Grade 11_English

Poetry

How to answer poems

1. To begin

Read the poem all the way through at least twice. Read it aloud. Listen to it. Poetry is
related to music, so the sound is important. You listen to your favourite CDs many times; the
principle is the same. It takes time to fully appreciate and understand a work of art. Make a
note of your first impressions or immediate responses, both positive and negative. You may
change your mind about the poem later, but these first ideas are worth recording.
2. Literature - Meaning and Theme
Before you can understand the poem as a whole, you have to start with an understanding of
the individual words. Get a good dictionary. Look up, and write down, the meanings of:

• words you don’t know

• words you “sort of know”
• any important words, even if you do know them.
Maybe they have more than one meaning (ex. “bar”), or maybe they can function as
different parts of speech (ex. “bar” can be a noun or a verb). If the poem was written a long
time ago, maybe the history of the word matters, or maybe the meaning of the word has
changed over the years (“jet” did not mean an airplane in the 16th century).
An etymological dictionary like the Oxford English Dictionary can help you find out more
about the history of a particular word. Use an encyclopaedia or the Internet to look up
people and places mentioned in the poem. These allusions may be a key to the poet’s
attitudes and ideas. As you pay attention to the literal meanings of the words of the poem,
you may see some patterns emerging. These patterns may relate to the diction of the poem:
does the poet use “street talk” or slang, formal English, foreign language phrases, or jargon?
Your goal, now that you’ve understood the literal meanings, is to try to determine the
theme of the poem – the purpose the poet has in writing this poem, the idea he wants to
express. In order to discover the theme, however, you need to look at the poem as a whole
and the ways the different parts of the poem interact.
3. Title
Start your search for the theme by looking at the title of the poem. It was probably carefully
chosen. What information does it give you? What expectations does it create? (For example,
a poem called “The Garden of Love” should cause a different response from the one called
“The Poison Tree”.) Does the title tell you the subject of the poem (ex. “The Groundhog”)?
Does the title label the poem as a specific literary type? (ex. “Ode to Melancholy”; “Sonnets
at Christmas) If so, you should check what characteristics such forms have and discuss how
the poet uses the “rules.” Is the title an object or event that becomes a key symbol? (see
Language and Imagery)
4.Tone
Next you might consider the tone. Who is speaking? Listen to the voice? Is it a man or a
woman? Someone young or old? Is any particular race, nationality, religion, etc. suggested?
Does the voice sound like the direct voice of the poet speaking to you, expressing thoughts
and feelings? Is a separate character being created, someone who is not necessarily like the
poet at all (a persona)? Is the speaker addressing someone in particular? Who or what? Is
the poem trying to make a point, win an argument, move someone to action? Or is it just
expressing something without requiring an answer (ex. A poem about spring may just want
to express joy about the end of winter, or it may attempt to seduce someone, or it may
encourage someone to go plough in a field. What is the speaker’s mood? Is the speaker
angry, sad, happy, cynical? How do you know? This is all closely related to the subject of the
poem (What is the speaker talking about?) and the theme (Why is the speaker talking about
this? What is the speaker trying to say about this subject?).
5. Structure
How is the poem organized? How is it divided up? Are there individual stanzas or numbered
sections? What does each section or stanza discuss? How are the sections or stanzas related
to each other? (Poems don’t usually jump around randomly; the poet probably has some
sort of organization in mind, like steps in an argument, movement in time, changes in
location or viewpoint, or switches in mood.)
If there are no formal divisions, try breaking down the poem sentence by sentence, or line
by line. The poet’s thinking process may not be absolutely logical, but there is probably an
emotional link between ideas. For example, you might ask a friend to pass mustard for a
hotdog and suddenly be reminded of a summer romance and a special picnic. It doesn’t look
rational from the outside, but it makes emotional sense. A very controlled structure may tell
you a lot about the poet’s attitude toward the subject. Is it a very formal topic? Is the poet
trying to get a grip on something chaotic? A freer poetic form is also worth examining. What
is appropriate or revealing about the lack of structure?
6. Sound and Rhythm
Poetry is rooted in music. You may have learned to scan poetry - to break it into
accented/unaccented syllables and feet per line. There are different types of meter, like
iambic pentameter, which is a 5-beat line with alternating unaccented and accented
syllables. You can use a glossary of literary terms to find a list of the major types of meter.
Not all poems, however, will have a strict meter. What is important is to listen to the rhythm
and the way it affects the meaning of the poem. Just like with music, you can tell if a poem
is sad or happy if you listen carefully to the rhythm. Also, heavily stressed or repeated words
give you a clue to the overall meaning of the poem. Does the poem use "special effects" to
get your attention? Some words take time to pronounce and slow the reader down (ex. "the
ploughman homeward plods his weary way" echoes the slow plodding pace). Other words
can hurry the reader along (ex. "run the rapids").
If you are unfamiliar with the terms alliteration, assonance and onomatopoeia, you can look
them up and see if they apply to your poem - but naming them is less important than
experiencing their effect on the work you are examining. Does your poem rhyme? Is there a
definite rhyme scheme (pattern of rhymes)? How does this scheme affect your response to
the poem? Is it humorous? Monotonous? Childish like a nursery rhyme? Are there internal
rhymes (rhymes within the lines instead of at the ends)? If you read the poem aloud, do you
hear the rhymes? (They could be there without being emphasized.) How does the use of
rhyme add to the meaning? Certain poetic forms or structures are supposed to follow
specific "rules" of rhyme and meter (ex. sonnets or villanelles). If you are studying a poem of
this type, ask yourself if the poet followed the rules or broke them - and why. Different parts
of a poem may have different sounds; different voices may be speaking, for example. There
are lots of possibilities. No matter what, though, the sound should enforce the meaning.
7. Language and imaginary
Every conclusion you have drawn so far has been based on the language and imagery of the
poem. They have to be; that's all you have to go on. A poem is only words, and each has
been carefully chosen. You began by making sure you understood the dictionary meanings
of these words (their denotative meaning).
Now you have to consider their visual and emotional effects, the symbols and figures of
speech (the connotative meaning). Look for the concrete pictures, or images, the poet has
drawn. Consider why these particular things have been chosen. If an owl is described, does
that set up a mood, or a time of day? If a morning is called "misty", what specific effects
does that have? Are certain patterns built up, clusters of words that have similar
connotations? For example, descriptions of buds on trees, lambs, and children are all
pointing toward a theme involving spring, youth and new birth. Symbolism is also often
used in a poem. A symbol is an event or a physical object (a thing, a person, a place) that
represents something non-physical such as an idea, a value, or an emotion. For example, a
ring is symbolic of unity and marriage; a budding tree in spring might symbolize life and
fertility; a leafless tree in the winter could be a symbol for death.
Poets use techniques and devices like metaphors, similes, personification, symbolism and
analogies to compare one thing to another, either quickly and simply ("He was a tiger") or
slowly over a stanza or a whole poem (an extended metaphor like this is called a conceit).
(You can check the Vanier Exit Exam Guide for explanations of common techniques and
devices.) Work out the details carefully. Which comparisons are stressed? Are they all
positive? How are they connected? A description of birds flying could have any number of
meanings. Are the birds fighting against the wind? Soaring over mountains? Circling a
carcass? Pay close attention and pick up the clues. Poems, like music videos and movies,
employ a series of images and symbols to build up mood and meaning. You need to take
time to feel the mood and think about the meaning. If you have specific problems or poems
to consider, come to The Learning Centre, speak to your teacher, or ask at the library for
books that will help.
Now that you have considered some of the key elements of the poem, it is time to step back
and decide what the poem means as a whole. To do this, you need to synthesize (combine)
the separate parts of your analysis into one main idea - your idea about what the poet is
trying to say in this poem. What is the poet trying to say? How forcefully does he or she say
it and with what feeling? Which lines bring out the meaning of the poem? Does the poet
gradually lead up to the meaning of the poem or does he or she state it right at the
beginning? The last lines of a poem are usually important as they either emphasize or
change the meaning of the poem. Is this so in the poem that you are analysing?