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The Ear Teacher Fall 2024 N&i

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11 views68 pages

The Ear Teacher Fall 2024 N&i

Uploaded by

fdtndvbvzd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Ear

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Functions
• Sensitive to vibrations ranging from
16 000 to 20 000 Hertz (cycles per
second) in young people but decline
with age
• The ear also contains receptors for
static (stationary) and dynamic
(movement) balance

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1. auditory canal
2. tympanic membrane
3. ossicles (hammer,
anvil, stirrup)
4. semicircular canals
(balance & coordination)
5. cochlea (hearing) 5
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The Ear

8
Outer Ear:
• Consists of ear flap or pinna that
concentrates sound waves and
directs them into the auditory canal

9
Outer Ear:
• At the end of the auditory canal is the
eardrum/tympanic membrane
– Picks up the air vibrations
– Divides the outer ear from the middle ear
– Has special sweat glands that produce
earwax; traps foreign particles to keep them
from entering the ear

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Auditory canal

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Middle Ear:
• Contains the tympanic membrane
(ear drum)

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Middle Ear:
• Three bones called the
ossicles transmit sound
vibrations
– These bones are the
malleus (hammer), the
incus (anvil) and the
stapes (stirrup)

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Middle Ear:
• Sound vibrations
are concentrated
in malleus, then
transmitted
to the, incus and
finally the stapes

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Middle Ear
• Stapes will then strike the
oval window of the inner ear
• Amplification of sound is due
in part to the concentration of
sound between the tympanic
membrane and the smaller
oval window

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• Chamber is connected to the
pharynx by the Eustachian tube
• Allows equalization of air pressure in
the middle ear to that of the
atmosphere

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Eustachian tube

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• Ear infections can
cause fluid to build up
in the Eustachian tube
causing discomfort,
temporary deafness,
poor balance and
inequalities in air
pressure

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Inner Ear:
• Consists of three fluid filled
semicircular canals

26
Inner Ear:
• Below these structures lies the cochlea
which contains the Organ of Corti and
three fluid filled canals

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Cochlea:
• Organ of hearing that converts
vibrations into nerve impulses in the
organ or Corti

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Cochlea:
• Resembles a snail’s shell and has
three fluid filled canals

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Cochlea → Involved with hearing
The vibrations affect the cochlear liquids where
there are thousands of tiny hair cells attached to
the basilar membrane.
Hair cells change the vibrations into electrical
signals that are sent to the brain through the
nerves.
– Contains the Organ of Corti
i) Functional Unit of Sound
ii) Identify and respond to sound waves of
different frequencies and intensities
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● Hearing begins when pinna collects sound waves
that push against eardrum → ossicles → cochlea
receives fluid waves → hair cells in basilar
membrane and converts them into action potentials
→ stimulates sensory receptors → goes into the
auditory nerve → brain interprets information

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Interesting tidbit:
• The rapid and continuous movement
of the fluids within the semicircular
canals may be the cause of motion
sickness

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Hearing Loss
• Conductive Loss –occurs with age or
exposure to loud noises, arthritis of the
ossicles
• Nerve Deafness – congenital or
through ear infections (hairs damaged)

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FYI - Tinnitus
• ringing in ear; “phantom sound”
• Malfunction of cochlea, transmitted to brain
• Temporary, after a rock concert
• Hair cells are damaged, bent, or destroyed
• Loss of hair cells as we age
• Other causes:
• TMJ, damage to inner ear by trauma, ear infection,
tumors, use of ototoxic drugs (antibiotics, anticancer
drugs, or antimalarial drugs) – damage to hair cells
or auditory nerve or both
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