THEME PROJECT REPORT ON

Auto Water Pump Switcher

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY

M CHARITA (1602-18-734-009)

T ROHITH (1602-18-734-036)

K S L D RAMYA (1602-18-734-037)

VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

Affiliated to Osmania University

2020- 2021

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 CONTENTS
1. Abstract
2. Aim
3. Block diagram
4. Hardware requirements
5. Components Descriptions
6. Schematic Diagram
7. Procedure
8. Working principle
9. Testing
10. Conclusion
11. Advantages
12. Applications
13. References / Bibliography

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 ABSTARCT

In many places, time for water supply is not fixed. It may be the in early morning
hours or anytime in the whole day. This creates many problems for the concerned person,
he/she will have to wake up early in the morning, just to switch on the motor pump and
wait till the water tank is filled up and then switch it off.

AIM
Our aim is to design a project which simply turns on or off the pump automatically
according to the water supply.

The controller system works on a 555 IC timer with a water-level sensing arrangement.
So, whenever the incoming water is sensed the relay circuit simply switches the pump on
and when the water supply is off the relay switches the pump off. Hence, this is a simple
and a low-cost automatic water pump motor controller which makes everyday water
pump related problems quite easy.

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 PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

 555 Timer IC
 Transistors
 Diodes
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 LEDs
 Relay
 Batteries
 PCB

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
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 555-TIMER IC

The 555 Timers name comes from the fact that there are three 5kΩ resistors connected
together internally producing a voltage divider network between the supply voltage at pin
8 and ground at pin 1
The 555 timer chip is extremely robust and stable 8-pin device that can be operated either
as a very accurate Monostable, Bistable or Astable Multivibrator to produce a variety of
applications such as one-shot or delay timers, pulse generation, LED and lamp flashers,
alarms and tone generation, logic clocks, frequency. division, power supplies and
converters etc., in fact any circuit that requires some form of time control as the list is
endless.
A simplified block diagram representing the internal circuitry of the 555 timer is given
below with a brief explanation of each of its connecting pins to help provide a clear
understanding of how it works.

555 Timer Block Diagram:

 • Pin 1. – Ground, the ground pin connects the 555 timer to the negative (0v)
supply rail.
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 • Pin 2. – Trigger, the negative input to comparator No 1. A negative pulse on
this pin “sets” the internal Flip-flop when the voltage drops below 1/3Vcc causing the
output to switch from a “LOW” to a “HIGH” state.
 • Pin 3. – Output, the output pin can drive any TTL circuit and is capable of
sourcing or sinking up to 200mA of current at an output voltage equal to approximately
VCC – 1.5V so small speakers, LEDs or motors can be connected directly to the output.
 • Pin 4. – Reset, this pin is used to “reset” the internal Flip-flop controlling the
state of the output, pin 3. This is an active-low input and is generally connected to a
logic “1” level when not used to prevent any unwanted resetting of the output.
 • Pin 5. – Control Voltage, this pin controls the timing of the 555 by overriding
the 2/3Vcc level of the voltage divider network. By applying a voltage to this pin the
width of the output signal can be varied independently of the RC timing network. When
not used, it is connected to ground via a 10nF capacitor to eliminate any noise.
 • Pin 6. – Threshold, The positive input to comparator No 2. This pin is used to
reset the Flip-flop when the voltage applied to it exceeds 2/3Vcc causing the output to
switch from “HIGH” to “LOW” state. This pin connects directly to the RC timing
circuit.
 • Pin 7. – Discharge, the discharge pin is connected directly to the Collector of an
internal NPN transistor which is used to “discharge” the timing capacitor to ground
when the output at pin 3 switches “LOW”.
 • Pin 8. – Supply +VCC, this is the power supply pin and for general purpose
TTL 555 timers is between 4.5V and 15V.

BC547
TRANSISTOR

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 The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. The BC547 transistor
is a general-purpose transistor in small plastic packages. It is used in general-purpose
switching and amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose
transistors.

The BC557 transistor is an PNP bipolar transistor, in which the letters "P" and "N" refer
to the majority charge carriers inside the different regions of the transistor. Most bipolar
transistors used today are PNP, because electron mobility is higher than hole mobility in
semiconductors, allowing greater currents and faster operation. PNP transistors consist of
a layer of N-doped semiconductor (the "base") between two P-doped layers. A small
current entering the base in common-emitter mode is amplified in the collector output. In
other terms, an PNP transistor is "on" when its base is pulled high relative to the emitter.

DIODES
Diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier or full
wave rectifier. Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of diode.
1. Maximum forward current capacity
2. Maximum reverse voltage capacity
3. Maximum forward voltage capacity

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 1N4007 diodes
The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes available in the
market are as follows:
 Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003, IN4004, IN4005, IN4006 and
IN4007 have maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of 50V and maximum forward
current capacity of 1 Amp.
 Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another. Besides this diode of
more capacity can be used in place of diode of low capacity but diode of low capacity
cannot be used in place of diode of high capacity. For example, in place of IN4002;
IN4001 or IN4007 can be used but IN4001 or IN4002 cannot be used in place of
IN4007.The diode BY125made by company BEL is equivalent of diode from IN4001 to
IN4003. BY 126 is equivalent to diodes IN4004 to 4006 and BY 127 is equivalent to
diode IN4007.

Fig:
PN Junction diode

LEDs

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 LEDs are semiconductor devices. Like transistors, and other diodes, LEDs are
made out of silicon. What makes an LED give off light are the small amounts of chemical
impurities that are added to the silicon, such as gallium, arsenide, indium, and nitride.
When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a byproduct. Normal
light bulbs produce light by heating a metal filament until it is white hot. LEDs produce
photons directly and not via heat, they are far more efficient than incandescent bulbs .

Typical LED circuit symbol

Types of LED’S
LEDs are produced in an array of shapes and sizes. The 5 mm cylindrical package is
the most common, estimated at 80% of world production. The color of the plastic lens is often
the same as the actual color of light emitted, but not always. For instance, purple plastic is
often used for infrared LEDs, and most blue devices have clear housings. There are also LEDs
in extremely tiny packages, such as those found on blinkers and on cell phone keypads. The
main types of LEDs are miniature, high power devices and custom designs such as
alphanumeric or multi-color.

Different types of LED’S

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 RESISTORS
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current
by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in
accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR
Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. They are
extremely commonplace in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of
various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity
alloy, such as nickel/chrome).

The primary characteristics of resistors are their resistance and the power they
can dissipate. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance.
Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the
maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical
resistance depends upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as its physical
dimensions; it's determined by design.

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.

CAPACITORS
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of
conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between
the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and
produces a mechanical force between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat,
parallel, narrowly separated conductors.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance,

which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to
the potential difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes
a small amount of leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent
series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a
breakdown voltage.

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 The properties of capacitors in a circuit may determine the resonant frequency
and quality factor of a resonant circuit, power dissipation and operating frequency in a
digital logic circuit, energy capacity in a high-power system, and many other important
aspects.

RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also
used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal
(with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where
several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

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 A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the
relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The
coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and most have double
throw (changeover) switch contacts as shown in the diagram.

Relay showing coil and switch contact

Applications of relays

 Control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of

modems or audio amplifiers.
 Control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid
of an automobile.
 Detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and
closing circuit breakers.
 Time delay functions. Relays can be modified to delay opening or delay closing a
set of contacts.

BATTERY
An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used
to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. The battery has become a
common power source for many household and industrial applications.
Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby
power applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and

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wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or
computer data centers.

PCB
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically
connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other
features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between
sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the
PCB to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. They
are also used in some electrical products, such as passive switch boxes.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

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LAYOUT DIAGRAM

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 PROCEDURE
1. Print the Layout circuit and stick it on cardboard or PCB.
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 2. Drill the holes for the components as shown on PCB Layout.
3. Connect all the components as shown on the PCB layout.
4. Now, connect the water pump.
5. Switch on the circuit and give water supply.
6. Auto water pump switcher switches the motor on or off according to the water
supply

WORKING PRINCIPLE
Automatic water pump switcher a product that is created to automatically control a
motor, which helps to ensure a constant reserve of water in a storage tank. These
automatic water level controllers are used to automatically fill the over-head tank when it
starts or has become empty as well as monitor the water level in it.

Automatic water pump switcher switches the motor on whenever the water level drops
below a certain level and shuts the motor off when the water rises well above a fixed
level.

HARDWARE TESTING

CONTINUITY TEST:
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 In electronics, a continuity test is the checking of an electric circuit to see if
current flows (that it is in fact a complete circuit). A continuity test is performed by
placing a small voltage (wired in series with an LED or noise-producing component such
as a piezoelectric speaker) across the chosen path. If electron flow is inhibited by broken
conductors, damaged components, or excessive resistance, the circuit is "open".

Devices that can be used to perform continuity tests include multi meters which
measure current and specialized continuity testers which are cheaper, more basic devices,
generally with a simple light bulb that lights up when current flows.
An important application is the continuity test of a bundle of wires so as to find the two
ends belonging to a particular one of these wires; there will be a negligible resistance
between the "right" ends, and only between the "right" ends.

This test is the performed just after the hardware soldering and configuration has
been completed. This test aims at finding any electrical open paths in the circuit after the
soldering. Many a times, the electrical continuity in the circuit is lost due to improper
soldering, wrong and rough handling of the PCB, improper usage of the soldering iron,
component failures and presence of bugs in the circuit diagram. We use a multi meter to
perform this test. We keep the multi meter in buzzer mode and connect the ground
terminal of the multi meter to the ground. We connect both the terminals across the path
that needs to be checked. If there is continuation then you will hear the beep sound.

POWER ON TEST:

This test is performed to check whether the voltage at different terminals is

according to the requirement or not. We take a multi meter and put it in voltage mode.

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Remember that this test is performed without ICs. Firstly, if we are using a transformer
we check the output of the transformer; whether we get the required 12V AC voltage
(depends on the transformer used in for the circuit). If we use a battery then we check if
the battery is fully charged or not according to the specified voltage of the battery by
using multimeter.

Then we apply this voltage to the power supply circuit. Note that we do this test
without ICs because if there is any excessive voltage, this may lead to damaging the ICs.
If a circuit consists of voltage regulator then we check for the input to the voltage
regulator (like 7805, 7809, 7815, 7812, 7915 etc) i.e., are we getting an input of 12V and
a required output depending on the regulator used in the circuit.
EX: if we are using 7805 we get output of 5V and if using 7809 we get 9V at output pin
and so on.

This output from the voltage regulator is given to the power supply pin of specific
ICs. Hence we check for the voltage level at those pins whether we are getting required
voltage. Similarly, we check for the other terminals for the required voltage. In this way
we can assure that the voltage at all the terminals is as per the requirement.

CONCLUSION
Water conservation is one of the biggest concerns today. Auto water pump switcher is a
simple yet effective device that can aid in the process of the conservation. It’s low-cost
components and coherent design makes it unique and ideal for a common man.

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Thus, the auto water pump switcher is a blessing when concerned with the household,
agricultural, industries and in many other applications.

Hence, we conclude that:

 This system is beneficial in any area that requires controlled supply of water.
 It uses available water in a structured manner.
 Can be used in large scale for conservation purposes

ADVANTAGES OF AUTO WATER PUMP SWTICHER

 Saves electricity due to perfect timing of water pump operation.
 Corrosion Free.
 Sturdy and durable, need not maintain. (Long life)
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  Rust proof
 Saves electricity with perfect timing of water pump operation.
 Elimination of concern about the water pump switching ON/OFF.
 The cost is amazingly low compared to other existing market product.
 Compact size and easy to use.

APPLICATIONS
 Bungalows
 Hospitals
 Hotels and restaurants
 Factories
 All places with water tanks

BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEBSITES

 www.beyondlogic.org
 www.wikipedia.org

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 https://www.electroschematics.com/
 https://www.researchgate.net/

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