DIABETES AND EXERCISE

CONTENT
AIM OF THE PROJECT

INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF DIABETES

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

CAUSES

DIAGNOSIS

PREVENTION

MANAGEMENT

VISITING A DOCTOR

EXERCISE CURES DIABETES

CONCLUSION: CARE AND PREVENTION

BIBLOGRAPHY

AIM OF THE PROJECT

To study about diabetes mellitus

It is a disease, in which the body's ability to produce

or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired,
resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates
and elevated levels of glucose in the blood

The universal symbol of diabetes

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as
diabetes,is a group of metabolic disorders in which
there are high bloodsugar levels over a prolonged
period.
Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent
urination,increased thirst, and increased hunger.
If left untreated, diabetes can cause many
complications .
Acute complications can include diabetic
ketoacidosis,hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or
death.Serious long-term complications include
cardiovascular disease,stroke, chronic kidney
disease, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.
Specialty - Endocrinology
Symptoms - Frequent urination, increased thirst,
increased hunger
Complications - Diabetic ketoacidosis , nonketotic
hyperosmolar coma, heartdisease, stroke, chronic
kidney failure, foot ulcers.
Diagnostic method - High blood sugar
Treatment - Healthy diet, physical exercise
Medication - Insulin, metformin
Frequency - 415 million (8.5%)
Deaths - 1.5–5.0 million per year

TYPES OF DIABETES
Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing
enough insulin or the cells of the body not
responding properly to the insulin produced.
There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:

Type 1 DM results from the pancreas's failure to

produce enough insulin . This form was previously
referred to as "insulindependent diabetes mellitus"
(IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes". The cause is
unknown.
Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance, a
condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin
properly. As the disease progresses a lack of insulin
may also develop. This form was previously referred
to as "non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus"
(NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes". The most
common cause is excessive body weight and not
enough exercise.
Gestational diabetes is the third main form and
occurs when pregnant women without a previous
history of diabetes develop high blood sugar levels.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are

weight loss,increased urination, increased thirst, and
increased hunger. Symptoms may develop rapidly
(weeks or months) in type 1 DM, while they usually
develop much more slowly and may be subtle or
absent in type 2 DM. Several other signs and
symptoms can mark the onset of diabetes although
they are not specific to the disease. In addition to the
known ones above, they include blurry vision,
headache, fatigue, slow healing of cuts, and itchy
skin. Prolonged high blood glucose can cause
glucose absorption in the lens of the eye, which
leads to changes in its shape, resulting in vision
changes. A number of skin rashes that can occur in
diabetes are collectively known as diabetic
dermadromes.
CAUSES
Type 1
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of
the insulin-producing betacells of the pancreatic
islets, leading to insulin deficiency. This type can be
further classified as immune-mediated or idiopathic.
The majority of type 1diabetes is of the immune-
mediated nature, in which a T cellmediated
autoimmune attack leads to the loss of beta cells
and thus insulin. Most affected people are otherwise
healthy and of a healthy weight when onset occurs.
Sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin are usually
normal, especially in the early stages. Type 1
diabetes can affect children or adults, but was
traditionally termed "juvenile diabetes" because a
majority of these diabetes cases were in children.

Type 2
Type 2 DM is primarily due to lifestyle factors and
genetics. A number oflifestyle factors are known to
be important to the development of type 2
DM,including obesity, lack ofphysical activity, poor
diet, stress, and urbanization. Excess body fat is
associated with 30% of cases in those of Chinese
and Japanese descent, 60–80% of cases in those of
European and African descent, and 100% of
PimaIndians and Pacific Islanders.
Even those who are not obese often have ahigh
waist–hip ratio.

Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) resembles type
2 DM in several respects,involving a combination of
relatively inadequate insulin secretion and
responsiveness. It occurs in about 2–10% of all
pregnancies and may improve or disappear after
delivery.

DIAGNOSIS
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or
persistent high blood sugar,and is diagnosed by
demonstrating any one of the following:

 Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/l (126

mg/dl)
 Plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) two
hours after a 75 g oral glucose load as in a glucose
tolerance test
 Symptoms of high blood sugar and casual plasma
glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l(200 mg/dl)
  Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) ≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥
6.5 DCCT %).
A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal high
blood sugar, should be confirmed by a repeat of any
of the above methods on a different day.
It is preferable to measure a fasting glucose level
because of the ease of measurement and the
considerable time commitment of formal glucose
tolerance testing, which takes two hours to complete
and offers no prognostic advantage over the fasting
test.
According to the current definition, two fasting
glucose measurements above 126 mg/dl (7.0
mmol/l) is considered diagnostic for diabetes
mellitus

PREVENTION
There is no known preventive measure for type 1
diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes – which accounts for 85-90% of all

cases – can often be prevented or delayed by
maintaining a normal body weight, engaging in
physical activity, and consuming a healthful diet.
Higher levels of physical activity (more than 90
minutes per day) reduce the risk of diabetes by
28%.Dietary changes known to be effective in
helping to prevent diabetes include maintaining a
diet rich in whole grains and fiber, and choosing
good fats, such as the polyunsaturated fats found in
nuts, vegetable oils, and fish.

Limiting sugary beverages and eating less red meat

and other sources of saturated fat can also help
prevent diabetes. Tobacco smoking is also
associated with an increased risk of diabetes and its
complications, so smoking cessation can be an
important preventive measure as well.

The relationship between type 2 diabetes and the

main modifiable risk factors (excess weight,
unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and tobacco use)
is similar in all regions of the world.
There is growing evidence that the underlying
determinants of diabetes are a reflection of the
major forces driving social, economic and cultural
change: globalization,
urbanization, population aging, and the general
health policy environment.

MANAGEMENT
 Lifestyle People with diabetes can benefit
from education about the disease and treatment,
good nutrition to achieve a normal body weight,
and exercise, with the goal of keeping both
short-term and long-term blood glucose levels
within acceptable bounds
 Medications Medications used to treat
diabetes do so by lowering blood sugar levels.
There are a number of different classes of anti-
diabetic medications. Some are available by
mouth, such as metformin, while others are only
available by injection such as GLP-1 agonists.
Type 1 diabetes can only be treated with insulin,
typically with a combination of regular and NPH
insulin, or synthetic insulin analogs.
  Surgery A pancreas transplant is occasionally
considered for people with type 1 diabetes who
have severe complications of their disease,
including end stage kidney disease requiring
kidney transplantation.
 Support In countries using a general
practitioner system, such as the United
Kingdom, care may take place mainly outside
hospitals, with hospital-based specialist care
used only in case of complications, difficult blood
sugar control, or research projects. In other
circumstances, general practitioners and
specialists share care in a team approach.
Home telehealth support can be an effective
management technique.

VISITING A DOCTOR
You should definitely see a specialist if you have
developed complications. Diabetes typically causes
problems with the eyes, kidney, and nerves. In
addition, it can cause deformity and open sores on
the feet.
Diabetes complications only get worse with time,
and can cause you to miss out on quality of life. In
addition, you should see a specialist if you are
having frequent low blood sugars (hypoglycemia) or
have ever had severe low blood sugar or diabetic
ketoacidosis.

EXERCISES FOR DIABETES

1. Aerobic Exercise:

Examples: Walking, cycling, swimming, jogging.

Duration: At least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity
activity per week.

2. Strength Training:
Examples: Weightlifting, resistance band exercises,
bodyweight exercises.
Frequency: 2–3 times per week.

3. Flexibility and Balance Exercises:

Examples: Yoga, Pilates, stretching.

Benefits: Reduces the risk of falls and improves joint
health.
4. Interval Training:

Combines high-intensity bursts with periods of rest.

Effective for improving blood sugar control and
cardiovascular fitness.

CONCLUSION: CARE AND

PREVENTION
1. Plan what you eat and follow a balanced meal
plan. See your dietitian at least once a year.
2. Exercise at least five times a week for 30 minutes
each session. Talk to your doctor before starting any
exercise program. Tell your doctor what kind of
exercise you want to do so adjustments can be
made to your medicine schedule or meal plan, if
necessary.
3. Follow your medicine schedule as prescribed by
your doctor.
4. Know what medicines you are taking and how
they work. Keep a list of your medicines with you at
all times.
5. Test your blood glucose regularly, as
recommended by your health care provider. Test
your blood glucose more often when you're sick
6. Try to continuously keep your blood glucose level
at the recommended range.
7. Contact your doctor when your blood glucose is
over 300 mg/dl. Test your urine for ketones if
recommended by your doctor.
8. Record your blood glucose and urine ketone test
results in a record keeping log. Bring your log book
with you to all of your doctor's visits.
9. Keep your scheduled appointments with your
health care providers. See your doctor at least every
three to four months for regular check –ups if you
are treated with insulin. if you are managing
diabetes with diet and exercise alone. Make sure
your health care provider checks your blood
pressure and weight and examines your feet and
insulin injection sites.
10. Have a glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1c) at
least two times a year or more frequently as
recommended by your doctor.
11. Have an eye exam and urinalysis test once a
year, or as recommended by your doctor. Have your
cholesterol and triglyceride levels checked once a
year, Have a dental exam every six months
12. If you have any signs of infection, call your
doctor or health care provider.
13. DO NOT SMOKE.

BIBLOGRAPHY
 N.C.E.R.T. CLASS XII – BIOLOGY textbook.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus
 https://www.mokshamantra.com/yoga-
fordiabeteshigh-blood-sugar
 http://www.alamy.com/stock-photodiabetesmellitus-
diabetic-high-blood-sugar-signs-andsymptomsstick-
89511273.html
 http://www.who.int/diabetes/en/ http://ndep.nih.gov