MUN LIBRARIES TURABIAN (9th edition)

NOTES-BIBLIOGRAPHY STYLE QUICK GUIDE

In Turabian notes-bibliography style, when information is quoted or referred to in a paper, you insert a
superscript number that directs the reader to a note that contains the citation information.

EXAMPLE OF IN-TEXT CITATION

In 1879, Rodolphe Lindt of Berne, Switzerland, “produced chocolate that melted on the tongue."1

NOTES: A footnote or endnote can be used to identify the source of the quotation or information. Footnotes
are placed at the "foot", or bottom, of the same page where the information is quoted or referred to; are
separated from the text of the paper by a short line; and let the reader refer to your citation without having to
flip to the back of the paper. Endnotes are placed at the end of your paper with the heading "Notes". Each note
should be single spaced, with one line between notes.

1. Linda K. Fuller, Chocolate Fads, Folklore & Fantasies: 1,000+ Chunks of Chocolate Information (New
York: Haworth Press, 1994), 54.

SHORTENED NOTES: If you’ve cited a source once and need to cite it again, use a shortened form in your
footnote/endnote. A shortened note can be author-only or author-title. Author-only is just the author's last name
and the page number. Author-title is the author's last name, a shortened title, and the page number. A
shortened title is composed of up to 4 distinctive words from the full title, in either italics or quotation marks
depending on how it is cited in the bibliography.

Author-only:
2. Author Last Name, page number.

Author-title:
3. Author Last Name, Shortened Title or "Title", page number.

IBID. If you cite a source and then cite it again in the very next note, use "ibid.” which is short for the Latin
meaning “in the same place”, followed by the page number if the page number is different. Only use ibid. if it
refers to the source directly above it. If the page number is also the same, you don’t need to repeat the page
number.
4. Fuller, Chocolate Fads, 54.
5. Ibid., 56.
6. Ibid.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Usually, notes refer to citations listed in the bibliography at the end of the paper. The
bibliography is the full list of works used to write the paper; it may include works that you consulted but did not
cite, and is arranged alphabetically by authors' name. Each entry is single spaced, with double-spacing
between entries (Some instructors may prefer double-spacing throughout).

Crystal Rose, Memorial University Libraries, last updated 2021

BOOKS

If the city of publication might be unfamiliar or easily confused with another city, add the abbreviation for the
province/state. Where two or more cities are given, include only the first. For publisher names you can leave out “Inc.”,
“Ltd.”, “Co.” or “Company.”

BOOK, 1-3 AUTHORS

Note:
1. Steven K. Katona, Valerie Rough, and David T. Richardson, A Field Guide to the Whales, Porpoises,
and Seals from Cape Cod to Newfoundland, 4th ed. (Washington: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1993), 182.

Bibliography:
Katona, Steven K., Valerie Rough, and David T. Richardson. A Field Guide to Whales, Porpoises, and Seals
from Cape Code to Newfoundland. 4th ed. Washington: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1993.

BOOK, 4 OR MORE AUTHORS

In the note list only the first author's name followed by "et al." In the Bibliography, include all authors, no matter how many.
Note:
2. Kathryn Rose et al., Newfoundland and War (St. John’s, NL: Memorial University of Newfoundland
Press, 2012), 4.

Bibliography:
Rose, Kathryn, Crystal Rose, Lisa Goddard, and Erin Alcock. Newfoundland and War. St. John’s, NL:
Memorial University of Newfoundland Press, 2012.

E-BOOK (DOWNLOADED)
If you downloaded it to your device or ebook reader, indicate the format (e.g. iBooks, Kindle, Kobo, Adobe Digital Editions
PDF, etc.). Avoid app or device specific page numbers, and cite by chapter or section number in the note.
Note:
3. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), chap. 4, Kobo.

Bibliography:
Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kobo.

E-BOOK (LIBRARY DATABASE)

If you accessed it through the library, give the DOI or “Digital Object Identifier” (preferred) or the name of the database
(e.g Proquest Ebook Central, EBSCOHost, SpringerLink, Sage, etc.).
Note:
4. Jennifer Mary Hubbard, A Science on the Scales: The Rise of Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Biology,
1898-1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006), 276-77, https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442670464.

Bibliography:
Hubbard, Jennifer Mary. A Science on the Scales: The Rise of Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Biology, 1898-
1939. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442670464.

E-BOOK (INTERNET)
Give the DOI or “Digital Object Identifier” (preferred) or the URL.
Note:
5. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Charles Schribner's Sons, 1918), 121,
http://books.google.ca/books/about/Pride_and_Prejudice.html?id=s1gVAAAAYAAJ.

Bibliography:
Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Charles Schribner's Sons, 1918.
http://books.google.ca/books/about/Pride_and_Prejudice.html?id=s1gVAAAAYAAJ.
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EDITED BOOK (EDITOR INSTEAD OF AN AUTHOR)
Add the abbreviation "ed." (or "eds." for multiple editors).
Note:
6. Francis Robinson, ed., Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1996), 34.

Bibliography:
Robinson, Francis, ed. Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1996.

EDITED BOOK (EDITOR IN ADDITION TO AN AUTHOR)

When editors' names follow the title, only use "ed." in the note (never "eds.") as it refers to "edited by."
Note:
7. Yves Bonnefoy, New and Selected Poems, ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1995), 35-36.

Bibliography:
Bonnefoy, Yves. New and Selected Poems. Edited by John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1996.

ARTICLE/CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Note:
8. Noel Vietmeyer, "Forgotten Roots of the Incas," in Chilies to Chocolate: Food the Americas Gave the
World, ed. Nelson Foster and Linda S. Cordell (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992), 104.

Bibliography:
Vietmeyer, Noel. "Forgotten Roots of the Incas." In Chilies to Chocolate: Food the Americas Gave the World,
edited by Nelson Foster and Linda S. Cordell, 95-117. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992.

EDITION OF A BOOK (OTHER THAN THE FIRST):

Note:
9. Roger Daniels, Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life, 2nd ed.
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2002), 84.

Bibliography:
Daniels, Roger. Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life. 2nd ed. New
York: Harper Perennial, 2002.

ARTICLES

JOURNAL ARTICLE, 1-3 AUTHORS (PRINT)

Include all authors' names.
Note:
10. William G. Thomas and Edward L. Ayers, "An Overview: The Differences Slavery Made; A Close
Analysis of Two American Communities," American Historical Review 108 (December 2003): 1305.

Bibliography:
Thomas, William G., and Edward L. Ayers, "An Overview: The Differences Slavery made; A Close Analysis of
Two American Communities." American Historical Review 108 (December 2003): 1299-307.

JOURNAL ARTICLE, 4 OR MORE AUTHORS (PRINT)

In the note, list only the first author's name followed by "et al." In the Bibliography, include all authors, no matter how
many.

Crystal Rose, Memorial University Libraries, last updated 2021

Note:
11. Ben Hawkins et al., “The Road to Damascus,” Carnivale 2, no. 13 (2005): 18.

Bibliography:
Hawkins, Ben, Justin Crowe, Clayton Jones, Rita Sue Dreifuss, and Apollonia Bojakshiya. “The Road to
Damascus.” Carnivale 2, no. 13 (2005): 1-24.

JOURNAL ARTICLE (LIBRARY DATABASE)

If you accessed it through the library, give the DOI or “Digital Object Identifier” (preferred) or the name of the database
(e.g. Historical Abstracts, Academic Search Complete, JSTOR, Art Index, etc.).
Note:
12. Pierre Pepin, Eugene Colbourne, and Gary Maillet, "Seasonal Patterns in Zooplankton Community
Structure on the Newfoundland and Labrador Shelf," Progress in Oceanography 91, no. 3 (2011): 280,
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.01.003.

Bibliography:
Pepin, Pierre, Eugene Colbourne, and Gary Maillet. "Seasonal Patterns in Zooplankton Community Structure
on the Newfoundland and Labrador Shelf." Progress in Oceanography 91, no. 3 (2011): 273-285.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.01.003.

JOURNAL ARTICLE (INTERNET)

Give the DOI or “Digital Object Identifier” (preferred) or the URL.
Note:
13. Kembrew McLeod, "Crashing the Spectacle: A Forgotten History of Digital Sampling, Infringement,
Copyright Liberation and the End of Recorded Music," Culture Machine 10 (2009): 125, 2013,
http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/view/349/351.

Bibliography:
McLeod, Kembrew. "Crashing the Spectacle: A Forgotten History of Digital Sampling, Infringement, Copyright
Liberation and the End of Recorded Music." Culture Machine 10 (2009): 114-30.
http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/view/349/351.

MAGAZINE ARTICLE (PRINT)

Cite magazines by date only, even if they have a volume/issue number. Don’t include the page number range in your
bibliography.
Note:
14. Mark Schapiro, "New Power for 'Old Europe'," Nation, December 27, 2004, 12-13.

Bibliography:
Schapiro, Mark. "New Power for 'Old Europe'." Nation, December 27, 2004.

MAGAZINE ARTICLE (ONLINE)

If you accessed it through the library, give the DOI or “Digital Object Identifier” (preferred) or the name of the database
(e.g. Academic Search Complete, ProQuest Central, etc.). If you accessed it on the internet, include the URL, and there
may be no page numbers to cite.
Note:
15. Frank Moher, "Son of the Rock," Backofthebook.ca: Canada's Online Magazine, October 11, 2008,
http://backofthebook.ca/2008/10/11/son-of-the-rock/331/.

Bibliography:
Moher, Frank. "Son of the Rock." Backofthebook.ca: Canada's Online Magazine. October 11, 2008.
http://backofthebook.ca/2008/10/11/son-of-the-rock/331/.

Crystal Rose, Memorial University Libraries, last updated 2021

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, NO AUTHOR (PRINT)
Do not include page numbers for newspapers. If there is no author, begin with the article title.
Note:
16. "Cadbury Targets Russia," Globe and Mail, May 22, 1995.

Bibliography:
Newspaper articles are rarely included in bibliographies, however you may include an article only if it is "critical to your
argument or frequently cited".

NEWSPAPER OR NEWS ARTICLE (ONLINE)

If you accessed it through the library, give the DOI or “Digital Object Identifier” (preferred) or the name of the database
(e.g. Factiva, Academic Search Complete, ProQuest Central, etc.). If you accessed it on the internet, include the URL. Do
not include page numbers for newspapers. If there is no author, begin with the article title.
Note:
17. Gordon Pitts, "The Fishery is Dead; Long Live the Fishery," Globe and Mail, February 18, 2008,
Nexis Uni.

Articles from news websites can usually be cited like articles in newspapers:
18. “Blueberry Heist Leaves Farmers Searching for Answers,” CBC News, September 21, 2021.
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/blueberry-theft-farm-nl-1.6182971.

Bibliography:
Online newspaper or news articles are rarely included in bibliographies, however you may include an article only if it is
"critical to your argument or frequently cited."

WEBSITES, SOCIAL MEDIA & BLOGS

WEB PAGE
Include as much of the following information as you can. Leave out Owner/Sponsor if it is the same as the website title.
19. Author, "Title of the Page/Document," Title of Website, Owner/Sponsor of Website,
publication or revision date, URL.

Note:
20. Provincial Information and Library Resources Board, "Annual Report 2013-14," Newfoundland and
Labrador Public Libraries, August 5, 2014, http://www.nlpl.ca/component/phocadownload/category/6-reports-
plans.html?download=411:annual-report-2013-14.

21. Olaf U. Janzen, “Beothuk and Mi’kmaq,” Grenfell Campus, Memorial University, last modified
January 13, 2014, http://www2.swgc.mun.ca/nfld_history/nfld_history_beothuk.htm.

Bibliography:
Websites are normally only cited in your notes and not included in your bibliography unless it is "critical to your argument
or frequently cited."

NO AUTHOR?
Begin with the title of the webpage/document instead.
Note:
22. "The Newfoundland Regiment and the Great War: The Trail of the Caribou," The Rooms, 2010,
http://www.therooms.ca/regiment/part2_trail_of_the_caribou.asp.

NO DATE?
If no date of publication, last revision or modification is given, include the date you accessed it.

Crystal Rose, Memorial University Libraries, last updated 2021

Note:
23. Kathy Kaufield and Alain Bosse, "Atlantic Lobster Food Service Guide," Canadian Lobster, Lobster
Council of Canada, accessed March 11, 2020, https://lobstercouncilcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/
Atlantic_ Lobster_Guide_P12_compressed.pdf.

SOCIAL MEDIA POST

Retain a copy of the social media content cited, in case your cited post gets deleted. Social Media citations can often be
limited to the text:

Local news organization VOCM's Question of the Day on Twitter was "With provincial vaccination rates nearing
80 percent, are you comfortable and ready to head back into the workplace?" (@VOCMNEWS, September 14,
2021).

If it is especially important to link back to the original post, you may include a note. If only a screen name is known, use
the screen name in place of an author's name.
Note:
24. Author's Real Name (@Username), "Up to the first 160 characters of the post," Site Name and
description if it is a photo or video, Month day, year of post, URL.

25. Archives and Special Collections, Queen Elizabeth II Library, MUN

(@MUNarchivesandspecialcollections), "JR Smallwood, Clara (Oates) Smallwood and their baby. Probably
Ramsey. From the JR Smallwood backlog," Facebook photo, September 13, 2020, https://www.facebook.com/
MUNarchivesandspecialcollections/photos/a.985705874831536/3366479666754133/.

Bibliography:
Turabian recommends only citing social media posts in the text or in notes.

YOUTUBE VIDEO
Note:
26. BBC Ideas, "The Quiet Power of Introverts," YouTube video, 3:42, January 28, 2020,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1Y4Z0oh1GE.

Bibliography:
Turabian recommends only citing in notes.

BLOG POST
Blog posts are cited like online newspaper articles. The word blog may be added in parenthesis after the blog title.
Note:
27. Constantina Katsari, “Ancient Artifacts from the Erotic Museum in Paris,” Love of History (blog),
February 9, 2015, http://loveofhistory.com/ancient-artifacts-from-the-erotic-museum-in-paris/.

Bibliography:
Like newspaper articles, Turabian recommends only citing blog posts in notes.

OTHER

CLASS LECTURE, SPEECH, OR ACADEMIC TALK

Put the lecture title, if known, in quotation marks after the speaker's name. If the lecture is untitled, place the course name
in square brackets.
Note:
28. John Bodner, [Folklore and Popular Culture] (lecture, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of
Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, February 15, 2008).

Bibliography:
Bodner, John. [Folklore and Popular Culture]. Class lecture, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of
Crystal Rose, Memorial University Libraries, last updated 2021
 Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, February 15, 2008.

CLASS NOTES/FILE ON COURSE WEBSITE (BRIGHTSPACE)

Turabian doesn’t provide specific advice. Memorial University Libraries advises: Put the file’s title in quotation marks after
the Instructor's name. Add a description in square brackets, e.g. Lecture Notes, PowerPoint, Video, etc. If there is no date
available, include the date you accessed it.
Note:
29. John Bodner, "Folksong" [Lecture Notes for FOLK 1000], Brightspace, Memorial University of
Newfoundland, February 15, 2008, http://online.mun.ca/folk1000%20jbodner/Feb%2015%202008.pdf.

30. Edwin Bezzina, “The Salem Witch Trials” [Video for HIST 2330], Brightspace, Memorial University
of Newfoundland, accessed October 31, 2020, https://online.mun.ca/d2l/le/content/195539/viewContent/
2865592/View.

Bibliography:
Turabian doesn’t provide specific advice. Memorial University Libraries advises only including in notes.

DICTIONARY/ENCYCLOPEDIA (PRINT)
For commonly used or well-known reference books, do not give full publication information; only provide edition, if other
than first. Cite the title of the entry proceeded by s.v., meaning sub verbo, or "under the word" (plural s.vv.).
Note:
31. Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. "Salvation."

Bibliography:
In Turabian Style, well-known dictionaries and encyclopedias do not need to be included in bibliographies.

DICTIONARY/ENCYCLOPEDIA (ONLINE)
If accessed through the library, give the DOI or “Digital Object Identifier” (preferred) or the name of the database (e.g.
Oxford Reference, Credo Reference etc.). If accessed on the internet, include the URL. If there is no date provided,
include a date of access.
Note:
32. Encyclopedia Britannica Online, s.v. "Sibelius, Jean," accessed June 1, 2005,
http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article?tocld=9378608.

Bibliography:
In Turabian Style, well-known dictionaries and encyclopedias do not need to be included in bibliographies.

GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT, CANADIAN (PRINT)

List as much of the following information as you can:
33. Government (e.g. country, province, city), Government Body, Title, Individual Authors if any,
Identifying Number or (City of Publication: Publisher, date of publication), page numbers or other locators if
necessary. Unless it’s obvious, include (Canada) at the end of the citation.

Note:
34. Newfoundland and Labrador, Human Rights Commission, Human Rights Act Fact Sheet (St.
John's, NL: Human Rights Commission, 2010).

Bibliography:
Newfoundland and Labrador. Human Rights Commission. Human Rights Act Fact Sheet. St. John's, NL:
Human Rights Commission, 2010.

Crystal Rose, Memorial University Libraries, last updated 2021

GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT, CANADIAN (ONLINE)
If no date of publication or revision is given, include the date you accessed it.

Note:
35. Canada, Environment Canada, Canada's Emission Trends, Cat. No. En84-83/2011E (July, 2011),
p. 19, http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/E197D5E7-1AE3-4A06-B4FC- CB74EAAAA60F/CanadasEmissions
Trends.pdf.

Bibliography:
Canada. Environment Canada. Canada's Emission Trends. Cat. No. En84-83/2011E. July, 2011.
http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/E197D5E7-1AE3-4A06- B4FCCB74EAAAA60F/
CanadasEmissionsTrends.pdf.

INTERVIEW (UNPUBLISHED)
Note:
36. David Peddle, interview by author, Corner Brook, NL, March 22, 2011.
If you cannot reveal the identity of the person interviewed:
37. Interview with an undergraduate student, St. John’s, NL, April 1, 2019.

Bibliography:
Interviews are not included in the bibliography unless they are available for others to access (for example, in a library or
archive, or posted online).

MOVIE
Include the director’s name/s. Only include writers, actors, producers, etc. if relevant to your research. Include the
company that produced or distributed the movie and the year it was released. If you are citing a specific clip, you can
include the timings in the note.

Streaming
If accessed through the library, include the database name (e.g. Audio-Cine Films, Digital Theatre+, etc.). If accessed
through the internet include a URL.
Note:
38. The Artist was a Woman, directed by Suzanne Bauman (Filmmakers Library, 1988), 10:20 to 10:54,
Alexander Street.

DVD
Note:
39. The Viking, directed by George Melford and Varick Frissell, featuring Bob Bartlett (Paramount
Pictures, 1931; Morningstar Entertainment, 2008), DVD.

Bibliography:
You can list the film either under the name of the director or under the title.
Bauman, Suzanne, director. The Artist was a Woman. Filmmakers Library, 1988. 59 min. Alexander Street.
or
The Viking. Directed by George Melford and Varick Frissell. Featuring Bob Bartlett. Paramount Pictures, 1931;
Morningstar Entertainment, 2008. 1 hr., 10 min. DVD.

Crystal Rose, Memorial University Libraries, last updated 2021

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION (CONVERSATION, EMAIL, TEXT, DM)
Personal communications can be cited in the text only, or in a note.

In-text examples:
In a conversation with me on June 17, 2018, Jay Rosedale confirmed that…
(Elizabeth Hofstadt to author, Facebook direct message, November 12, 2020)

Note:
40. Megan Calvet, email message to the author, May 18, 2019.

Bibliography:
Personal communications should only be cited in the text or in notes.

THESIS/DISSERTATION (PRINT)
Note:
41. Nicole Childs, "The Impact of Hurricane Floyd on the Children of Eastern North Carolina" (master's
thesis, Eastern Carolina University, 2002), 24.

Bibliography:
Childs, Nicole. "The Impact of Hurricane Floyd on the Children of Eastern North Carolina." Master's thesis,
Eastern Carolina University, 2002.

THESIS/DISSERTATION (ONLINE)
If accessed through the library, give the name of the database (e.g. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.). If
accessed on the internet, include the URL.
Note:
42. Afrah Daaimah Richmond, "Unmasking the Boston Brahmin: Race and Liberalism and the Long
Struggle for Reform at Harvard and Radcliffe, 1945-1990" (PhD diss., New York University, 2011), 101-2,
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Bibliography:
Richmond, Afrah Daaimah. "Unmasking the Boston Brahmin: Race and Liberalism and the Long Struggle for
Reform at Harvard and Radcliffe, 1945-1990." PhD diss., New York University, 2011. ProQuest
Dissertations & Theses Global.

DIDN’T FIND THE EXAMPLE YOU WERE LOOKING FOR? Try…

Check out the complete Turabian guide for more specific information or for citing other types of sources.

Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 9th ed. Revised by
Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph H. Williams, Joseph Bizup, William T. Fitzgerald, and the
University of Chicago Press Editorial Staff. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. Available at
the Library LB 2369 T8 2018

Crystal Rose, Memorial University Libraries, last updated 2021