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Application of WLAN to
Automatic Vehicles

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JNTU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

KAKINADA
EEE

PRESENTED BY

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Abstract:

The automobile became the world's dominant transport

mode in the last century. As the demand for automobile transport continues to
grow, so do toxic emissions and accidents. One solution is to remove the driver from
the control loop by fully automating vehicle driving functions. The European City
Mobil project is implementing various solutions in several European cities to
demonstrate this approach. Recent reports on the auto industry trends suggest that
the car Industry is growing at a rate of 8-10 percent every year. Road incidents
result in death of estimated 1.2 million people world wide each year and injure
about 40 times this number (50 million) according WHO 2007. If current trends
continue, the no. of people killed and injured on the world’s roads will rise by more
than 60% between 2000-2020.In 2007 more than 73 million motor vehicles are
produced world wide. The cumulative growth of the Passenger Vehicles segment
during April - March 2007 was 20.70 percent. Passenger Cars grew by 22.01
percent, Utility Vehicles by 13.21 percent and Multi Purpose Vehicles by 25.20
percent in FY 2006-07. At this rate, the amount traffic that ply on the roads is
increasing at an alarming rate which makes driving extremely dangerous and also
owing to the fact that most of the accidents that take place are due to human error,
automatic driverless cars are the clear option for the future. In this paper we try to
create a system which is fully automatic, makes the best use of existing resources
which include WLAN for connectivity, GPS navigation systems for navigation,
Radar scanning to avoid collisions. Thus completely eliminating human interference
leading to a normal yet automated driving environment.

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INTRODUCTION:
Automated cars definitely are the future means of
transportation. Existing system of transportation is simply not efficient owing to human
errors. Thus, creation of a new system which is fully automated and efficient is need of
the hour. In our system, we connect a car with those in its vicinity using WLAN or
wireless LAN in order to transfer data about the specifications of the car, traffic
conditions, lane shifting and its speed. The computer process this information obtained
from other cars and uses parameter such as road rules obtained from the sensors placed
along the road, the route map derived from the GPS database and radar scanning to
maintain optimum distance between other vehicles and obstructions.

EXISTING SYSTEM:
The Ohio State University Center for Intelligent Transportation
Research (CITR) has developed three automated vehicles demonstrating advanced cruise
control, automated steering control for lane keeping, and autonomous behavior including
automated stopping and lane changes in reaction to other vehicles. Various sensors were
used, including a radar reflective stripe system and a vision based system for lane
position sensing, a radar system and a scanning laser range finding system for the
detection of objects ahead of the vehicle, and various supporting sensors including side
looking radars and an angular rate gyroscope. Whenever multiple sensors were available,
data fusion and fault detection were employed to maximize functionality without driver
involvement. These vehicles were demonstrated at the National Automated Highway
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System Consortium (NAHSC) 1997 Technical Feasibility Demonstration in a scenario
involving mixed autonomous and manually driven vehicles interacting in a fully
autonomous manner at highway speeds.

VEHICLE HARDWARE

The figure below shows the physical layout of the equipment in the vehicle. Steering,
throttle, and brake actuator locations are shown. The steering ECUs are mounted under
the front of the driver’s seat. The DBW ECU is mounted along the right wall of the trunk.
The location of the video camera (replacing the central rear view mirror), radar RF
components (behind the front bumper shroud), and laser rangefinder (under the front
bumper in the air grill) are indicated. The contents of the trunk, including the image
processing computer, vehicle control computer, graphical status display computer,
angular rate gyro, radar signal processing components, and interface electronics are also
shown.
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Drawbacks:

The system which CITR has developed is applicable only for

highways where there is a single road and constant speed. Such a system would fail if it is
applied in a region of high traffic density such as a big city because of some many other
factors such a taking turns and multiple destinations. For such a situation where you have
different vehicles going to different destinations, communication between the vehicles is
essential and WLAN plays an important role in overcoming this difficulty.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:
We propose to integrate the following systems in our Automated
Vehicular System to overcome the difficulties faced in the drawbacks stated above.
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WLAN:
A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area network, which is the
linking of two or more computers or devices without using wires. WLAN uses spread-
spectrum or OFDM modulation technology based on radio waves to enable
communication between devices in a limited area, also known as the basic service set.
This gives users the mobility to move around within a broad coverage area and still be
connected to the network..SAN JOSE, Calif. Nov. 2003 Cisco Systems Inc. announced
the results of a new study conducted by independent research firm NOP World
Technology, which shows significant productivity gains and increasing financial returns
to organizations adopting a policy of wider wireless local area network (LAN)
deployment. Results from this current 2003 study demonstrate a rise in employee
productivity, increased cost savings and other benefits. While wireless LANs [for
healthcare organizations] have been postulated to represent a major area for potential
growth, widespread deployment has yet to be realized. There remains a need to quantify
the benefits offered by their implementation (including increased flexibility, productivity,
and cost savings). This research has been designed to provide the required substantiation.

WLAN Penetration

Education has the highest WLAN penetration (at 29%), followed by manufacturing
(23%), healthcare (13%) and government sectors (12%). Beyond these, most other
sectors tend to be implementing WLANs at a relatively laggard pace (with an average 6%
penetration).
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.

Types of wireless LANs

Peer-to-peer

Peer-to-Peer or ad-hoc wireless LAN

An ad-hoc network is a network where stations communicate only peer to peer (P2P).
There is no base and no one gives permission to talk. This is accomplished using the
Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS).

A peer-to-peer (P2P) allows wireless devices to directly communicate with each other.
Wireless devices within range of each other can discover and communicate directly
without involving central access points. This method is typically used by two computers
so that they can connect to each other to form a network.
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If a signal strength meter is used in this situation, it may not read the strength accurately
and can be misleading, because it registers the strength of the strongest signal, which may
be the closest computer.

802.11 specs define the physical layer (PHY) and MAC (Media Access Control) layers.
However, unlike most other IEEE specs, 802.11 includes three alternative PHY
standards: diffuse infrared operating at 1 Mbit/s in; frequency-hopping spread spectrum
operating at 1 Mbit/s or 2 Mbit/s; and direct-sequence spread spectrum operating at 1
Mbit/s or 2 Mbit/s. A single 802.11 MAC standard is based on CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance). The 802.11 specification includes provisions
designed to minimize collisions. Because two mobile units may both be in range of a
common access point, but not in range of each other. The 802.11 has two basic modes of
operation: Ad hoc mode enables peer-to-peer transmission between mobile units.
Infrastructure mode in which mobile units communicate through an access point that
serves as a bridge to a wired network infrastructure is the more common wireless LAN
application the one being covered. Since wireless communication uses a more open
medium for communication in comparison to wired LANs, the 802.11 designers also
included a shared-key encryption mechanism, called wired equivalent privacy (WEP), or
Wi-Fi Protected Access, (WPA, WPA2) to secure wireless computer networks.

Bridge

A bridge can be used to connect networks, typically of different types. A wireless

Ethernet bridge allows the connection of devices on a wired Ethernet network to a
wireless network. The bridge acts as the connection point to the Wireless LAN.

Wireless distribution system

.A Wireless Distribution System is a system that enables the wireless interconnection of

access points in an IEEE 802.11 network. It allows a wireless network to be expanded
using multiple access points without the need for a wired backbone to link them, as is
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traditionally required. The notable advantage of WDS over other solutions is that it
preserves the MAC addresses of client packets across links between access points. An
access point can be either a main, relay or remote base station. A main base station is
typically connected to the wired Ethernet. A relay base station relays data between
remote base stations, wireless clients or other relay stations to either a main or another
relay base station. A remote base station accepts connections from wireless clients and
passes them to relay or main stations. Connections between "clients" are made using
MAC addresses rather than by specifying IP assignments. All base stations in a Wireless
Distribution System must be configured to use the same radio channel, and share WEP
keys or WPA keys if they are used. They can be configured to different service set
identifiers. WDS also requires that every base station be configured to forward to others
in the system. When it is difficult to connect all of the access points in a network by
wires, it is also possible to put up access points as repeaters

GPS Navigation Systems

When people talk about "a GPS," they usually mean a GPS
receiver. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is actually a constellation of 27 Earth-
orbiting satellites (24 in operation and three extras in case one fails). The U.S. military
developed and implemented this satellite network as a military navigation system, but
soon opened it up to everybody else. Each of these 3,000- to 4,000-pound solar-powered
satellites circles the globe at about 12,000 miles (19,300 km), making two complete
rotations every day. The orbits are arranged so that at any time, anywhere on Earth, there
are at least four satellites "visible" in the sky. GPS navigation systems are a lot more than
just maps. They are interactive systems that give you access to all types of geographical
information, from what street you're driving on to what landmarks and businesses are
nearby. The systems can be mounted in any vehicle. With the correct software, GPS
systems can let you search locations from restaurant and movie theaters to museums,
sports arenas, and ski resorts? all with the touch of a button.
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Some systems even let you enter the phone number of a business to automatically
bring up the address and driving directions. A GPS system that reads data from a DVD
Rom disc is better choice because older systems that use CD ROMs require users to
install a new disc for every region of travel, but DVD systems typically use a single disc
for the entire country, with the disc being updated annually.

So with the help of this, reaching your destination is as simple as entering

your destination.

Radar scanning technology

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Radar sensors are placed along the vehicles body and
they constantly send out signals and interpret the reflected signal to calculate the distance
of separation. These sensors help the vehicles to maintain optimum distance between
each other and it constantly alerts the vehicle if the optimum separation is breached.

Road Sensors
Sensors are placed all along the centre of the roads, which
contain data about the road such as its width, maximum speed and its position which can
integrated with the GPS navigation system of the vehicle. Hence they give an overall
view of the driving environment.

.INTEGRATION:
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The information from all the above devices is received by
the computer. It considers the destination to be reached as the priority and uses the GPS
system for the shortest route. The sensors placed along the road give the car an idea of the
driving environment and actual position and the program makes sure that the vehicle is
on the correct part of the road. If the car has to change its lane i.e., reach the sensor that
are at a different position to those in the present lane then the car sends the same
information to all other cars. But before that the car has to check with the road sensor
whether is an allowed shifting as per the data stored in it, about the road rules. If it is
allowed the computer then contacts other cars in the vicinity and informs them about its
changes and does not proceed until it gets clearance from the required cars. The other
cars depending upon there own requirements adjust their speeds. Then they give
clearance to the car. They automatically slow down, thus creating a sort of buffer space
for the car to enter the next lane. The car then steers itself into the requisite lane. This
enables it to reach its destination safely. The other feature of this system is the ability to
overtake in case of emergency. If any vehicle has an emergency it conveys the
information to the cars around it by this the other cars slow down and an operation
similar to changing lanes take place thus leading to a more effective mode of
transportation. Both the above features have been made possible owing to the existence
of wireless LAN, which enables connection of mobile devices over a range sufficient for
situations described above and also to the fact that one can attain significant amount of
data transfer rates in WLAN even while traveling at high speeds as said above, thus
WLAN with its appropriate data transfer rates when traveling at high speeds and good
range is extremely applicable in the above scenarios.
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Advantages:
The advantages of wlan are its portability, ease of installation, and
practicality. The most appealing aspect of wlan is its convenience, it allows flexibility
and roaming. A user is not tied down to a lan and can move around with relative ease
while staying connected. Wlan are also easy to install, an entire network can be put
together in a matter of hours rather than days. Finally, wlan may be installed where
rewiring is impractical. Wireless systems can be installed in different environments and
users can communicate with the existing wired network through access points or wireless
adapters. The popularity of wireless LANs is a testament primarily to their convenience,
cost efficiency, and ease of integration with other networks and network components.
The majority of computers sold to consumers today come pre-equipped with all necessary
wireless LAN technology.

These are the benefits of wireless LANs:

• Convenience: The wireless nature of such networks allows users to access

network resources from nearly any convenient location within their primary
networking environment (home or office). With the increasing saturation of
laptop-style computers, this is particularly relevant.
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• Mobility: With the emergence of public wireless networks, users can access the
internet even outside their normal work environment. Most chain coffee shops,
for example, offer their customers a wireless connection to the internet at little or
no cost.

• Productivity: Users connected to a wireless network can maintain a nearly

constant affiliation with their desired network as they move from place to place.
For a business, this implies that an employee can potentially be more productive
as his or her work can be accomplished from any convenient location.

• Deployment: Initial setup of an infrastructure-based wireless network requires

little more than a single access point. Wired networks, on the other hand, have the
additional cost and complexity of actual physical cables being run to numerous
locations (which can even be impossible for hard-to-reach locations within a
building).

• Expandability: Wireless networks can serve a suddenly-increased number of

clients with the existing equipment. In a wired network, additional clients would
require additional wiring.

Disadvantages:
The biggest block to growth of wlan is its high cost. The disadvantages common to all
types of wlan are its cost, transmission speed, connection distance, and FCC regulations.
The major reason why automated analyses of traffic images have been failed is that there
does not exist any robust tracking algorithms against such crowded situations at
intersections. It's a problem with automatic vehicles; if you've got a child and he or she
turns the key to listen to the radio, it's possible for the car to be accidentally shifted into
gear. As the car is set into motion, the child can become frightened and jump or fall from
the vehicle. Statistics reveal that at least 100 children have been killed or injured in this
way.Speed is another disadvantage of wireless LAN. Wireless devices are almost always
slower than the same network using a wired configuration (about 4 to 6 megabits per
second). Wireless lans can transmit up to 1,00 feet without losing connection. The rule of
wireless transmission, the higher the data rate, the shorter the range. Fcc regulations only
applies to radio frequencies since fcc does not regulate the infrared transmission. Radio-
transmission uses spread spectrum transmission distributes, or spreads, a radio signal
over a broad frequency range
Wireless LAN technology, while replete with the conveniences and advantages described
above has its share of downfalls. For a given networking situation, wireless LANs may
not be desirable for a number of reasons. Most of these have to do with the inherent
limitations of the technology.
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• Security: Wireless LAN transceivers are designed to serve computers throughout

a structure with uninterrupted service using radio frequencies. Because of space
and cost, the antennas typically present on wireless networking cards in the end
computers are generally relatively poor. In order to properly receive signals using
such limited antennas throughout even a modest area, the wireless LAN
transceiver utilizes a fairly considerable amount of power. What this means is that
not only can the wireless packets be intercepted by a nearby adversary's poorly-
equipped computer, but more importantly, a user willing to spend a small amount
of money on a good quality antenna can pick up packets at a remarkable distance;
perhaps hundreds of times the radius as the typical user. In fact, there are even
computer users dedicated to locating and sometimes even cracking into wireless
networks, known as wardrivers. On a wired network, any adversary would first
have to overcome the physical limitation of tapping into the actual wires, but this
is not an issue with wireless packets. To combat this consideration, wireless
networks users usually choose to utilize various encryption technologies available
such as Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). Some of the older encryption methods,
such as WEP are known to have weaknesses that a dedicated adversary can
compromise.

• Range: The typical range of a common 802.11g network with standard equipment
is on the order of tens of meters. While sufficient for a typical home, it will be
insufficient in a larger structure. To obtain additional range, repeaters or
additional access points will have to be purchased. Costs for these items can add
up quickly. Other technologies are in the development phase, however, which
feature increased range, hoping to render this disadvantage irrelevant

• Reliability: Like any radio frequency transmission, wireless networking signals

are subject to a wide variety of interference, as well as complex propagation
effects (such as multipath, or especially in this case Rican fading) that are beyond
the control of the network administrator. One of the most insidious problems that
can affect the stability and reliability of a wireless LAN is the microwave oven. In
the case of typical networks, modulation is achieved by complicated forms of
phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), making
interference and propagation effects all the more disturbing. As a result, important
network resources such as servers are rarely connected wirelessly.

• Speed: The speed on most wireless networks (typically 1-108 Mbit/s) is

reasonably slow compared to the slowest common wired networks (100 Mbit/s up
to several Gbit/s). There are also performance issues caused by TCP and its built-
in congestion avoidance. For most users, however, this observation is irrelevant
since the speed bottleneck is not in the wireless routing but rather in the outside
network connectivity itself. That is to say, in most environments, a wireless
network running at its slowest speed is still faster than the internet connection
serving it in the first place. However, in specialized environments, higher
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throughput through a wired network might be necessary. Newer standards such as

802.11n are addressing this limitation and will support peak throughputs in the
range of 100-200 Mbit/s.
• Cost: Wireless networking hardware is at worst a modest increase from wired
counterparts. This potentially increased cost is almost always more than
outweighed by the savings in cost and labor associated to running physical cables

Most of these have already been covered above. To recap, they are slower, heavier, more
expensive (both to buy and repair), less efficient, and less reliable. Plus, there are a few
times where I have nearly had an accident due to unwanted downshifts, which are
impossible with a manual

CONCLUSION:
We are essentially proposing automated chauffeurs,
which can take the user, to his destination by just entering it, safely, efficiently and in an
overall aspect, more organized way. The user need not be a driver and need not even
accompany the car. This would permit children, old people, drunks, and the blind greater
personal freedom. The car can deliver a user to a place where there is no parking, go
away and park, and return when summoned. Thus, the system is to have almost all of the
capabilities of a chauffeur. Human drivers are extremely inefficient in their use of road
space. Another major factor is driver reaction time. If one were to write an equation for
determining headway (the space between cars on the highway), reaction time would be a
major term. Average reaction time for human drivers is probably on the order of two
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seconds. An automated system could have dramatically reduced reaction time and
headway. Another factor is the precision of human drivers. Notice that while cars are
about 6 feet wide, highway lanes are 12 feet wide. An automated system could be more
precise and therefore require less lateral space. An automated system could have much
faster reaction time and also other characteristics which would dramatically reduce space
requirements. An automated system can have major advantages over the current system
in the areas of road space utilization and safety. To the extent that we could replace safety
related driver functions with technology, an automated system could eventually be very
substantially safer than the existing system in that we could bring technology to bear
directly on a problem that is now virtually completely driver controlled. Vehicle
automation could therefore easily be the greatest public health advance of the twenty-first
century.

REFERENCES

[1] P. R. Chevillat and W. Schott, “Broadband radio LANs and the evolution of wireless
beyond 3G,” IBM Journal of Research and development, Volume 47, Number 2/3, 2003.

[2] Keith A. Redmill and Umit Ozguner, the Ohio State University Automated Highway
System Demonstration Vehicle, 1998 SAE Internation

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