Plant Nature's Wonderful Factories

A. Very Short Question Answer:

1. Name the process by which plants make food.
Ans: Photosynthesis.
2. Name the part of a plant which produces its food.
Ans: Leaves.
3. What substance in the leaves gives them a green color?
Ans: Chlorophyll.
4. What is the main vein of a leaf known as?
Ans: Midrib.
5. Name the gas used in photosynthesis.
Ans: Carbon dioxide.
6. Name the gas produced in photosynthesis.
Ans: Oxygen.
7. Name the process by which plant leaves lose water into the air.
Ans: Transpiration.
8. Which substance is used to remove chlorophyll from a green leaf during photosynthesis
experiments?
Ans: Alcohol.
9. Name the two substances that combine in green leaves in the presence of sunlight to make
food.
Ans: Carbon dioxide and water.
10. What is the usual name of medium-sized plants with hard and woody stems with branches
arising just above the ground?
Ans: Shrubs.
11. Name the part of a plant which grows below the ground.
Ans: Root system.
12. Which part of a plant absorbs water and minerals from the soil?
Ans: Root hairs.
13. Name the three main groups into which most plants are classified.
Ans: Herbs, shrubs, and trees.
14. Name two types of plants other than herbs, shrubs, and trees.
Ans: Creepers and climbers.
15. What is the scientific name of (a) leaf stalk, and (b) leaf blade?
Ans: (a) Petiole; (b) Lamina.
16. What is the name of (a) male part of a flower, and (b) female part of a flower?
Ans: (a) Androecium; (b) Gynoecium.
17. Name three agents which carry out pollination in flowers.
Ans: Wind, water, and insects.
18. In a flower: (a) What do the ovaries become after fertilization? (b) What do the ovules become
after fertilization?
(a) Fruit; (b) Seeds.
19. Name the part of a flower that becomes fruit after fertilization.
Ans: Ovary.
20. What is the name of the powdery substance in the anther of a stamen?
Ans: Pollen.
21. In which part of a flower are you likely to find the ovary?
Ans: At the base of the pistil.
22. Name the egg-like structures present in the ovary of a flower.
Ans: Ovules.
23. A plant has fibrous roots. What type of venation is possessed by its leaves?
Ans: Parallel venation.
24. A plant has leaves with reticulate venation. What type of roots does it have?
Ans: Taproots.
25. Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:
a) Green plants use sunlight energy to make food. This process is called photosynthesis.

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 b) Plants with reticulate venation have taproots, whereas those with parallel venation have fibrous
roots.
c) The flower contains the reproductive organs.
d) After fertilization, the ovary becomes fruit, and the ovules grow into seeds.
e) The part that rises vertically from the ground is the stem, which anchors the plant.
f) A money plant with a long, weak stem is called a climber.
g) A rose is a shrub, while a tomato plant is a herb.
26. Name the two main systems of a plant.
Ans: Root system and shoot system.
27. Name the different parts of the shoot system.
Ans: Stem, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
28. Name different types of modified stems.
Ans: Tubers (potato), bulbs (onion), rhizomes (ginger), and tendrils (grapevine).
29. State the role of spines as modified leaves.
Ans: Spines reduce water loss and protect plants from grazing animals.
30. Name the different parts of a flower.
Ans: Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil.
31. Give the meaning of the term "pollination."
Ans: Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
32. Name the type of roots in plants growing in marshy areas.
Ans: Breathing roots or pneumatophores.
33. Identify the plant system with stem, leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits.
Ans: Shoot system.
34. Name the type of roots found in plants like dodder and hydnora.
Ans: Parasitic roots.
35. Name the type of roots found in a banyan tree.
Ans: Prop roots.
36. Name the part of the seed that grows to form the shoot.
Ans: Plumule.
37. Name the part of the flower that develops into fruit.
Ans: Ovary.
38. Name the part of the seed that grows to form the root.
Ans: Radicle.
39. Name the part of the flower that develops into seed.
Ans: Ovule.
40. Name two herbaceous plants.
Ans: Tomato and spinach.
41. Are all plants the same size? Explain.
Ans: No, plants vary from small herbs like grass to tall trees like banyan depending on species and
habitat.
42. State the function of a leaf.
Ans: Leaves prepare food through photosynthesis, facilitate transpiration, and perform gas exchange
.
43. Explain why leaves turn blue-black when treated with iodine.
Ans: Iodine reacts with starch in leaves to produce a blue-black color, indicating photosynthesis.
44. Do all leaves have petioles?
Ans: No, some leaves are sessile and directly attached to the stem without a petiole.
45. Give an example of a plant with a stem modified to store water.
Ans: Cactus.
46. Name the male reproductive part of a flower.
Ans: Stamen.
47. What are weeds?
Ans: Weeds are unwanted plants that grow alongside cultivated plants and compete for resources.
48. Is Bougainvillea a herb, shrub, or tree?
Ans: Shrub.
49. Plants have reproductive organs like animals. Name them.

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 Ans: Stamens (male) and pistils (female).
50. What does the pistil consist of?
Ans: Stigma, style, and ovary.
51. Define photosynthesis.
Ans: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants prepare food using sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and water.
52. If a plant has leaves with reticulate venation, what kind of roots will it have?
Ans: Taproots.
53. What is the function of the stem in a plant?
Ans: Provides support, transports water and nutrients, and aids in photosynthesis and food storage.
54. In which part of the flower is the ovary located?
Ans: At the base of the pistil.
55. Can you recognize leaves without seeing them? How?
Ans: Yes, by their texture, smell, or venation pattern.
56. If a plant has fibrous roots, what type of venation will its leaves likely have?
Ans: Parallel venation.
57. Name two flowers, each with joined and separated sepals.
Ans: Joined: Datura, Hibiscus; Separated: Rose, Mustard.
58. Name the part of the plant which produces its food and this process.
Ans: Leaves; photosynthesis.
59. Name the process by which water exits leaves as vapor.
Ans: Transpiration.
60. Justify the statement "Roots anchor plants to the soil."
Ans: Roots hold the plant firmly in the soil and prevent it from toppling.
61. Name one plant with both underground and aerial roots.
Ans: Banyan tree.
62. Do stems prepare food in any plant?
Ans: Yes, in plants like cactus, the stem performs photosynthesis.
63. Identify the type of stem in:
a) Money plant: Climber
b) Grapevines: Climber
c) Hibiscus: Shrub
d) Banyan: Tree.
64. Name the part of a flower which becomes a fruit.
Ans: Ovary.
65. Name the tiny pores on the surface of a leaf.
Ans: Stomata.
66. What are herbs?
Ans: Small plants with soft and green stems.
67. Define petiole.
Ans: The stalk that attaches a leaf to the stem.
68. What is lamina?
Ans: The flat, green portion of the leaf.
69. Define leaf venation.
Ans: The arrangement of veins and veinlets in the leaf blade.
70. Name the two types of leaf venation.
Ans: Reticulate and parallel venation.
71. Name the green pigment in leaves.
Ans: Chlorophyll.
72. What is a midrib?
Ans: The central vein of the leaf.
73. List two main functions of a leaf.
Ans: Photosynthesis and transpiration.
74. Name the parts of a pistil.
Ans: Stigma, style, and ovary.
75. What are ovules?

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 Ans: Structures within the ovary that develop into seeds after fertilization.
76. List the parts of the stamen.
Ans: Filament and anther.
77. What are shrubs?
Ans: Medium-sized plants with hard, woody stems.
78. Name the reproductive part of a plant. What are the specialized reproductive parts in it?
Ans: Flower; stamens and pistils.
79. The sapling of a tree can/cannot be considered a herb. Justify the statement.
Ans: Can, because it has a soft, green stem like herbs.
80. Potatoes do not produce starch. Yet, they are full of it. Justify.
Ans: The leaves produce starch and store it in the underground stem tubers.
81. Rohit tries to pull out grass and a rose plant from the soil. Which one will he be able to pull
out more easily and why?
Ans: Grass, as it has fibrous roots that are shallow compared to the deep taproots of rose plants.
82. Which process is demonstrated by placing a leaf in a polythene bag?
Ans: Transpiration.

B. Differentiate between the following:

a) Climbers and Creepers

Feature Climbers Creepers
Growth Pattern Climb on supports using tendrils or Spread horizontally on the ground.
hooks.
Examples Grapevine, money plant Pumpkin, watermelon
Stem Strength Weak, but capable of climbing structures. Very weak, cannot climb.

b) Shrubs and Herbs

Feature Shrubs Herbs
Size Medium-sized plants. Small-sized plants.
Stem Woody but thinner than trees. Soft and green.
Examples Rose, hibiscus Mint, coriander

c) Flowering and Non-flowering Plants

Feature Flowering Plants Non-flowering Plants
Reproductio Have flowers and produce seeds. Reproduce through spores.
n
Examples Mango, rose Ferns, mosses
Use Often bear fruits. Mainly for greenery or decoration.

d) Root System and Shoot System

Feature Root System Shoot System
Location Underground Above ground
Function Absorbs water and anchors plant. Supports leaves, flowers, and fruits.
Examples of Parts Roots, root hairs. Stem, leaves, flowers.

e) Tap Root and Fibrous Root

Feature Tap Root Fibrous Root
Structure Single thick main root with branches. Many thin roots spreading out.
Depth Penetrates deep into soil. Shallow, spreads horizontally.
Example Mango, mustard. Wheat, maize.
s

f) Climbing Roots and Prop Roots

Feature Climbing Roots Prop Roots

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 Function Helps plants cling to supports. Provides additional support.
Examples Money plant, betel Banyan tree, maize.
Appearance Thin, adhesive. Thick, pillar-like.

g) Respiratory Roots and Food-Storing Roots

Feature Respiratory Roots Food-Storing Roots
Function Facilitate breathing in waterlogged soil. Store nutrients for the plant.
Example Mangroves, sundari Carrot, radish.
s
Location Above soil surface. Underground.

h) Simple Leaf and Compound Leaf

Feature Simple Leaf Compound Leaf
Structure Single, undivided blade. Divided into multiple leaflets.
Axillary Bud Present at the base of the leaf. Not present at the base of leaflets.
Examples Mango, guava Neem, rose.

i) Reticulate Venation and Parallel Venation

Feature Reticulate Venation Parallel Venation
Vein Arrangement Network-like pattern. Veins run parallel.
Examples Mango, peepal Banana, wheat.
Root Type Taproot. Fibrous root.
Associated

j) Alternate Arrangement and Opposite Arrangement

Feature Alternate Arrangement Opposite Arrangement
Node Pattern One leaf per node alternately arranged. Two leaves per node opposite each other.
Examples Sunflower, mango Guava, jamun.
Whorl Presence No whorl formation. No whorl formation.

k) Radicle and Plumule

Feature Radicle Plumule
Function Develops into the root. Develops into the shoot.
Location Below the cotyledons. Above the cotyledons.
Growth Direction Grows downward into the soil. Grows upward towards sunlight.

l) Self-Pollination and Cross-Pollination

Feature Self-Pollination Cross-Pollination
Process Pollen from anther to stigma of same Pollen transfers between different
flower. flowers.
Genetic Less genetic variation. Greater genetic variation.
Diversity
Examples Pea, sunflower Apple, watermelon.

m) Sepal and Petal

Feature Sepal Petal
Function Protects flower in the bud stage. Attracts pollinators.
Appearance Usually, green. Brightly coloured.
Position Outer whorl of the flower. Second whorl inside the sepals.

n) Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons

Feature Monocotyledon Dicotyledons
s
Number of Cotyledons One. Two.

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 Leaf Venation Parallel Reticulate venation.
venation.
Examples Wheat, maize Mango, pea.

C. Give reasons:
1. Money plant can grow on a wall but a pumpkin plant cannot.
Answer: Money plant has climbing roots that help it cling to walls and supports, enabling it to grow
vertically. In contrast, the pumpkin plant has a weak stem and spreads horizontally on the ground, as
it lacks climbing adaptations like tendrils.

2. Roots of a banyan tree hang down.

Answer: Banyan trees develop aerial roots known as prop roots, which grow downward from
branches. These roots provide additional support and eventually anchor into the ground, acting like
pillars.

3. Roots of carrot and radish are used as vegetables.

Answer: Carrot and radish have modified roots that store food. These are examples of storage roots,
which are swollen and fleshy, making them edible and nutritious for humans.

4. Some plants near marshy areas have pneumatophores.

Answer: Plants in marshy areas, such as mangroves, develop pneumatophores or breathing roots
that grow above the soil to absorb oxygen directly from the air, as the waterlogged soil is deficient
in oxygen.

5. Desert plants have deeper roots.

Answer: Desert plants, like cacti, develop deep root systems to reach underground water sources.
This adaptation helps them survive in arid conditions with limited water availability.

6. Leaves are green in color.

Answer: Leaves appear green due to the presence of chlorophyll, a pigment essential for
photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, enabling the leaf to convert light energy into chemical
energy.

7. Leaves of cactus are reduced to spines.

Answer: In cacti, leaves are modified into spines to minimize water loss through transpiration and
to protect the plant from herbivores. The green, fleshy stem performs photosynthesis instead.

8. Most fruit-bearing plants have bright colored, sweet-scented flowers.

Answer: Bright colors and sweet scents attract pollinators such as insects and birds, which facilitate
pollination. This increases the chances of successful fertilization and fruit formation.

9. A flower with only female reproductive part can bear fruits.

Answer: A flower with only the female reproductive part, called a pistillate flower, can bear fruits if
it is pollinated. Pollen from a male flower must reach the stigma of the pistillate flower for
fertilization to occur, leading to fruit development.

10. Why do flowers have more stamens as compared to pistil?

Answer: Flowers have more stamens to produce a large quantity of pollen, ensuring successful
pollination. Since pollen grains can be lost during transport by wind, water, or animals, having more
stamens increases the chances of reaching the pistil for fertilization.

D. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Name the main parts of a plant. Which part of the plant carries water and minerals from the
roots to the leaves and flowers?
Answer:
 The main parts of a plant are roots, stem, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
 The stem carries water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and flowers.
 It uses specialized tissues like xylem for this transport.

2. What is the difference between a shrub and a tree? Give one example of each.
Answer:

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  Shrubs are medium-sized plants with hard, woody stems that branch near the ground (e.g.,
rose).
 Trees are tall plants with a single woody trunk and branches arising higher up (e.g., mango).
 Shrubs are shorter than trees but have multiple stems.

3. Classify the following into herbs, shrubs, and trees:

Categor Plants
y
Herbs Wheat, Paddy, Carrot, Cabbage
Shrubs Henna, Bougainvillea, Lemon
Trees Coconut, Banyan, Eucalyptus

4. How does a climber plant differ from a creeper plant? Name two climbers and two creepers.
Answer:
 Climbers have weak stems but use tendrils or hooks to climb supports (e.g., grapevine, money
plant).
 Creepers have weak stems and grow horizontally along the ground (e.g., pumpkin, watermelon).
 Climbers grow vertically, whereas creepers spread horizontally.

5. Classify the following into climbers and creepers:

Ans:
Category Plants
Climbers Grape vine, Money plant
Creepers Strawberry, Bitter gourd

6. Name two plants having taproots and two plants with fibrous roots.
Ans:
1. Taproots: Mango, carrot.
2. Fibrous roots: Wheat, maize.

7. What type of roots do the following plants have?

Ans:
Plant Root Type
Wheat Fibrous root
Mango Taproot
Carrot Taproot
Maize Fibrous root
Neem Taproot
tree
Grass Fibrous root

8. Is it possible to know the type of roots of a plant without pulling it out from the soil? Explain.
Ans:
1. Yes, by observing the leaf venation.
2. Plants with reticulate venation have taproots.
3. Plants with parallel venation have fibrous roots.

9. Consider the following terms connected with plants: Petal, Ovary, Sepal, Trunk, Leaves, Anther
Which contains:
Ans:
a) Pollens: Anther
b) Ovules: Ovary
c) Bark: Trunk
d) Chlorophyll: Leaves

10. Which of the following plant leaves have reticulate venation and which have parallel venation?
Wheat, Tulsi, Maize, Neem, Paddy, Sunflower, Coriander, Banana, Mustard, Sugarcane

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 Ans:
Reticulate Venation Parallel Venation
Tulsi, Neem, Sunflower, Coriander, Mustard Wheat, Maize, Paddy, Banana, Sugarcane

11. Correct and rewrite the following statements:

 Leaves hold the plant upright.
 Roots conduct water to the leaves.
 Stem absorbs water and minerals from the soil.
 The number of petals and sepals in a flower is always equal.
Ans:
a. Correct: Roots hold the plant upright.
b. Correct: Roots conduct water to the leaves.
c. Correct: Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil.
d. Correct: The number of petals and sepals in a flower is not always equal.

12. What are tendrils? Explain their role in plants.

Ans:
1. Tendrils are thin, thread-like structures that help plants climb by coiling around supports.
2. They provide stability to weak-stemmed plants like grapevines.
3. Tendrils can develop from stems or leaves.

13. What are the features of trees? Give four examples of trees.
Ans:
1. Trees are tall plants with a single woody trunk and branches that grow higher up.
2. They are long-lived and provide shade, wood, and fruits.
3. Examples include mango, banyan, neem, and coconut.

14. Write short notes on the following:

a) Parasitic Roots:
1. Found in parasitic plants like dodder.
2. Penetrate host plants to absorb nutrients.
3. Lack chlorophyll and depend on hosts for food.
b) Functions of Roots:
1. Anchor plants in soil.
2. Absorb water and minerals.
3. Store food in some plants.

15. Write any four functions of stems.

Ans:
1. Support: The stem supports leaves, flowers, and fruits.
2. Transport: It transports water, minerals, and food between roots, leaves, and other parts.
3. Photosynthesis: In young plants, the stem can also perform photosynthesis if it contains
chlorophyll.
4. Growth: The stem facilitates vertical growth and branching through its apical and axillary buds.

16. What are nodes and internodes?

Ans:
1. Nodes are the points on the stem where leaves, branches, or flowers arise.
2. Internodes are the segments between two successive nodes.
3. These structures are crucial for the plant's growth and leaf arrangement.

17. How are stems modified to give support? Give two examples.
Ans:
 Stems can be modified into tendrils that help plants climb (e.g., grapevine).
 Some plants develop prop roots that provide additional support (e.g., banyan tree).

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18. What is a bark? What is its role in plants?
Ans:
1. Bark is the outer covering of woody stems and trees.
2. It protects the plant from physical damage and disease.
3. Bark also helps prevent water loss and serves as insulation.

19. Potato and ginger grow underground, but they are called modified stems. Comment.
Ans:
 Potato and ginger are modified stems called tubers and rhizomes, respectively.
 They grow underground but serve as storage organs for food.
 These modified stems also help in vegetative propagation.

20. Give two examples of the following:

Ans:
a) Leaves that can trap insects:
1. Venus flytrap
2. Pitcher plant
b) Leaves that are used for vegetative propagation:
1. Bryophyllum
2. Kalanchoe
c) Leaves that store food:
1. Onion
2. Cabbage.

21. Define:
a) Transpiration:
1. Transpiration is the process through which plants lose water in the form of vapor from their
leaves.
2. It helps in cooling the plant and maintaining water flow from roots to leaves.
3. It also plays a role in the water cycle.
b) Photosynthesis:
1. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water
to make food (glucose).
2. Chlorophyll in the leaves captures sunlight for this process.
3. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.
c) Pollination:
1. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male part (anther) to the female part (stigma) of
a flower.
2. It can occur through wind, water, or animals.
3. Successful pollination leads to fertilization and seed formation.
d) Fertilisation:
1. Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes (pollen and ovule).
2. It occurs after pollination when the pollen reaches the ovule.
3. This results in the formation of a zygote that develops into a seed.

22. List any two benefits of transpiration.

Ans:
1. Transpiration helps in cooling the plant, preventing overheating.
2. It creates a suction force that helps in the upward movement of water and nutrients from the
roots.

23. What is photosynthesis?

Ans:
1. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants produce food using sunlight, carbon dioxide,
and water.
2. Chlorophyll in the leaves absorbs sunlight to convert these raw materials into glucose.

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 3. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.

24. How do insectivorous plants trap insects?

Ans:
1. Insectivorous plants like the Venus flytrap use modified leaves to trap insects.
2. These plants have specialized structures such as hinged traps or sticky surfaces to capture
insects.
3. The plants digest the insects to obtain nitrogen and other nutrients.

25. Explain any two leaf modifications of plants.

Ans:
1. Spines: In desert plants like cacti, leaves are modified into spines to reduce water loss and
protect the plant from herbivores.
2. Tendrils: In climbing plants, leaves or parts of leaves are modified into tendrils, helping the
plant to cling to supports and grow vertically.

26. Why do we feel cool near a tree during night?

Ans:
1. Trees release moisture into the air through a process called transpiration.
2. At night, the evaporation of this moisture cools the surrounding air.
3. This results in a cooling effect near trees.

27. What are lateral roots?

Ans:
1. Lateral roots are roots that grow sideways from the main root.
2. They help in increasing the surface area for absorption of water and nutrients.
3. They also provide additional support to the plant.

28. Why are leaves generally green?

Ans:
1. Leaves are green due to the presence of chlorophyll.
2. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, which is used in photosynthesis.
3. The green color is a result of chlorophyll reflecting green light.

29. How do you identify the root system of a plant without pulling it out of the soil?
Ans:
1. By examining the leaf venation pattern, as plants with parallel venation have fibrous roots.
2. Plants with reticulate venation typically have taproots.
3. Observing the plant's growth habits and surface roots can also give clues.

30. What are the main functions of roots?

Ans:
1. Roots anchor the plant to the soil, providing stability.
2. They absorb water and minerals from the soil.
3. In some plants, roots store food for later use.

31. Transpiration leads to loss of water in plants. Justify its usefulness for both the plant and the
environment.
Ans:
1. Transpiration cools the plant, preventing overheating.
2. It creates a suction force, helping to draw water and nutrients from the soil.
3. On a larger scale, transpiration contributes to the water cycle by releasing moisture into the
atmosphere.

32. Will a leaf taken from a potted plant kept in a dark room for a few days turn blue-black when
tested for starch? Explain.

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 Ans:
1. No, the leaf will not turn blue-black because it will not have undergone photosynthesis in the
absence of light.
2. Without sunlight, chlorophyll cannot convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.
3. Therefore, starch cannot be formed and tested.

33. Do you think the creeping habit in a pumpkin is desirable? Why?

Ans:
1. The creeping habit in a pumpkin allows it to spread and take up more space for growth.
2. However, it can also cause the plant to occupy too much ground, limiting space for other plants.
3. The habit is suitable for pumpkins as they grow large and need space to spread.

34. What are the functions of a flower?

Ans:
1. Flowers facilitate reproduction by producing male and female gametes.
2. They attract pollinators like bees and birds to transfer pollen.
3. Once pollinated, flowers develop into fruits containing seeds.

35. When will a leaf in a polythene bag show better results – on a sunny day or a cloudy day?
Ans:
1. The leaf will show better results on a sunny day.
2. Sunlight promotes transpiration, increasing the amount of water vapor released into the bag.
3. This leads to a higher concentration of moisture in the polythene bag.

E. Very Long Questions and answer:

1. What are herbs, shrubs, and trees? Give two examples each.
Answer:
 Herbs: These are small, non-woody plants with soft, green stems. Examples: Tulsi, Lettuce.
 Shrubs: These are medium-sized plants with woody stems that branch near the ground.
Examples: Rose, Lemon.
 Trees: These are large plants with thick, woody trunks that grow tall. Examples: Mango, Neem

2. What is a root? State the various functions of roots. Name the two types of roots found in plants.
Answer:
 Definition: A root is the underground part of a plant responsible for absorption and anchoring.
 Functions:
1. Absorbs water and minerals from the soil.
2. Fixes the plant firmly in the soil.
3. Stores food in some plants.
4. Prevents soil erosion by binding soil particles.
 Types: Tap Root (e.g., Mango) and Fibrous Root (e.g., Wheat)

3. What is the stem of a plant? State its functions.

Answer:
 Definition: The stem is the aerial part of the plant that supports leaves, flowers, and fruits.
 Functions:
1. Transports water and nutrients through xylem and phloem.
2. Supports leaves for maximum sunlight exposure.
3. Stores food in modified stems like tubers (e.g., Potato).
4. Facilitates reproduction by producing flowers and fruits
4. What is a leaf? Draw a labeled diagram and explain its functions.
Answer:
 Definition: A leaf is the flat, green lateral outgrowth of the stem involved in photosynthesis.
 Functions:
1. Photosynthesis to prepare food.

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 2. Transpiration to regulate water.
3. Exchange of gases through stomata.
4. Sometimes stores food or water in modified forms.
Diagram:
A labeled diagram of a leaf is provided below:

5. What is the main function of a flower? Name its main parts and draw a labeled diagram.
Answer:
 Main Function: Reproduction, leading to the formation of seeds and fruits.
 Main Parts:
1. Sepals (protect the bud).
2. Petals (attract pollinators).
3. Stamens (male reproductive organ).
4. Pistils (female reproductive organ).
Diagram:
A labeled diagram of a flower is provided below:

6. What is photosynthesis? Why is it essential for plants? What role does chlorophyll play?
Answer:
 Definition: Photosynthesis is the process where plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to
make food.
 Importance:
1. Produces glucose for energy.
2. Releases oxygen as a byproduct.
3. Forms the basis of the food chain.
 Chlorophyll: This green pigment captures sunlight, essential for driving the process of
photosynthesis

7. What are tap roots and fibrous roots? Draw sketches and name examples.
Answer:
 Tap Root: A single thick root growing deep into the soil. Example: Mango.

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  Fibrous Root: A cluster of roots spreading horizontally. Example: Wheat.
Diagrams:
 Tap root: Shows primary and secondary roots.
 Fibrous root: Shows numerous thin roots

8. What is (a) a stamen and (b) a pistil? Draw diagrams and label the parts.
Answer:
 Stamen: Male reproductive organ, includes anther (pollen producer) and filament.
 Pistil: Female reproductive organ, includes stigma, style, and ovary.
Diagrams:
 Stamen: Anther, Filament.
 Pistil: Stigma, Style, Ovary

9. What is venation? What are its two types? How is it related to root types?
Answer:
 Definition: Venation is the arrangement of veins in a leaf.
 Types:
1. Reticulate (net-like), linked with tap roots (e.g., Mango).
2. Parallel (parallel lines), linked with fibrous roots (e.g., Wheat).
 Relationship: Observing venation helps identify the root type

10. State the differences between the two main systems of a plant.
Answer:
1. Root System:
o Located underground.
o Absorbs water and nutrients from the soil.
o Anchors the plant firmly in the soil.
2. Shoot System:
o Found above the ground.
o Bears leaves, flowers, and fruits.
o Responsible for photosynthesis and reproduction

11. Define the root system. Give two functions of roots.

Answer:
 Definition: The root system is the underground part of the plant that includes the primary root
and its branches.
 Functions:
1. Absorbs water and minerals from the soil.
2. Anchors the plant firmly and prevents soil erosion

12. Define the shoot system. Give two functions of the stem.
Answer:
 Definition: The shoot system is the part of the plant that grows above the soil and includes the
stem, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
 Functions:

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 1. Supports leaves for maximum sunlight exposure.
2. Transports water, minerals, and food through xylem and phloem

13. How is a tap root different from a fibrous root? Give one example of each type.
Answer:
1. Tap Root:
o A single, thick root growing deep into the soil.
o Example: Mango.
2. Fibrous Root:
o A cluster of thin roots spreading horizontally near the surface.
o Example: Wheat

14. Name any two types of stem modifications, with one example each. Name the two parts of a
stamen and state their functions. What are the functions of a fruit?
Answer:
1. Stem Modifications:
o Tuber: Example: Potato (stores food).
o Thorn: Example: Bougainvillea (protection).
2. Parts of a Stamen:
o Filament: Supports the anther.
o Anther: Produces pollen grains for reproduction.
3. Functions of a Fruit:
o Protects seeds.
o Stores food.
o Aids in seed dispersal

15. Can the stem of a plant be compared with a street with two-way traffic? Give reasons.
Answer: Yes, the stem can be compared with a street with two-way traffic.
1. The xylem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.
2. The phloem carries food from leaves to roots and other parts.
3. This two-directional transport resembles two-way traffic

16. Boojho wanted to test for starch in leaves. He boiled the leaf in water, then added iodine but
missed a step. Which step did he miss, and why is it important?
Answer:
 Missed Step: Boiling the leaf in alcohol to remove chlorophyll.
 Importance:
1. Alcohol decolorizes the leaf by removing chlorophyll.
2. This allows iodine to visibly react with starch, turning it blue-black

17. Do all flowers have the same parts, and are they arranged in the same way?
Answer:
 No, all flowers do not have the same parts or arrangements.
1. Complete flowers: Have sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils (e.g., Mustard).
2. Incomplete flowers: Lack one or more parts (e.g., Date Palm).
3. Arrangement differs based on pollination strategies and species

18. Describe an activity to demonstrate transpiration in leaves. Mention the setup, observations,
and precautions.
Answer:
 Activity:
1. Take a potted plant and enclose a leaf in a transparent plastic bag, sealing it tightly.
2. Place the plant in sunlight for a few hours.
 Observations: Water droplets appear inside the plastic bag, showing water loss through stomata.
 Precautions:

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 1. Ensure the plastic bag is airtight.
2. Avoid touching the inner side of the bag

19. Label the parts in a diagram of a leaf and identify the type of venation present.
Answer:
 Diagram: Refer to the previously provided labeled diagram of a leaf.
 Type of Venation:
o Reticulate venation: Net-like vein arrangement (e.g., Mango).
o Parallel venation: Parallel vein arrangement (e.g., Wheat)

F. Questions Based on High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

1. A, B, C, D and E are the various parts of a plant. Part A contains the reproductive organs of the
plant. Part A ultimately leads to the formation of part B which contains seeds of the plant. Part C
absorbs water and dissolved minerals from the soil and part D makes the food for the plant by the
process of photosynthesis. Part E supports the plant and also carries the food prepared by D to all the
parts of the plant. What are A, B, C, D and E?
Answer:
 A: Flower – contains the reproductive organs.
 B: Fruit – develops from the flower and contains seeds.
 C: Root – absorbs water and dissolved minerals from the soil.
 D: Leaf – prepares food for the plant through photosynthesis.
 E: Stem – supports the plant and transports food and water

2. X and Y are the two types of plants. Plant X has a thin, long and weak stem which cannot stand
upright on its own but it readily moves up a nearby support. On the other hand, plant Y is a medium
sized plant with a hard and woody stem, branching out near the base.
(a) What type of plant is X? Give one example of such a plant.
(b) What type of plant is Y? Give one example of such a plant.
 Answer:
(a) Plant X:
 Type: Climber – has a weak stem and uses support to grow.
 Example: Grapevine.
(b) Plant Y:
 Type: Shrub – has a medium-sized, woody stem branching near the base.
 Example: Rose

3. The organ A of a plant combines a gas B of air with water from the soil in the presence of sunlight to
form a simple food C and releases a gas D. Some of the simple food C is also changed into a
complex food E which gets stored in the various parts of the plant (including A).
(a) Name the organ A. What is its colour?
(b) Name (i) gas B, and (ii) food C.
(c) What is gas D? State its most important use for us.
(d) Name the food E. Which reagent can give a blue-black colour with E.
(e) What is the process of food making by organ A known as?
Answer:
(a) Organ A: Leaf – green in color due to chlorophyll.
(b) (i) Gas B: Carbon dioxide.
(ii) Food C: Glucose.
(c) Gas D: Oxygen – its most important use is for respiration in humans and animals.
(d) Food E: Starch – iodine reagent turns it blue-black.
(e) Process: Photosynthesis

4. P and Q are the two types of plants. Plant P has a thin, long and weak stem which cannot stand
upright on its own. The plant P does not have tendrils and spreads on the ground. On the other hand,
plant Q has a green, soft and delicate stem but it can stand upright on its own.

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 (a) What type of plant is P? Name one plant like P.
(b) What type of plant is Q? Name one plant like Q.
Answer:
(a) Plant P:
 Type: Creeper – has a weak stem and spreads on the ground.
 Example: Pumpkin.
(b) Plant Q:
 Type: Herb – has a soft, green stem and stands upright.
 Example: Tulsi

5. The flower of a plant has two reproductive organs X and Y. The organ X is flask-shaped whose
sticky top part is A, the central part is a long tube B and the swollen part at the bottom is C. The part
C contains tiny structures D. The organ Y consists of a long stalk having a swollen top E. The top E
contains a powdery substance F.
(a) What are (i) X, and (ii) Y?
(b) Name (i) A (ii) B (iii) C, and (iv) D.
(c) What are (i) E, and (ii) F?
(d) What will part C become after fertilisation?
(e) What will structure D become after fertilisation?
Answer:
(a) (i) X: Pistil – the female reproductive organ.
(ii) Y: Stamen – the male reproductive organ.
(b) (i) A: Stigma – sticky top part of the pistil.
(ii) B: Style – the long tube connecting stigma to ovary.
(iii) C: Ovary – swollen bottom part of the pistil.
(iv) D: Ovules – tiny structures inside the ovary.
(c) (i) E: Anther – swollen top of the stamen.
(ii) F: Pollen grains – powdery substance containing male gametes.
(d) Part C (Ovary): Becomes the fruit after fertilization.
(e) Structure D (Ovules): Becomes seeds after fertilization

A. Assertion and Reason Questions Getting to Know Plants

(1) Assertion – Plants are usually grouped into herbs, shrubs and trees
Reason – The plants are classified on the basis of their height, nature, of stem and branches
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statement and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statement and reason is not correct explanation for
assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Ans- Option A
(2) Assertion (A): Stems are aerial parts of plants.
Reason (R): Their main function is to perform photosynthesis.
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
(A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but reason (R) is true.
Ans: - Option (c) is correct.
(3) Assertion – Green leaves make their food by the process of photosynthesis.
Reason – Plants used Co2 And water in the presence of sunlight make their food.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statement and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statement and reason is not correct explanation for
assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.

16
 Ans- Option A
(4) Assertion – There are two types of roots tap root and fibrous
Reason – Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statement and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statement and reason is not correct explanation for
assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Ans- Option A
(5) Assertion – The Parts of a flower are sepats, petals statements and pistil.
Reason – The stem bears petiole and lamina
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statement and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statement and reason is not correct explanation for
assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Ans- Option C
(6) Assertion (A): The minerals dissolved in water move up in stem along with water.
Reason (R): The stem bears leaves, flowers and fruits.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true
Ans: Option (b). Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(7) Assertion (A): Plants help in maintaining moisture conditions in the environment.
Reason (R): Plants release a lot of water into the air through the process of transpiration.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true
Ans: Option (a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of the assertion.
(8) Assertion (A): The parts of a typical flower are sepals and petals only.
Reason (R): The parts of stamen are filament and anther.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true
Ans: Option (c) A is false but R is true.
(9) Assertion (A): Plants of same type can be found in different locations.
Reason (R): Plants perform the process of seed dispersal.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true
Ans: The correct option is A Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(10) Assertion (A): A rose flower consists of five petals.
Reason (R): The sepals of a rose flower are joined together.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true
Correct Option: (c) A is true but R is false
Solution: A rose flower has five brightly coloured petals, either red, pink, white or yellow. The
sepals in a rose flower are separate, they are not joined together.
(11) Assertion (A): Small, bead-like structures inside the ovary are called ovules.
Reason (R): Anther and filament are parts of a stamen.

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 (a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true
Correct Option: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Solution: An ovary consists of small, bead-like structures called ovules. Anther and filament are
parts of a stamen. Stigma, style, and ovary are parts of a pistil.

B. Passage based questions:

Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Leaves prepared their food in the presence of sunlight and a green coloured substance present in them.
For this, they use water and carbon dioxide from air. This process is called photosynthesis. Oxygen is
given out in this process. The food prepared by leaves ultimately gets stored in different parts of plant
as starch. Stem supplies leaf with water. The water and minerals go to leaves and other plant parts
attached to the stem, through narrow tubes inside the stem. The leaf uses the water to make food. The
leaves also lose water through transpiration.
(a) Study the diagram given below which labelled arrow represents the movement of oxygen? a. P
b. Q c. R d. S

(b) In which of the following processes do plants lose water in the form of water vapour through
the leaves?
a. Transpiration b. Respiration c. Photosynthesis d. Transportation.
(c) Which of the following is not taken by the leaf to prepare food?
a. Sunlight b. Carbon dioxide c. Oxygen d. water.
(d) The narrow tubes present in which among the following part transports water from the roots to
leaves?
a. fruit b. stem c. flower d. bud
(e) The food produced by the leaves is stored in the form of
a. Minerals b. Proteins c. Vitamins d. starch.

C. Case study-based questions:

Read the following passage and answer the questions.
1. Take a white flower with a part of its stem. In a glass of water, add a few drops of red ink. Put the
flower with its stem in the glass undisturbed for 12 hours. You will see that the white flower is not
white anymore.

(a) What will be the colour of the flower after 12 hours?

a. Half red and half blue
b. Red
c. Blue
d. No change

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 Ans: b. Red
(b) What is the inference of the experiment?
a. Stem conducts water.
b. Root carries water.
c. Leaf produces food.
d. Leaf stores food.
Answer: (a) Stem conducts water
(c) Which of the following substances are transported by the arrows shown in the given plant?
 Water
 Carbon dioxide
 Mineral salts
a. (i)
b. (i) & (ii)
c. (i) & (iii)
d. (ii) & (iii)
Answer: (c) (i) & (iii)
2. Paheli splits the stem halfway along its length and drops the two ends in the water in glasses A and B
as shown in the picture. She put a few drops of red ink in glass A and blue ink in glass B and left the
setup undisturbed for 8 hours.

She wants to know what would be the colour of the flower?

a. No change
b. Red
c. Blue
d. Half red and half blue.
Answer: (d) Half red and half blue
3. Rima kept some soaked gram seeds for sprouting. But she forgot about this. On fifth day she suddenly
remembered and opened the container having seeds. She found that small leaves along with white
sprouts have grown out of the seed.
a. What does the white structure of sprout give rise to?
Answer: The white structure gives rise to the root of the plant.
b. What kind of root system is found in gram plant?
Answer: Taproot system is found in gram plants.

4. Rakesh while walking in his terrace garden found many types of bees wandering around the flowers.
He thought that these insects are spoiling his flower and immediately took out the insect collecting net
to get rid of them. On seeing this Rakesh’s elder brother stopped him from doing this and said that
these bees are flower’s friends.
a) What do these bees get from the flowers?
Answer: Bees collect nectar (as food) and pollen grains from flowers.
b) Why Rakesh’s elder brother call these bees as ‘flower’s friend’?
Answer: Bees help in pollination by transferring pollen from one flower to another, aiding in
reproduction.
c) What is pollination?

d) Answer: Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the male part of a flower (anther) to the
female part (stigma) for fertilization.

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5. Ravi conducted an experiment in which he filled a glass with one-third of water. He added a drop of
red ink into that glass and then stirred it for few minutes. He took a tender twig and made an oblique
cut at the base of its stem and then put it into the water as shown in the figure.

A. What will Ravi observe if this set up is left undisturbed overnight?

(a) Shedding of leaves from the stem
(b) Rise of the colour into the stems
(c) Development of red coloured roots
(d) Development of more branches at the stem
Correct Answer: (b) Rise of the color into the stems
B. When Ravi made a cut at the base of twig stem, he observed a drop of water collected at its end.
What could be the reason for the appearance of this drop of water?
(a) Conduction of water through the stem
(b) Transpiration of water through the stem
(c) Formation of dew due to water condensation
(d) Absorption of water by the stem from the surroundings
Correct Answer: (a) Conduction of water through the stem
C. What can be concluded from the experiment performed by Ravi?
(a) To show that roots carry water and minerals in plants
(b) To show that stem carries water and minerals in plants
(c) To show that leaves conduct water and minerals in plants
(d) To show that plants can absorb coloured liquids
Correct Answer: (b) To show that stem carries water and minerals in plants

6. Rajesh took a leaf from the mango tree and began to draw its impression with the help of a pencil and
paper. Below is the sketch of the impression of the mango leaf.

A. What is the technical term for the design made by the veins of the leaf in the sketch?
Answer: Venation
B. What can you conclude from the design made by the mango leaf?
(a) Parallel; as the obtained design represents net-like veins.
(b) Parallel; as the obtained design represents parallel veins.
(c) Reticulate; as the obtained design represents net-like veins.
(d) Reticulate; as the obtained design represents parallel veins.
Correct Answer: (c) Reticulate; as the obtained design represents net-like veins
C. Which of the following plants can make a design like the mango leaf?
(a) Grass
(b) Bamboo
(c) Maize
(d) Hibiscus
Correct Answer:(d) Hibiscus

D. Picture Based questions:

20
1. The image shows a watermelon plant. Richa claimed that it an herb. Is the claim made by Richa,
correct?

Ans: Yes, Richa's claim that the watermelon plant is an herb is correct. In botanical terms, a plant is
classified as an herb if it has a non-woody stem and typically dies back at the end of the growing
season.

2. A farmer designed a home vineyard to plant grapevines, as shown in the image.

What could be the reason for the farmer to design it in this way?
Ans: The farmer likely designed the vineyard this way to maximize sunlight exposure, improve air
circulation, and make management and harvesting easier. This layout supports healthy grapevine
growth and reduces the risk of diseases. Grapevines need supports like trellises to climb, and the
design likely helps the vines grow upward for better fruit.

3. When Jayesh pulled out an herb from the soil, he saw some hair-like structures attached to the plant.
Which part of the plant could that be?
Ans: The hair-like structures are likely root hairs, which are found on the roots of plants. They help in
absorbing water and nutrients from the soil.

4. Disha wants to collect that part of the plant which contains its reproductive structures. What features
would be possessed by that plant part?
Ans: The part of the plant containing reproductive structures is the flower. It typically has features like
stamens (male reproductive organs) and pistils (female reproductive organs).

5. Renuka observed some leaves that were attached to a stem, as shown in the image. Which part of the
leaf helps them to become attached to the stem?

Ans: The part of the leaf that helps it to attach to the stem is the petiole (leaf stalk).

6. Mita wants to determine the presence of starch in that part of the plant where photosynthesis takes
place. Which plant part and chemical should be chosen by Mita to perform a test to detect the presence
of starch?
Ans: Mita should choose the leaf of the plant. To test for starch, she can use iodine solution. If starch
is present, the leaf will turn blue-black.

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7. Kirti performed an experiment to determine the role of roots in holding the soil particles together. In
pot 1, she planted an onion plant but in pot 2, she did not plant anything. It just had soil in it. Kirti
watered both these pots for a week. After a week, she placed these pots inclined under tap water. What
is likely to be observed by Kirti?
Pot 1 Pot 2
(a) The soil will be washed out with the flow The soil will be washed out with the flow of
of water water
(b) The soil will not be washed out with the The soil will not be washed out with the flow of
flow of water water
(c) The soil will not be washed out with the The soil will be washed out with the flow of
flow of water water
(d) The soil will be washed out with the flow The soil will not be washed out with the flow of
of water water
Ans: The correct observation would be:
(d) The soil will be washed out with the flow of water (Pot 1)The soil will not be washed out with
the flow of water (Pot 2)
 In pot 1, the roots of the onion plant help hold the soil particles together, while in pot 2,
without roots, the soil will wash away.
8. Pankaj has a small plant with a main root and some smaller roots. Identify the type of root system and
the type of venation shown by this plant.
Ans: The type of root system is likely a tap root system, where there is a main root with smaller
branches. The venation of the leaves could be reticulate venation (network-like), which is common in
dicots.
9. From the given image, identify the parts that form the pistil of a flower.

Ans: The parts of the pistil are the A. Stigma, C. Style, and E. ovary.
Carpel- B- Anther, D-Filament; F-Petals.

10. The table below lists some functions of the root and the shoot system of a plant. Categorise them as
functions of the root and functions of the stem respectively.

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 Ans:
 Functions of the root:
o Absorption of water and nutrients from the soil.
o Anchoring the plant to the soil.
o Holding the Soil together.
 Functions of the stem:
o Conduction of water and minerals.
o Holding the Plant erect.
o Conduction of food.

11. Sagar took a healthy, well-watered plant and enclosed one of its leafy branches in a polythene bag.
After few hours, he observed some water drops on the inner side of the polythene bag.
(a) Which phenomenon is responsible for the formation of water droplets inside the polythene bag?
(b) Define this phenomenon.
(a) The phenomenon responsible is transpiration.
(b) Transpiration is the process by which water evaporates from the plant's surface, particularly
through the leaves, into the atmosphere.

12. Hrishi dug out two plants of the same kind with the roots from the soil. He planted one of these plants
in pot 1, and cut off the roots of the other plant and planted it in pot 2 as shown below. He watered
both these plants for a week and then compared their growth.

(a) Which pot will have a healthy plant, and what could be the reason for this?
(b) Which plant can be easily pulled out? Why?
(c) Can you think of one more function of roots apart from the ones discussed in the above questions?
Ans:
(a) Pot 1, with the roots intact, will have a healthy plant. The reason is that roots are essential for
water and nutrient absorption.
(b) The plant in pot 2 (without roots) will be easy to pull out because it lacks the anchorage that roots
provide.
(c) Apart from absorbing water and nutrients, roots also store food for the plant.
13. Given below are two types of plants with their root system.

(a) Identify the types of roots – A, B, C.

23
(b) Define the types of roots – A, B, C.
(c) Give two examples of plants which have root systems B and C.
(d) Which type of root system is seen in the wheat plant?
Ans:
a) Type A: Fibrous root system, Type B: Tap root system, Type C: Adventitious root system.
b)
i. Fibrous root system: Many fine roots arise from the base of the stem.
ii. Tap root system: A primary root grows thick and deep, with smaller roots branching off it.
iii. Adventitious root system: Roots that arise from parts of the plant other than the root (e.g.,
stems or leaves).
c) Examples:
i. Type B (Tap root system): Carrot, Radish
ii. Type C (Adventitious root system): Maize, Grass
d) The wheat plant has a fibrous root system.

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