MTCC INSTITUTE

CLASS-10th
CHP- CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS (NOTES)
*Bonding in Carbon:-
The Covalent bond, Electron dot structure, Physical properties of organic compounds, Allotropes
of Carbon.
*Covalent Bond:-
The atomic number of carbon is 6. Its electronic configuration is 2, 4. It requires, 4 electrons to
achieve the inert gas electronic configuration. But carbon cannot form an ionic bond
It could gain four electrons forming C4- cation. But it would be difficult for the nucleus with six
protons to hold on to ten electrons.
It could lose four electrons forming C4+ cations. But it requires a large amount of energy to
remove four electrons.
Thus, carbon overcomes this problem by sharing of its valence electrons with other carbon atoms
or with atoms of other elements.
The bond formed by mutual sharing of electron pairs between two atoms in a molecule is known
as Covalent Bond.
*Types of Covalent Bond:-
1.Single Covalent Bond: When a single pair of electrons are shared between two atoms in a
molecule. For example; F2, Cl2, H2 etc.
2.Double Covalent Bond: When two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in a
molecule. For example; O2, CO2 etc.
3.Triple Covalent Bond: When three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in a
molecule. For example; N2 etc.
*Electron Dot Structure:-
The electron dot structures provides a picture of bonding in molecules in terms of the shared
pairs of electrons and octet rule.
Ex:-Formation of Hydrogen Molecule
Atomic number of Hydrogen = 1
Number of valence electrons = 1
Formation of CH4 Molecule
Atomic number of Carbon = 6 [2, 4]
Number of valence electrons = 4
Atomic number of Hydrogen = 1
Number of valence electrons = 1

Formation of CO2 Molecule

Atomic number of Carbon = 6 [2, 4]
Number of valence electrons = 4
Atomic number of Oxygen = 8 [2, 6]
Number of valence electrons = 6

*Physical Properties of Organic Compounds:-

Most of the organic compounds have low boiling and melting point, due to the weak force of
attraction (i.e., the inter-molecular force of attraction) between these molecules.
Most carbon compounds are poor conductors of electricity, due to the absence of free electrons
and free ions.
*Versatile Nature of Carbon:-
The existence of such a large number of organic compounds is due to the following nature of
carbon,
i)Catenation
ii)Tetravalent nature.
(i) Catenation: The self linking property of an element mainly carbon atom through
covalent bonds to form long straight, branched and rings of different sizes are called
Catenation.
This property is due to
 The small size of the carbon atom.
 The great strength of the carbon-carbon bond.
Carbon can also form stable multiple bonds (double or triple) with itself and with the atoms of
other elements.
Straight Chain

 Branched Chain
Rings

(ii) Tetravalent Nature: Carbon has valency of four. It is capable of bonding with four
other atoms of carbon or some other heteroatoms with single covalent bond as well as
double or triple bond.
Hydrocarbons: Compounds of carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons.
For example; Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Ethene (C2H4), Ethyne (C2H2) etc.

*Saturated Hydrocarbon (Alkanes):

General formula is CnH2n+2.
N = number of carbon atoms.
In this, the carbon atoms are connected by only a single bond.
For example; Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6) etc.
*Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:-
Alkenes: General formula is CnH2n, where n = number of carbon atoms.
In this, the two carbon atoms are connected by double bond.

Alkynes: General formula is CnH2n-2, where n = number of carbon atoms. In this, the two
carbon atoms are connected by triple bond.

*Homologous Series:-
Series of organic compounds having the same functional group and chemical properties and
successive members differ by a CH2 unit or 14 mass units are known as Homologous series.
Homologous series of Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes
*Characteristic of Homologous Series:-

1.The successive members in homologous series differ by CH2 unit or 14 mass unit.
2.Members of given homologous series have the same functional group.
3.All the members of homologous series shows similar chemical properties.
*Functional Group: An atom or group of atoms present in a molecule which largely
determines its chemical properties are called Functional Group.

*Nomenclature of Organic Compounds:-

It is difficult to remember millions of compounds by their individual common name. Thus,
to systematize the nomenclature of organic compounds IUPAC (International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry) has given certain rule which is as follows:
1. Identify the Number of Carbon Atoms in the Compound
Ex:- a)One carbon atoms (1-C) Meth + ane
b)Two carbon atoms (2-C) Eth + ane
c)Three carbon atoms (3-C) Prop + ane
2. Identify the functional group
Ex:-A)Double bond (=) —ene
B)Triple bond (≡) —yne
C)Chlorine (—Cl) Chloro —
D)Bromine (—Br)Bromo —
3. Name the Compounds By Following Order
Prefix + Word Root + Suffix

*Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds:-

The important chemical properties are as follows:
1. Combustion: The complete combustion of carbon compounds in the air gives carbon
dioxide water, heat and light.
CH3CH2OH(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l) + Heat and light
Carbon burns in air or oxygen to give carbon dioxide and heat and light.
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + Heat and light
Saturated hydrocarbons burn with a blue flame in the presence of a sufficient supply of air or
oxygen.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + Heat and light
In presence of limited supply of air, saturated hydrocarbon forms a sooty flame.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with a yellow smoky flame.
The gas and kerosene stove used at home has inlet for air so that, burnt to given clean blue
flame.
Due to presence of small amount of nitrogen and sulphur, coal and petroleum produces
carbon dioxide with oxides of nitrogen and sulphur which are major pollutant.
2. Oxidation: Oxidation of ethanol in presence of oxidizing agents gives ethanoic acid.

Oxidizing Agent: Some substances are capable of adding oxygen to others, are known as
Oxidising Agent.
Example: Alkaline KMnO4 (or KMnO4—KOH)
Acidified K2Cr2O7 (or K2Cr2O7—H2SO4)
KMnO4 – Potassium permanganate
K2Cr2O7 – Potassium dichromate

3. Addition Reaction: Addition of dihydrogen with unsaturated hydrocarbon in the

presence of catalysts such as nickel or platinum or palladium are known as
Hydrogenation (addition) reaction.
 4. Substitution Reaction: Replacement of one or more hydrogen atom of an organic
molecule by another atom or group of the atom is known as Substitution Reaction.

*Some Important Carbon Compounds :

Ethanol (CH3CH2—OH): Commonly known as Ethyl Alcohol.
Physical Properties-
 It is colourless, inflammable liquid.
 It is miscible with water in all proportions.
 It has no effect on the litmus paper.
Chemical Properties-
1. Reaction with sodium:-

2. Reaction with concentrated H2SO4 (Dehydration Reaction):-

 3. Reaction with Carbonates and Hydrogen Carbonates: Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium
carbonates and sodium hydrogen carbonates to give rise to a salt, carbon dioxide and
water.

 Used as vinegar.
 Used as raw material for the preparation of acetyl chloride and esters.
*Soap:-
Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids is called Soap.
General formula: RCOO–Na+
*Detergent:-
Ammonium and sulphonate salts of long chain fatty acids are called Detergent.
Example: CH3—(CH2)11—C6H4—SO3Na.
*Hard and Soft Water:-
Water that does not produce lather with soap readily is called Hard water and which produces
lather with soap is called Soft Water.
Hardness of water is due to the presence of bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphate salt of
calcium and magnesium.
*Difference between soaps and detergents:-
Soap:-
(i) These are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids.
(ii) Ionic part of the soap is —COO–Na+
(iii) Their efficiency decreases in hard water
(iv) Soaps are biodegradable.
Detergent:-
 (i) These are ammonium and sulphonate salts of long chain fatty acids.
(ii) Ionic part of detergent is —OSO3-Na+.
(iii) Their efficiency is unaffected in hard water.
(iv) Detergents are non-biodegradable.
*Advantage of Detergents:-
The main advantage of detergent over soaps is that soaps cannot be used in hard water for
washing because hard water reacts with soap to form curdy white precipitate called Scum.

Thus, in hard water, soap does not give lather while detergent does.
*Cleansing Action of Soaps and Detergents:-
Both soaps and detergents cantains two parts. A long hydrocarbon part which is hydrophobic
(water repelling) in nature and a short ionic part which is hydrophillic (water attracting) in
nature.
The hydrocarbon part of the soap molecule links itself to the oily (dirt) drop and ionic end orients
itself towards water and forms a spherical structure called micelles. The soap micelles helps in
dissolving the dirt in water and wash our clothes.

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