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Heterodyne Receivers and Its Components

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16 views12 pages

Heterodyne Receivers and Its Components

Uploaded by

tamal ghosh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Heterodyne Receivers and

its Components

Heterodyne Receiver
In a heterodyne receiver the received signal from
an antenna is down converted from RF signal to
intermediate frequency. Win is not equal to WLO.
The basic structure of heterodyne receiver is
shown below. There is an antenna connected to
the receiver, we have RF filter for selecting our
band and it is connected to the RF low noise
amplifier and mixer for the down conversion.
These blocks are called the front end of the
receiver. At the end of the mixer we have
intermediate frequency, after which additional
amplification and filtering in IF part. These filters
can be SAW filter or passive filter with active
elements as it in high frequency.
The components of heterodyne receivers includes
antenna which is used on a filter to select desired
band. Imagine that this is a GSM receiver so we
can select the band of GSM with all channels. Then
comes the RF amplifier which is basically a low
noise amplifier, as the incoming signal is weak due
to attenuation in the environment, the receiver RF
signal is amplified. Mixer is used along with local
oscillator for down conversion as we talked before
in the section ‘Down conversion for RF Receivers’.
Frequency of a given signal is shifted when it is
multiplied with another sinusoidal signal called
carrier wave. The local oscillator provides the
carrier wave and both the input and carrier signals
are mixed in a mixer and passed on to the low
pass filter to attenuate the high frequency signal.
In frequency domain the spectrum can be shown,
where Wlo & -Wlo is carrier wave. The local oscillator
produces carrier wave cos(wlot). So mixing these
two signals we can show one of the channels
where we get four kinds of signals after done
conversion. An IF filter which can be a low pass
filter is used to get rid of high frequency signals.
Channel selection is also happening in this part of
the receiver. Now we have been able to produce IF
signal or shift over signal from RF to IF. The
channel is sent for demodulation to get the data
for example if it’s a digital modulation we have to
demodulate to get our data. It is in IF and we need
to bring it to baseband.

How does a heterodyne receiver


cover a frequency band?
Method 1: There are two methods in order to
down convert. In the first method the LO frequency
is constant, and each RF channel is down
converted to a different IF channel. Let’s say we
have to down convert for all these given channels
and our band is RF.
In this first method WLO is constant and we are not
changing it. When all the channels within RF is
mixed with WLO, they will be down converted to
different kind of intermediate frequency as shown
in the below figure. The channels within RF range
from Wch1 to Wchn and in IF it ranges from WIF1 to WIFn.
We can find WIF with down conversion as WIF1 =
Wch1 – WLO. As it can be seen from the equations
that WLO is always constant. We need a tuneable
filter to choose each of these channels in IF. So we
need a high Q band pass filter with a tuning part
covering the range of IF. In this case an IF filter
with variable center frequency to choose desired
channel will work.
Method 2: In the second method the LO
frequency is variable, so that all the RF channels
within the band are translated to a single value.

Each channel within RF receives different


WLO ranging from WLO1 to WLOn. We reach to the
equation with same WIF as shown in the figure
below, so all will be translated to a single IF value.
We will have only one part for this channel.
Therefore, in this method by changing WLO,
different RF signals will be down converted to the
same IF.
This method is challenging as sometimes
designing a tuneable oscillator is difficult.
Sometimes it is preferred to have tuneable filters
rather than tuneable oscillator because tuneable
oscillator is working in RF frequency and
sometimes it’s hard to tune but the filter is IF filter
and it’s easy to design, not in high frequency and
can be tuned in wider range.

Learn more about this topic by taking the


complete course ‘RF System Design of
Receivers, Transmitters & Transceivers –
RAHRF409’. Watch the course videos for
more detailed understanding. Also
checkout other courses on RF system and IC
design on https://rahsoft.com/courses/.
Rahsoft also provides a certificate on Radio
Frequency. All the courses offer step by
step approach.
Tag:Down conversion, Heterodyne
Receiver, Local oscillator, Mixer
 Share:

Sanchita Sarkar, Ata Sarrafinazhad, Ahsan


Ghoncheh
Previous post
Down Conversion in RF Receiver
August 20, 2021
Next post
Image rejection in Heterodyne Receiver
August 21, 2021
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