply the volume of the solid. In conclusion,

the value of the surface integral ∬s r. n ds is the volume enclosed by S.

 Home Work

Q31.Verify Green’s theorem for ∮ (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦. Where C is the boundary

of the region defined by ;

(a) Y = √𝒙 , y = x2
(b) X=0, y=0, x+y=1

Solution
(a)
Given

Y = √𝑥 , y = x2

√𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑥 =𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥 =0
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 0
x = 0 , x3 = 1
y=0 ,x=1
y=0,y=1
along y = x2 the line integral ;
=∮ 𝑐 (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦

=∫ (3𝑥 − 8𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 − 6𝑥 )𝑑(𝑥 )

=∫ (3𝑥 − 8𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 − 6𝑥 )2𝑥𝑑𝑥

=∫ (3𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 12𝑥 )dx

=∫ (3𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 20𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

=[x3 + 2x4 – 4x5 ]01

=-1

Along y = √𝑥 the line integral ;

=∮ 𝑐 (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦
=∫ (3𝑥 − 8𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 4√𝑥 − 6𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑( 𝑥)

=∫ (3𝑥 − 8𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 4√𝑥 − 6𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥

√

=∫ (3x2 − 8x + 2 − 3x)dx

= [ x3-11/2x2+2x]01

= 2.5
Then the required line integral = 2.5 – 1 = 1.5
Now
M = 3x2 – 8y2
N = 4y – 6xy

∮ 𝑐 (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∬ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

=∬ (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦) − (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

=∬ 10𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

√
=∫ ∫ 10𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

=∫ [5𝑦 ]√ dx

= ∫ (5𝑥 − 5𝑥 ) dx

= 5[ − ]

= 5(0.5 – 0.2 )
= 1.5
[proved]

(b)
Given
X = 0, y = 0, x+y = 1
Along y = 0, dy = 0, so x varies from 0 to 1
=∮ 𝑐 (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦
=∮ 𝑐(3. 𝑥 − 8. 𝑥. 0)𝑑𝑥 + (4. 𝑥. 0 − 6. 𝑥. 0)0

=∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=[x3]10
=1
Along x + y =1 the line integral
y = 1 – x , x varies from 1 to 0
dy = - dx
=∮ 𝑐 (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦

=∫ {3x2 – 8(1-x)2}dx +{ 4(1-x) – 6.x.(1-x)}(-dx)

=∫ (-11x2 – 12+26x)dx

=[ 𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 13𝑥 ]

= – (–11/3 – 12 + 3)
= 8/3
Along x = 0, dx = 0 , y varies from 1 to 0
=∮ 𝑐 (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦

=∫ 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦

=[2𝑦 ]
=–2
Then the required line integral is
= 8/3 + 1 – 2
= 5/3
Now
M = 3x2 – 8y2
N = 4y – 6xy

∮ 𝑐 (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∬ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

=∬ (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦) − (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

=∬ 10𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

=∫ ∫ 10𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

=∫ [5𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑥
 =∫ 5(1 − 𝑥) dx

= ∫ 5(1 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

= 5[𝑥 − 𝑥 + ]

= 5 (1-1+1/3)
= 5/3
[Verified]

Q32.Verify Stock’s theorem for F=xz i – y j – x2y k, where S is the surface of the region
bounded by y = 0, x = 0, z = 0, 2x+y+2z=8, which is not included in the XZ plane.

Solution

We know,

∮ 𝑨. 𝒅𝒓 = ∬(𝛁 × 𝑨). 𝒅𝒔

Path-1:

Here,

Y=0, dy = 0 ; Here, x=0 to 4 and z=4 to 0

Now, + + =1
 or, + =1

or, x+z+4

or, z=4-x

Now,

∮ 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥2𝑦 𝑑𝑧

= ∫ 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥

=∫ 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

=∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥2)𝑑𝑥

=[ − ] dx

= −

Path-2:

Here,

We get from the quation,

+ =1

Or, 2x+y=8

Or, y= 8-2x

Now limit for x tends to (4 to 8)

Limit for y tends to (0 to 8)

Now,

In path 2, z=0 and dz=0

 So, = ∫ −𝑦 𝑑𝑦

=[− ]

=-32

Path -3:

Here x=0, dx=0

We get from the equation,

y/8+z/4=1

or, y+2z=8 or, y=8-2z

Here the limit for y tends to (8 to 0)

and the limit for z tends to (0 to 4)

So, = ∫ −𝑦 𝑑𝑦

=[− ]

=32

Now total = − 32 + 32

Now,

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⎡𝛿 𝜕 𝜕 ⎤
∇×𝐹 =⎢ ⎥
⎢𝛿𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 ⎥
⎣ 𝑥𝑧 −𝑦 𝑥2𝑦⎦

=i(𝑥 + 0) − 𝑗(2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥) + 𝑘(0 − 0)

=𝑥 𝑖 + (𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑗
Now,

∇
n = |∇ |

=( )
√

And,

|n. k| = (1/3) (2i+j+2k).k

=2/3

Now, ∬ (𝛁 × 𝑭) × 𝒏 × 𝒅𝒔

.
=∬{(𝑥 𝑖) + (𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑗} × ×( )

1
= × (2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦) × 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦
2

= 1/2× ∬ (2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦) × 𝑑𝑦. 𝑑𝑥

= 1/2× ∫ [2𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 − ]

=1/2∫ [2𝑥 (8 − 2𝑥) + 𝑥98 − 2𝑥) − {𝑥(8 − 2𝑥)}]𝑑𝑥

=½∫ [(16𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 64𝑥 + 32𝑥 − 4𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥

=1/2∫ (−8𝑥 + 46𝑥 − 56𝑥). 𝑑𝑥

=[1/2(−8 × + 46 × − 56 × ]

=[1/2(−2𝑥 + × − 28𝑥 ]

=1/2×

=32/3

So, Verified the stokes theorem.

 Extra

Q33. Use Stokes’ Theorem to evaluate ∫C F⋅dr where F = −yzi + (4y+1)j + xyk and C is is the
circle of radius 3 at y=4 and perpendicular to the y-axis. C has a clockwise rotation if you are
looking down the y-axis from the positive y-axis to the negative y-axis. See the figure below
for a sketch of the curve.

Solution

We are going to use Stokes’ Theorem in the following direction.

∫CF⋅dr=∬S CurlF⋅dS

So, let’s first compute CurlF since that is easy enough to compute and might be useful to
have when we go to determine the surface S we’re going to integrate over.

The curl of the vector field is then,

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
CurlF=
−𝑦𝑧 4𝑦 + 1 𝑥𝑦

= xi + yj + zk – yj

= xi - 2yj + zk
Let’s get an equation for each of these. Note that for each of these if we set the equation of
the paraboloid and the plane y=4 equal we need to get the circle x2 + z2 = 9 since this is the
boundary curve that should occur at y=4

Let’s get the equation of the first paraboloid (the one that opens in the negative y direction.
We know that the equation of this paraboloid should be y=a−x2−z2 for some value of a. As
noted if we set this equal to y=4 and do some simplification we know what equation we
should get. So, let’s set the two equations equal.

or,4 = a − x2 − z2
or,x2 + z2 = a − 4
or, x2 + z2 =9
Here, a=13

As shown we know that the a−4 should be 9 and so we must have a=13. Therefore, the
equation of the paraboloid that open in the negative y direction is,

y=13−x2−z2

Next, let’s get the equation of the paraboloid that opens in the positive y direction. The
equation of this paraboloid will be in the form y=x 2+z2+a for some a. Setting this equal
to y=4 gives,

or,4=x2 +z2 +a
or,x2+z2=4−a=9
or,a=−5
The equation of the paraboloid that opens in the positive y direction is then, y=x 2+z2−5Either
of these surfaces could be used to do this problem.

Okay, let’s do this for the first surface, y=13−x2−z2. In this case, our stick figure would need
to be standing on the inside of the cup/bowl/surface. Therefore, the normal vectors on the
surface would all need to be pointed towards the region enclosed by the surface. This also
means that all the normal vectors will need to have a negative y component. Again, to
visualize this take the stick figure and move it into the region and toward the end of the
cup/bowl/surface and you’ll see it start to point more and more in the negative y direction
(and hence will have a negative y component). Note that the x and z components can be
either positive or negative depending on just where we are on the interior of the surface.

Now, let’s take a look at the first surface, y=x2+z2−5. For this surface, our stick figure would
need to be standing on the outside of the cup/bowl/surface. So, in this case, the normal
vectors would point out away from the region enclosed by the surface. These will also have a
negative y component and you can use the method we discussed in the above paragraph to
help visualize this.

We now need to start thinking about actually computing the integral. We’ll write the equation
of the surface as,

F (x,y,z) =13−x2−z2−y=0

A unit normal vector for the surface is then,

∇
n=
∥∇ ∥

⟨ , , ⟩
=
∥∇ ∥

We didn’t compute the magnitude of the gradient since we know that it will just cancel out
when we start working with the integral.

Note as well that this does have the correct orientation because the y component is negative.

Next, we’ll need to compute the following dot product.

 ⟨ , , ⟩
CurlF⋅n = ⟨x, −2(13−x2−z2),z⟩⋅
∥∇ ∥

= (2x2+2(13−x2−z2) - 2z2)
∥∇ ∥

= (26−4x2−4z2))
∥∇ ∥

Now, applying Stokes’ Theorem to the integral and converting to a “normal” double integral
gives,

∫CF⋅dr=∬S CurlF⋅dS

=∬ ((26−4x2−4z2) dS
∥𝛁𝐟∥

=∬ (26−4x2−4z2) ∥∇f∥ dA
∥𝛁𝐟∥

=∬D 26−4x2−4z2 dA

To finish this integral out then we’ll need to convert to polar coordinates using the following
polar coordinates.

x= rcosθ ; z= rsinθ and x2+z2=r2

In this case D is just the disk x2 + z2 ≤9 and so the limits for the integral are,

0 ≤ θ ≤2π
0 ≤r ≤ 3

The integral is then,

=∫ ∫ (26 − 4r )r dr dθ

=∫ ∫ (26r − 4r ) dr dθ

=∫ (13r^2 − r ) dθ

=∫ 36 dθ

=72𝜋
Q34. Evaluate ∮𝒄(𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒚 by using Green’s Theorem in the plane
𝝅 𝝅
where C is the triangle of the adjoining from ( , 𝟎) 𝒕𝒐 ,𝟏
𝟐 𝟐

Solution
According to Green’s theorem here,
𝑀 = 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 =1

Now,

∮ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

= ∫ [∫ (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦]𝑑𝑥

=∫ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥

= [− (−𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − ]

= − − (Ans)
Vector Space & Subspace, Basis,
Dimension, Linear Dependency
 Class Lecture

Q35. Let u= (2+3i, 4-i, 2i) and v= (3-2i, 5, 4-6i) Find the square of distance and norm.

Solution

Square of distance,

𝑢.⃗ 𝑣⃗=(2+3i) (3 − 2𝑖) + (4=i) (5) =2i (4 − 6𝑖)

=(2+3i) (3+2i) + (4-i) 5 + 2i (4+6i)

=6+4i+9i+6i2+20-5i+8i+12i2

=6-6-12+20+16i

=8+16i

Now Norm, 𝒖.⃗ 𝒖⃗ = (2+3i)2 + (4-i)2 + (2i)2

=4 + 9+ 16 +1+4

=34

So, Norm, ‖𝑢⃗‖ = √𝑢.⃗ √𝑢⃗

=√34

Q36. V = R . Show that W is a subspace of V where:

i. W = { (a, b, 0)} ∶ a, b ∈ R } i.e. W is the xy plane consisting of those vectors
where third component is 0 (zero);
ii. W = {(a, b, c) ∶ a + b + c = 0 } i.e. W consists of those vectors each with the
property that the sum of its components is 0 (zero).
Solution
i. 𝟎 = (0,0,0) ∈ W since the third components of 0 is 0. For any vectors
v = (a, b, 0), w = (c, d, 0) in W, and any scalars (real numbers) k and k ,
𝐤𝐯 + 𝐤 𝐰 = k(a, b, 0) + k (c, d, 0)
= (ka, kb, 0) + (k c, k d, 0)
= (ka + k c, kb + k d, 0)
Thus 𝐤𝐯 + 𝐤 𝐰 ∈ 𝐖, and so 𝐖 is a subspace of V.

ii. 𝟎 = (0,0,0) ∈ W since 0 + 0 + 0 = 0. Suppose v = (a, b, c),

w = (a , b , c ) belong to W, i.e.
𝐚 + 𝐛 + 𝐜 = 0 and a + b + c = 0. Then for any scalars k and k′,
kv + k w = k(a, b, c) + k′(a , b , c )
= (ka, kb, kc) + (k a , k b , k c )
= (ka + k a , kb + k b , kc + k c )
and furthermore,
(ka + k a ) + (kb + k b ) + (kc + k c ) = k(a + b + c) + k′(a + b + c )
= k0 + k′0
=0
Thus 𝐤𝐯 + 𝐤 𝐰 ∈ 𝐖, and so 𝐖 is a subspace of V.

Q37. Write the vector v = (1, −2, 5) as linear combination of the vectors e = (1, 1, 1), e =
(1, 2, 3) and e = (2, −1, 1).

Solution
We wish to express v as v = xe + ye + ze , with x, y and z as yet unknown scalars. Thus
we require
(1, −2, 5) = x(1, 1, 1) + y(1, 2, 3) + z(2, −1, 1)
= (x, x, x) + (y, 2y, 3y) + (2z, −z, z)
= ( x + y + 2z, x + 2y − z, x + 3y + z )
From the equivalent system of equations by setting corresponding components equal to each
other, and then reduce to echelon form:
x + y + 2z = 1 x + y + 2z = 1
x + 2y − z = −2 or y − 3z = −3 or
x + 3y + z = 5 2y − z = 4
x + y + 2z = 1
y − 3z = −3
5z = 10

Note that the above system is consistent and so has a solution. Solve for the unknowns to obtain
x = −6, y = 3, z = 2. Hence v = −6e + 3e + 2e .

Q38. Show that, two vectors u = (1, −1, 0), v = (1, 3, −1), w = (5, 3, −2) are dependent
since, for 3u + 2v – w = 0.

Solution
Here,
u = (1, −1, 0)
v = (1, 3, −1)
w = (5, 3, −2)
We showed that the vectors u = (1, −1, 0), v = (1, 3, −1), w = (5, 3, −2) are dependent
for
3u + 2v – w = 0.
Now,
(0, 0, 0) = 3(1, −1, 0) + 2(1, 3, −1) − (5, 3, −2)
= (3 + 2 – 5, −3 + 6 – 3, 0 – 2 + 2)
= (0, 0, 0)
So that the vector u, v and w are dependent.

Q39. Show that the vectors u = (6, 2, 3, 4), v = (0, 5, −3, 1) and w = (0, 0, 7, −3) are
independent. For suppose xu + yv + zw = 0, Where x, y and z are unknown scalars.

Solution

Here,
u = (6, 2, 3, 4)
v = (0, 5, −3, 1)
w = (0, 0, 7, −3)
 We showed that the vectors u = (6, 2, 3, 4), v = (0, 5, −3, 1) and w = (0, 0, 7, −3) are
independent for xu + yv + zw = 0, Where x, y and z are unknown scalars.

Now,
(0, 0, 0, 0) = x(6, 2, 3, 4) + y(0, 5, −3, 1) + z(0, 0, 7, −3)
= (6x, 2x + 5y, 3x – 3y + 7z, 4x + y – 3z)
and so, by the equality of the corresponding components,
6x = 0
2x + 5y = 0
3x − 3y + 7z = 0
4x + y − 3z = 0

The first equation yields x = 0; the second equation with x = 0yields y = 0; and the
third equation with x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. Thus
xu + yv + zw = 0 implies x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
Accordingly u, v and w are independent.

Q40. For which value of K the vector V =(1, -2, k) be a linear combinations of vectors
e1 = (3, 0, -2) , e2 = (2, -1, -5)

Solution
Suppose, V = xe + ye
((1, −2, k) = (3x, 0, −2x) + (2y , −y, −5y)
= (3x + 2y, −y, −2x − 5y)
3x + 2y = 1 So,-2(−1) − 5 ∗ 2 = k
-y = -2 2 − 10 = k
-2x − 5y = k k = −8.
Q41. Equation: Determine whether or not the following form a basis for the vector space ℝ 3
1. (1, 1, 1), (1, −1, 5), (2, 1, −2)
2. (1, 2, 3), (1, 0, −1), (3, −1, 0)
3. (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3), (2, −1, 1)
4. (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 5), (5, 3, 4)

Solution
1. (1, 1, 1), (1, −1, 5), (2, 1, −2)
The determinant of the matrix formed by these vectors is:
1 1 1
Now, |A| = 1 −1 5
2 1 −2
= 1(2 – 5) – 1(2 – 10) + 1(1 + 2)
= –3 + 8 + 3
= 8
Since the determinant is non-zero, the vectors are linearly independent.
Therefore, the set of vectors forms a basis for the vector space ℝ3.

2. (1, 2, 3), (1, 0, −1), (3, −1, 0)

The determinant of the matrix formed by these vectors is:
1 2 3
Now, |A| = 1 0 −1
3 −1 0
= 1(0 – 1) – 2(0 + 3) + 3 (– 1 – 0)
= –1 – 6 – 3
= – 10
Since the determinant is non-zero, the vectors are linearly independent.
Therefore, the set of vectors forms a basis for the vector space ℝ3.

3. (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3), (2, −1, 1)

The determinant of the matrix formed by these vectors is:
 1 1 1
Now, |A| = 1 2 3
2 −1 1
= 1(2 + 3) – 1(1 – 6) + 1 (– 1 – 4)
= 5 + 5– 5
= 5
Since the determinant is non-zero, the vectors are linearly independent.
Therefore, the set of vectors forms a basis for the vector space ℝ 3.

4. (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 5), (5, 3, 4)

The determinant of the matrix formed by these vectors is:
1 1 2
Now, |A| = 1 2 5
5 3 4
= 1(8 – 15) – 1(4 – 25) + 2(3 – 10)
= – 7 + 21 – 14
= 0
Since the determinant is zero, the vectors are linearly dependent.
These vectors cannot be a vector space because a set of vectors cannot be linearly dependent
and form a basis for the vector space ℝ3 at the same time.

Home Work

Q42. Let V = R show that W is not a subspace of V where:

i. W = { ( a, b, c ) ∶ a ≥ 0 }, i.e. W consists of those vectors whose first component is
nonnegative;
ii. W = { (a, b, c ) ∶ a + b + c ≤ 1 }, i.e. W consists of those vectors whose length does
not exceed 1;
iii. W = { (a, b, c) ∶ a, b, c ∈ Q }, i.e. W consists of those vectors whose first components
are rational numbers.
Solution
i. 𝐯 = (1,2,3) ∈ W and k = −5 ∈ 𝐑. But kv = −5(1,2,3) = (−5, −10, −15) does not
belong to W since −5 is negative.
Hence W is not a subspace of V.

ii. 𝐯 = (1,0,0) ∈ W and w = (0,1,0) ∈ W. But v + w = (1,0,0) + (0,1,0) = (1,1,0)

does not belong to W since 1 + 1 + 0 = 2 > 1.
Hence W is not a subspace of V.

iii. 𝐯 = (1,2,3) ∈ W and k = √2 ∈ 𝐑. But kv = √2 (1,2,3) = (√2, 2√2, 3√2) does not
belong to W since its components are not rational numbers.
Hence W is not a subspace of V.

Q43. Write the vector v = (2, −5, 3) in R as linear combination of the vectors e =
(1, −3, 2), e = (2, −4, −1), and e = (1, −5, 7).

Solution
Set v as a linear combination of the e using the unknowns x, y and z: v = xe + ye + ze
(2, −5, 3) = x(1, −3, 2) + y(2, −4, −1) + z(1, −5, 7)
= (x + 2y + z, − 3x – 4y − 5z, 2x − y + 7z)
From the equivalent system of equations and reduce to echelon form:
x + 2y + z = 2 x + 2y + z = 2
−3x − 4y − 5z = −5 or 2y − 2z = 1 or
2x − y + 7z = 3 −5y + 5z = −1
x + 2y + z = 2
2y − 2z = 1
0 = 3
The system is inconsistent and so has no solution. Accordingly, v can not be written as a linear
combination of the vectors e , e and e .

.
Q44. Find condition on a, b, c so that the vector V = (a, b, c) be a linear combination of
vectors e1 = (2, 1, 0), e2 = (1, −1, 2), e3 = (0, 3, −4)

Solution
Set (a, b, c) as a linear combination of e1, e2 and e3 using unknown x, y and z: (a, b, c) =
ue1 + ye2 + ze3
(a, b, c) = x((2, 1, 0) + y(1, −1, 2) + z(0, 3, −4)
= (2x + y, x – y + 3z, 2y – 4z)
From the equivalent system of linear equation and reduce it to echelon form:

2x + y = a 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎
x – y + 3z = b or 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 𝑎 – 2𝑏 or
2y – 4z = c 2𝑦 – 4𝑧 = 𝑐
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎
3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 𝑎 − 2𝑏
2𝑎 – 4𝑏 – 3𝑐 = 0

The vector (a, b, c) belongs to the space generated by e1, e2 and e3 if and only if the above
system is consistent, and it is consistent if and only if 2a – 4b – 3c =0. Note in Particular, that
e1, e2 and e3 do not generate the whole space R3.

Q45. Determine whether or not u and v are linearly dependent if

1. u = (3, 4), v = (1, −3)

2. u = (2, −3), v = (6, −9)

3. u = (4, 3, −2), v = (2, −6, 7)

4. u = (−4, 6, −2), v = (2, −3, 1)

5. u = 2 − 5t + 6t − t

v = 3 + 2t − 4t + 5t

Solution
Two vectors u and v are dependent if and only if one is a multiple of the other.
(i) No.
(ii) Yes; for v = 3u.
(iii) No
(iv) Yes; for u = −2v.
(v) No
Q46. Determine whether or not the following vectors are linearly dependent-
1. (1, −2, 1), (2, 1, −1), (7, −4, 1)
2. (1, 2, −3), (1, −3, 2), (2, −1, 5)
3. (2, −3, 7), (0, 0, 0), (3, −1, −4)

Solution
1. It is required to determine whether the following set of vectors is linearly dependent:
{(1, −2, 1), (2, 1, −1), (7, −4, 1)}
1 −2 1
Now, |A| = 2 1 −1
7 −4 1
= 1(1 – 4) + 2(2 + 7) + 1 (– 8 – 7)
= – 3 + 18 – 15
= 0
Since the value of the determinant is zero, therefore the given set of vectors is linearly
dependent.

2. It is required to determine whether the following set of vectors is linearly

dependent: {(1, 2, −3), (1, −3, 2), (2, −1, 5)}
1 2 −3
Now, |A| = 1 −3 2
2 −1 5
= 1 (– 15 + 2) – 2(5 – 4) – 3 (– 1 + 6)
= – 13 – 2 – 15
= – 30 ≠ 0
Since the value of the determinant is non-zero, therefore the given set of vectors is not
linearly dependent.

3. (2, -3, 7), (0, 0, 0), (3, -1, -4)

The determinant of the matrix formed by these vectors is:
2 −3 7
Now, |A| = 0 0 0
3 −1 −4
= 2(0 – 0) + 3(0 – 0) + 7(0 – 0) =0
Since the value of the determinant is zero, therefore the given set of vectors is linearly
dependent.

Therefore, the answer is:

1. Linearly dependent.
2. Linearly independent.
3. Linearly dependent.

Extra

Q47. Find the dimension and a basis of the solution space W of the system :
X + 2Y + 2Z – S + 3T = 0
X + 2Y + 3Z + S + T = 0
3X + 6Y + 8Z + S + 5T = 0

Solution
Consider the system of linear equations
X + 2Y + 2Z – S + 3T = 0
X + 2Y + 3Z + S + T = 0
3X + 6Y + 8Z + S + 5T = 0

Write the augmented matrix of the system

1 2 2 −1 3 0
1 2 3 1 10
3 6 8 1 50

R2 - R1 & R3 – 3R1
1 2 2 −1 3 0
0 0 1 2 −2 0
0 0 2 4 −4 0
R1 – 2R2 & R3 – 2R1
1 2 0 −5 7 0
0 0 1 2 −2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0

From this the obtained equations are –

x + 2y – 5s + 7t = 0 and z + 2s – 2t = 0
Here, y, s and t are free variables.
So choose y = m, s = k, t = l where k, l, m are any parameters.
Then, x = -2m + 5k – 7l, z = -2k + 2l
Therefore, the solution is –
x −2m + 5k − 7l −2 5 −7
⎡y⎤ ⎡ m ⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡0⎤ ⎡0⎤
⎢ ⎥
X = ⎢z⎥ = ⎢ −2k + 2l ⎥ = m ⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥ + k ⎢⎢−2⎥⎥ + ⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥
⎢s⎥ ⎢ k ⎥ ⎢0⎥ ⎢1⎥ ⎢0⎥
⎣t⎦ ⎣ l ⎦ ⎣0⎦ ⎣0⎦ ⎣1⎦
−2 5 −7
⎧⎡ ⎫
⎪ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤⎪
Hence the basis of the solution space is ⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
0 ⎥ , ⎢−2⎥ . ⎢ 0 ⎥ And thus, the dimension is 3.
⎨⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥⎬
⎪ ⎪
⎩⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦⎭
Eigen’s Values, Eigen’s Vector,
Cayley–Hamilton Theorem
 Class Lecture

1 4
Q48. Let A=
2 3
(i) Find all eigen values of A and corresponding eigen vector
(ii) Find an invertize matrix P such that P-1AP is diagonal

Solution
1 4
(i) Here, A=
2 3
The characteristic matrix tI – A of A
𝑡 0 1 4
tI – A = -
0 𝑡 2 3
𝑡 − 1 −4
=
−2 𝑡 − 3
The characteristics polynomial ∆(t) of A is its determinant
𝑡 − 1 −4
∆(t) = |𝑡𝐼 − 𝐴| =
−2 𝑡 − 3
= (t-1) (t-3) – 8
= t2 - 4t + 3 - 8
= t2 – 4t – 5
= t2 – 5t + t – 5
= t(t-5) + 1(t-5)
= (t-5) (t+1)
Thus the root of the polynomial i.e. t = 5, -1
Therefore, eigen value are 5 & -1

For t = 5
𝑥
(𝑡𝐼 − 𝐴) 𝑦 = 0

𝑡 − 1 −4 𝑥
𝑦 =0
−2 𝑡 − 3
4 −4 𝑥
−2 2 𝑦 =0
4x – 4y = 0
-2x + 2y=0
x-y = 0
The system has only one independent solution.
 Example: x = 1, y = 1
1
Thus, eigen vectors is
1
V= (1, 1)
For t = -1
−2 −4 𝑥
−2 −4 𝑦 =0
-2x – 4y = 0
-2x – 4y = 0
X+ 2y = 0
X = 2 , Y = -1
Thus eigen vector is W=(2, -1) (Ans.)

(ii) P is a matrix that formed by eigen vector

With arranging by column
1 2
P=
1 −1
𝑎 𝑏
B=
𝑐 𝑑
-1 𝑑 −𝑏
B =
−𝑎 𝑎
−1 −2
p-1 = -
−1 1
=

Now,
1 4 1 2
P-1AP =
2 3 1 −1
+ 1 2
=
1 −1
1 2
=
1 −1
+
=
5 0
= (Ans.)
0 −1
Complex Variables
 Class Lecture

Q49. Prove that u=e (xsiny − ycosy) is hormonic.

Solu on
𝑑𝑢
= (𝑒 )(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) + (−𝑒 )(𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦

= (𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 +𝑦𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦

=−2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑦𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 …………………………………….(1)

𝑑𝑢
=𝑒 (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑
= (𝑥𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= −𝑥𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ………………………………(2)
Adding (1) and (2),

+ = 𝑥𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 += −𝑥𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦

=0

Since + =0 So, u is harmonic. (proved.)

Q50. u=𝑒 (𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦) Find v such that f(z)=u+iv is analytic.

Solution

From the Cauchy–Riemann equations,

= =𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 –x𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦………………………..(1)

=− =𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 … … … … … … … … … (2)
Integrate (1) with respect to y, keeping x constant. Then

v = −𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑒 (𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦) + 𝐹(𝑥)

= 𝑦𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝐹(𝑥) (3)

where F(x) is an arbitrary real function of x.

Substitute (3) into (2) and obtain

−𝑦𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝐹 (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦

or F’(x)=0 and F(x)=c, a constant, Then, from (3),

𝑣=𝑒 (𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦) + 𝑐 (Ans.)

Q51. Find the values of constant a , b , c such that the function f(z) = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 +
𝑖(𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 ) is analytic.

Solution
Let u = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦
ν = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦

= 2𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦

= 𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑦

= 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦

= 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦

If f(Z) is analytic then,

2𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 …………….(1)
𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑦 = −(2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦)…………..(2)
From equation (1),
2𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
or x(2 – d) + y(a – 2) = 0
𝑑 = 2, 𝑎 = 2
From equation (2),
𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑦 = −(2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦)
 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
or x(a + 2c) + y(2b + d) = 0
c = -1, b = -1
so 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −1, 𝑐 = −1, 𝑑 = 2.
(Ans.)

𝐳
Q52. Evaluate ∮ where C is any simple closed curve C and z=a is
𝐳 𝐚

a) outside C, b) inside C.

Solution

(a) If a is outside C, then f(z) = is analytical everywhere inside and on C.

( )
𝒅𝐳
Hence by Cauchy’s theorem, ∮𝑪 = 0.
𝐳 𝐚

(b) Suppose a is inside C and let ᴦ be a circle of radius

𝜖 with center at z = a so that ᴦ is inside C[this can
done since z = is an interior point].
Hence,
𝐳 𝐳
∮ = ∮ᴦ (1)
𝐳 𝐚 𝐳 𝐚
Now on ᴦ, |z-a| = 𝜖 or z-a=𝜖𝑒 ,
i.e. z=a+𝜖𝑒 , 0≤ 𝜃 < 2𝜋. Thus since dz = i 𝜖𝑒 d 𝜃 ,
the right side of (1) becomes
𝟐𝝅 𝒊𝝐𝒆𝒊𝜽 𝟐𝝅
∫𝜽 𝟎 𝝐𝒆𝒊𝜽
d 𝜃 = 𝒊 ∫𝟎 𝒅𝜽 = 2 𝝅𝒊
which is the required value.
Q53. Evaluate 𝑑𝑧 where c is circle with |z| =

Solution

Let f(z) =

Poles of f(z) are given by

Z – 1= 0
Z=1
Since the poles z = 1 lie outside the circle C, hence f(z) is analytic within and on C. Also
continuous at each point within and on C.

By applying Cauchy's theorem, we get ∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 0

sin 𝜋 𝑧 + cos 𝜋 𝑧
𝐐𝟓𝟒. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 : 𝑑𝑧 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 |𝑧| = 3
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2)

Solution

∴ ( )( )
=( )
− ( )

We have,

∮ ( )( )
𝑑𝑧 = ∮ ( )
𝑑𝑧 - ∮ ( )
𝑑𝑧

By Chauchy’s integral formula with a = 2 and a =1 respectively,we have

∮ ( )
𝑑𝑧 =2𝜋𝑖𝑓(2) = 2𝜋𝑖 (sin 𝜋2 + cos 𝜋 2 )= 2𝜋𝑖

∮ ( )
𝑑𝑧 =2𝜋𝑖𝑓(1) = 2𝜋𝑖 (sin 𝜋1 + cos 𝜋 1 )= −2𝜋𝑖

∮ ( )
𝑑𝑧 - ∮ ( )
𝑑𝑧 =2𝜋𝑖 –(-2𝜋𝑖)=4 𝜋𝑖

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 : 𝟒𝝅𝒊

 Home Work

Q55. 𝑤 = 𝜙(𝜘, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦) represent the complex potential for an electric field.

𝜓=𝜘 −𝑦 + Determine the function ∅.

Solution

Given 𝜓 =𝜘 −𝑦 +

= = 2𝑦 − ( )
……….(1)

=− = −2𝑥 + ( )
- ………..(2)

Integrate (1) w.r.t x keeping y as constant,

2𝑥𝑦
𝜙 = −2𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 𝑦 )

= - 2xy + + F(y)-------------------(3)

= −2𝑥 − + + 𝐹 (y)…………..(4)

Substitute (4) in equation (2)

-2x + ( )
− = −2𝑥 − + + 𝐹 (y)

Or 𝐹 (y) = ( )
+ -

=0

𝐹 (y) = 0
F(y) = c

𝜙 = - 2xy + +c (Ans.)
𝐐𝟓𝟔. 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 3𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑦 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑡.

Solution
Let, u = 3x y + 2x − y − 2y

= 6𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥

= 6𝑦 + 4 ……………………. ○
1

= 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 4𝑦

= − 6𝑦 − 4 …………………….. ○
2

Adding equation ○
1 and ○
2 we get,

+ = 6𝑦 + 4 − 6𝑦 − 4

= 0

Thus, 3𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑦 is harmonic. (Proved)

Q57. Show that f(z) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 sinh 𝑦 is continuous as well as analytic
everywhere.

Solution
If f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)
u(x, y) = sinx coshy and v(x, y) = cosx sinhy
u, v both are rational functions of x and y, whose denominators are non-zero for all values of
x and y. Therefore u and v are both continuous everywhere.
Therefore, f(z) = u + iv is also continuous .
u = sinx coshy

= cosx cosh y = -sinx sinh y

v = cosx sinh y

= cosx cosh y = - sinx sinh y

The four partial derivatives are rational functions of x and y with non zero denominators for
all value of x, y. therefore, they are continuous everywhere.

Also here, = and =−

and c-r equation are satisfied. So f(z) function is analytic everywhere. [showed]

Q58. Show that 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦 is harmonic. Find it harmonic conjugate.

Solution
Given 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑦

= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑦

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑦

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑦

+ = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦 = 0

Here + = 0. So function is harmonic.

(𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐝)
Now, Lets v be it’s harmonic conjugate, then we have,

𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 + dy

= 𝑑𝑥 + dy [∵ = & = ]

𝑑𝑣 = (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦)𝑑𝑦

∫ 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

𝑣 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦 + 𝑐 where c is real constant
∴ 𝑣 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦 + 𝑐.
(Ans.)
 Extra
Q59. Prove that 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 1 . Satisfies the laplace equation.

Solution

= 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 6𝑥 + 2

= 6𝑥 + 6

= −6𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦

= −6𝑥 − 6

+ = 0.

So 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 1 satisfy the laplace equation.

Q60. Proved that f(z) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ y is analytic everywhere.

Solution
f(z) = u + iv
u = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ y

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑦

v = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑦

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑦 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑦

Here,

= and =−

So f(z) function is analytic everywhere [Proved].

Q61. Check 3𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥 – 𝑦 – 2𝑦 is harmonic or not.

Solution
Let, u = 3𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥 – 𝑦 – 2𝑦

= 6𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥

= 6𝑦 + 4 ……………………. ○
1

= 3𝑥2 − 1 − 4𝑦

= - 4 …………………….. ○
2

Adding equation ○
1 and ○
2 we get,

+ = 6𝑦 + 4 − 4

=6y

Thus, 3𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥 – 𝑦 – 2𝑦 is not harmonic. [ Proved ]

Q61. Find the values of constant a, b, c such that the function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 +
𝑖(𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 ) is analytic.

Solution:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥2 − 𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦2
𝜈 = 𝑐𝑥2 + 𝑑𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2

= 2𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦

= −𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑦

= 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦

= 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦
If f(Z) is analytic then,
2𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑑 = 2, 𝑎 = −2
−𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑦 = −(2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦)
c = -1, b = -1
𝑆𝑜 𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = −1, 𝑐 = −1, 𝑑 = 2

Q62. Prove that 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 1 . Satisfies the laplace equation and

find 𝑣.

Solution
Given 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 1 .

= 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 6𝑥 + 2

= 6𝑥 + 6

= −6𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦

= −6𝑥 − 6

+ = 0. 𝑆𝑜 𝑢 satisfy the laplace equation.

Lets v be it’s harmonic conjugate, then we have,

𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑣 = (6𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 6𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑦

Integrating, v = 3𝑥 y - 𝑦 + 2y +c where c is real constant. (Ans)