ENS 205 Final Exam 6/3/2013

Name:

 You have 120 minutes. Points Your Points

 The points in the exam add to 100. Q1 15
 The exam is X pages long. Q2 15
Make sure you have all pages. Q3 14
 Do not separate pages of the exam; Q4 15
those with missing pages will not be Q5 15
marked.
 You may use scientific calculators. Q6 10
 You may not use phones or any other Q7 11
gadgets; your phones should not be Q8 10
visible, or we will collect them. Total 105
 Even the slightest attempt at cheating will
be reported to the Dean’s office.

1. Part A: Two metals, A and B, when mixed together have the following properties
between the room temperature and 750 ⁰C.
a) The melting temperature of pure A is 500 ⁰C.
b) The maximum solubility of B in A is 5% and occurs at the eutectic
temperature. You may refer the solid solution of B in A as “α phase”.
c) An eutectic occurs at 450 ⁰C with a composition of 22% B and 78% A.
d) The melting temperature of pure B is 600 ⁰C.
e) The maximum solubility of A in B is 15% and occurs at the eutectic
temperature. You may refer the solid solution of B in A as “β phase”.
f) The solubility of B in A at room temperature is 1%.
g) The solubility of A in B at room temperature is 2%.
h) Labeling the axis.

Construct the phase diagram, and label the liquidus and solidus curves. (Each item
above and labeling the curves are 1 point each, total 10 points)
ENS 205 Final Exam 6/3/2013

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PART B: On the phase diagram that you have drawn, calculate the amount of β
phase at 400 ⁰C at 40% B. (5 points)
2. Calculate the radius of a iridium atom, given that it has a FCC structure. The
density of iridium is 22.4 g/cm3 and the atomic weight of iridium is 192.2 g/mol.
(10 points)
An FCC unit cell is shown below:

Avagadro’s Number,NA is equal to 6.023 x 1023.

ENS 205 Final Exam 6/3/2013

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3. Please identify if each of the claims listed below is True or False. (2 points each)

i) During melting, at the precise transformation temperature the solid and the liquid
phases are in equilibrium and there is no net driving force for the transformation to
occur.

True False

ii) Diffusionless transformations cannot be super imposed onto isothermal

transformation diagrams (also known as TTT diagrams) since time constitutes the y-
axis in TTT diagrams.

True False

iii) Near the eutectoid temperature, low nucleation rates and high diffusion rates
lead to a finer microstructure (i.e., small grains) development.

True False

iv) Coarse pearlite is more stable than fine pearlite since it has less total interfacial
boundary area.

True False

v) For the construction of TTT diagrams, slow cooling is assumed.

True False

vi) The classical theory of nucleation is based on the enegy balance between the
nucleus and and its surrounding liquid. The nucleus will be stable only if the further
growth increases the net energy of the system.

True False

vii) Even though, the driving force for solidification increases with decreasing
temperature, this increase cannot go indefinitely since the clustering of atoms to
form a nucleus is a local-scale diffusion process.

True False
ENS 205 Final Exam 6/3/2013
Name:

4. You have been asked to determine if an impurity could be affecting the

performance of a part used in a high temperature turbine application. The
suggestion has been made that nitrogen is diffusing into the part from the
surface during the time that the part is being operated at 1200 ⁰C for 72 hours.
Find the distance that the concentration of nitrogen is half of the surface
concentration of the nitrogen, assume that the initial concentration of nitrogen is
zero in the sample. (10 points)

Do=5 x 10-5 m2/sec, Qd= 284,000 J/mole

If the boundary conditions for non-steady state diffusion are declared as:

where, C0 is the initial concentration of diffusing species in the sample, Cs is the

concentration of diffusing species on the surface of the sample, x is the distance
from the surface and t is time, then the solution to Fick’s Second Law for these
boundary conditions is:

Reminder:
Diffusion coefficient (D) is temperature dependent, where Qd is the activation
energy, Do is temperature-independent preexponential, T is temperature and R is
gas constant, which has a value of 8.314 J/(mol K) or 5.189×1019 eV/(mol K).

Tabulated values of error function are given below:

ENS 205 Final Exam 6/3/2013
Name:

First we should find the diffusion coefficient.

-5 284,000 J/mole
D= 5 x 10 m2/sec.exp(- J )= 4.242 x 10-15 m2/sec
8.314 x 1473 K
mol K

Co=0 initial concentration, Cx= half of the first concentration, Cs= first
concentration

0.5−0
= 1-erf (z) erf(z)=0.5
1−0

Interpolation from the table:

0.5−0.4755 𝑧−0.45
=  z=0.4772
0.5205−0.4755 0.5−0.45

𝑥
Z=0.4772=( ) x=0.4772 x 2 x √4.242 x 10 − 15 m2/sec𝑥 72 ℎ 𝑥 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐/ℎ
2√𝐷𝑡

-5
x= 3.164 x 10 m
5. A bar of aluminum is tested under tension, the specimen has a rectangular
cross-section with dimensions of 4 mm by 20 mm. The initial length of the
sample is 60 mm, the load (force) versus elongation (∆l= lfinal –linitial) graph of
this specimen is shown below. (5 points each, 15 points total, please write the
units of your final answers (1 point each))

a) Determine the ultimate tensile strength.

63 *10 3 N
c   787.5MPa
4 *10 3 m * 20 *10 3 m

b) Determine the Young’s Modulus (E).

0.2mm
  3.33 *10 3
60mm

30 *10 3 N
   375MPa
4 *10 3 m * 20 *10 3 m

 375Mpa
E   112.6GPa
 3.33 *10 3

c) Total strain after failure.

4mm
f   6.66 *10  2
60mm

6. (a) The room-temperature electrical conductivity of a silicon specimen is 5.93 ×

10–3 (Ω-m)–1. The hole concentration is known to be 7.0 × 1017 m–3. The electron
 and hole mobilities for this piece of silicon are 0.05 and 0.14 m2/V-s,
respectively, compute the electron concentration. (b) On the basis of the result
in part (a), is this specimen intrinsic, n-type extrinsic, or p-type extrinsic?
Explain your reasoning. (10 points)
a)

b) The specimen is p-type extrinsic since the concentration of holes is larger

than that of electrons.

ENS 205 Final Exam 6/3/2013

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7. (a) If a 0.5 m long steel rod is heated from 20 to 80°C while its ends are
maintained rigid, determine the type (compressive or tensile) and magnitude of
stress that develops. Assume that at 20°C the rod is stress free. (b) What will be
 the magnitude of the stress if a rod 1 m long is used? (c) If the rod in part (a) is
cooled from 20 to -10°C, what type and magnitude of stress will result?
(part a & c, 4 points each, part b is 3 points, total 11)
Thermal stress is calculated through the equation below, where E is the Young’s
Modulus, αl is the thermal expansion coefficient and T0 and Tf are the initial and
final temperatures of the specimen, respectively:
  E  (T0  T f )  E T
Esteel =207 GPa
αl= 12.0 × 10-6 (°C)-1

a) The stress is compressive.

b) The magnitude of the stress will not change since it doesn’t depend on the
length of the rod.

c) The stress is tensile.

8. The interaction energy between Na+ and Cl- ions in the NaCl crystal can be
written as:
 where the energy is given in joules per ion pair, and the interionic separation r is
in meters.
(a) Calculate the binding energy and the equilibrium separation between the Na+
and Cl- ions.
(b) Estimate the elastic modulus, Y, of NaCl given that:

(5 points each, 10 points total)

a)

b)