Instruction: For the MCQ please note that the thirty questio I mark.

You are to carefully study the initial

(stem) statement and decide whether statements

true or false and indicate your answer by writing 1 or F to the left of each option. For each c

will be awarded one mark, if an option is left unanswered, no mark will be awarded bu

answer mark will be deducted, therefore, do not guess.

1. Function and process

a) The function of a physiological system answers the "why" question

b) The why approach in physiology is called teleological

c) Process is not related to function

d) The mechanistic approach does not examine the process

e) It is possible to understand process without understanding function

2. Internal and external environments

a) Claude Bernard was the first to coin 'internal environment

( b) External environment surrounds mülticellular organisms

c) Internal environment surrounds unicellular organisms

d) Internal environment is maintained within very wide limits

e) Departures from optimal plasma glucose concentration may result in diseases

3. Homeostasis

a) Is the maintenance of steady states.

b) Walter Cannon coined the word "homeostasis

c) Is achieved by non coordinated physiological mechanisms

d) Only deviations in the too high are sensed.

e) If blood glucose concentration is too high, insulin is released

4. Feedback mechanisms

a) Feedback is a flow of information along a closed loop.

b) With negative feedback, the effector opposes the change.

c) In feed-forward, the regulated variable is sensed.

d) Regulation of plasma Na is an example of positive feedback

e) Positive feedback can lead to a vicious cycle

5. Solutes and solutions

a) Concentration is the amount of solute per unit volume of a solution

b) Molecular mass of glucose is 180 Da

c) Numbers of solute ions are given in moles

d) An equivalent is molarity of an ion times number of ions

e) A milliequivalent is 1/1000 of an equivalent

6.Cell organelles and functions

a) Centrosome-Organize spindle fibers and distributes chromosomes

b) Nucleolus-Produces rRNA for ribosomes

c) Peroxisomes-Contains genetic code

d) Lysosomes-Contain detoxifying enzymes

e) Vacuoles - Store and release various substances within the cytoplasm

7. Tissue remodeling

a) Cell birth, growth and death continue throughout life

b) In necrosis, cells die from toxins or lack of oxygen

c) In apoptosis, cells swell and rupture

d) A red area of skin surrounding a scab is an example of apoptosis

e) Apoptosis occurs during fetal development

8. Plasma membrane

a) The lipid bilayer theory is deficient in explaining selective movements

b) The fluid mosaic theory is more comprehensive

c) Lipids participate in ion channel formation

d) Cholesterol forms pores

e) Integral proteins contribute to structural integrity

9. Transport mechanisms

a) Carrier-mediated transport involves use of protein carriers

b) Facilitated diffusion is an example of carrier-mediated transport

c) Simple diffusion is a form of active transport

d) Passive transport is movement from lower to higher concentrations

e) Water diffusion is aided by aquaporins

10. Secondary active transport

a) is an "uphill" transport

b) Derives energy from "down hill" transport of Na"

c) Symport involves movement of other molecules in opposite direction

d) Countertransport involves use of carrier proteins

e) Is coupled transport
11. Active transport

a) Is movement of molecules against their concentration gradient

b) Requires expenditure of cellular energy

c) Occurs from higher to lower concentrations

d) Cyanide cannot stop it

e) Primary active transport carriers are called pumps

12. Enzymes and carrier proteins

a) Exhibit specificity

b) Exhibit competition

c) Are not saturable

d) Have no transport maximum

e) Adjust transport rate to the concentration of transported molecules

13. Carrier-mediated transport

a) Occurs down a concentration gradient

b) Can be passive

c) Facilitated osmosis is an example

d) Active diffusion transport is an example

e) Shares characteristics with enzyme activity

14. Tonicity

a) is the effect of a solution on the osmotic movement of water

b) Isoosmotic solution is not necessarily isotonic

c) A 0.3m urea solution is isotonic

d) Solutions with lower solute concentration are hypo-osmotic to serum Red blood cells placed in
hypotonic solutions would hemolyse

15. Osmolality

a) Osmotic pressure depends on ratio of solute to solvent

b) Osmotic pressure does not depend on the chemical nature of the solutes

c) Is the partial molality of a solution

d) 360 g/L. glucose solution has a concentration of 2.0 m and 0.2 Osm e) 1.0 m NaCl has a total
concentration of 2.0 Osm

16. Osmosis

a) is net diffusion of solvent across the membrane

b) Osmotically active solutes cannot easily cross the membrane

c) Partial pressure gradient is a requisite factor

d) Cannot be prevented by an opposing force

e) Unlike animal cells, plant cells may not burst if placed in pure water

17. Rate of diffusion

a) Is measured by the number of diffusing molecules

b) is affected by temperature

c) Is not affected by the "steepness" of the concentration gradient

d) Is dependent on the tonicity of the difussing molecules Is primarily affected by selective permeability
of the membrane
18. Selective permeability of plasma membrane

a) Plasma membrane is not permeable to proteins

b) Plasma membrane is not permeable to nucleic acids

c) Plasma membrane is not permeable to nutrients

d) Plasma membrane is not permeable to waste products Te) Plasma membrane is selectively permeable
to certain ions

19. Proteins in the cell membrane

a) Are the second major component

b) Are equal in proportion to lipids in the cell membrane

c) Intrinsic proteins are embedded in the cytoplasm

d) Integral proteins do not traverse the lipid bilayer

e) Many peripheral proteins are enzymes

20. Lipid microdomains

a) Are formed by aggregates of sphingolipids and cholesterol

b) Caveolin is present in a subset of lipid rafts

c) Lipid rafts do not mediate assembly of membrane receptors

d) Intracellular signaling proteins are lipid complexes

e) Lipid rafts mediate sorting of plasma membrane proteins

21. Cholesterol in plasma membranes

a) Increase in cholesterol causes decrease in plasma membrane fluidity

b) Proportion varies from 10-50% of total lipids

c) Has a flexible structure for cell membrane flexibility

d) Increases mobility of natural lipids in the plane of the membrane

e) Has a stabilizing function on the cell membrane

22. Glycolipids in plasma membrane

a) Proteins associate with the sugar moiety of glycolipids

b) Are located in the outer half of the lipid bilayer

c) Contain sugar and phosphoric acid derivatives

d) Have sugar molecules facing the intracellular fluid

e) Confer rigidity on the cell membrane

23. Phospholipids in plasma membrane

a) Their carboxyl group is hydrophilic

b) Are the most abundant complex lipds

c) They are not abundant im brain cells

d) The polar beads are on the inside of the cell membrane

e) They are amphipathic

24. Stem cells

a) Totipotent cells can differientiate into any and all kinds of specialized cells

b) An isolated pluripotent cell cannot develop into an organism

c) Pluripotent cells can develop into all types of cells

d) Multipotent adult stem cells are not found in bone marrow

e) Embryos are rich sources of stem cells

25. Hydrogen ions

a) H in the body come from separation of water molecules

b) The concentration in body fluids determines the body's acidity

c) Ammonia is not a buffering system

d) Eating acidic foods leads to body fluids acidity

e) Bicarbonate ion is an important buffer system in the body.

26. Cellular receptors

a) Are protein molecules

b) Are located on the plasma membrane

c) Are located in the cytoplasm

d) Are located in the nucleus

e) Bind to ligands

27) Plasma membrane receptors

a) Protrude from external surface of the membrane only

b) Are not attached to integral proteins

c) Do not bind hormones

d) Do not bind neurotransmitters

e) Do not bind infectious agents

28. Extracellular matrix

a) Is made up of fibrous proteins

b) Is like glue

c) Provides a pathway for diffusion of nutrients

d) Contains glycoproteins
e) Allows movement of wastes

29. Cell adhesion molecules

a) Are cell-surface proteins

b) Bind cells to adjacent cells only

c) Do not bind cells to extracellular matrix

d) Cadherins are examples

e) Integrins are examples

30. Specialized cell junctions

a) Hold cells together

b) Disallow passage of molecules from cell to cell

c) Tight junctions are not barriers to diffusion

d) Gap junctions allow movement of small molecules

e) Ensure structural integrity of the tissues

*31.Cells and its organeller

a) The unchanged hydrophobic portion of protein are usually located in the interior of the membrane
while the charged hydrophobic portion are on the surface T

b) The human mitochondria DNA is a single stranded circular molecule containing 16, 589 base pairs F

c) In lysosome, ribonuclease digest RNA while collagenase digest protein T

d)Microtubules are made up of 2 tubular protein subunits (the alpha and beta tubulin ) T

e) Microfilaments are long solid fibres about 4-6nm and are made up of actin T