International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 8 Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2024 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Artificial Intelligence in Space Exploration

Matthew N. O. Sadiku1, Paul A. Adekunte2, Janet O. Sadiku3
1
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
2
International Institute of Professional Security, Lagos, Nigeria
3
Juliana King University, Houston, TX, USA

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Matthew N. O.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O.
intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans Sadiku "Artificial Intelligence in Space
and mimic their actions. It has been making waves in recent years, Exploration" Published in International
Journal of Trend in
enabling us to solve problems faster than traditional computing could
Scientific Research
ever allow. AI is transforming numerous industries, and space and Development
exploration is no exception. In space exploration, AI becomes critical (ijtsrd), ISSN:
in overcoming the challenges of long communication lags, handling 2456-6470,
massive datasets, and enabling autonomous robotic planetary Volume-8 | Issue-5,
exploration systems. AI has revolutionized space exploration, October 2024, IJTSRD70469
transforming the way we navigate and understand the cosmos. AI pp.908-917, URL:
silently pioneers uncharted territories in space exploration. This paper www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd70469.pdf
examines the use of artificial intelligence in space exploration and
research. Copyright © 2024 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
KEYWORDS: space industry, exploration, artificial intelligence, Scientific Research and Development
robotics, machine learning Journal. This is an
Open Access article
distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

INTRODUCTION
Space exploration, a realm of boundless potential, has allowing humans to better understand what we have
captured human imagination for generations. Space found out in the cosmos. With the beginning of the
exploration has always been a primary goal for 21st century, AI has made a steady progress in Mars
humanity, pushing the boundaries of our exploration. The ambitions for humans to reach Mars
understanding and opening up new frontiers. In recent and travel beyond into our Solar System will only be
years, data science has emerged as a pivotal tool, made possible with the development and use of AI for
transforming the way we approach space technology. Space Exploration. AI empowers our spacecraft,
Data analytics is important in contemporary space telescopes, and instruments to unveil cosmic secrets.
missions, encompassing data collection, processing, As AI advances, it expands our cosmic understanding
analysis, and interpretation. and inspires innovation on earth.
Space exploration generates vast amounts of data — WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLENCE?
astronomy, earth science, space weather — spacecraft The term “artificial intelligence” (AI) is an umbrella
now generate terabytes of information weekly. The term John McCarthy, a computer scientist, coined in
large datasets from satellites and space vehicles are 1955 and defined as “the science and engineering of
often too massive to be processed manually by intelligent machines.” It refers to the ability of a
humans. This is where artificial intelligence comes in; computer system to perform human tasks (such as
deep learning algorithms, data analytics, and image thinking and learning) that usually can only be
processing techniques can quickly analyze this data. accomplished using human intelligence [1].
The importance of artificial intelligence in space Typically, AI systems demonstrate at least some of
exploration is significant, just like in other aspects of the following human behaviors: planning, learning,
life. Artificial intelligence, which makes our lives reasoning, problem solving, knowledge
easier in every field, also provides great support while representation, perception, speech recognition,
exploring space. It has emerged as a critical feature in

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decision-making, language translation, motion,  Deep learning
manipulation, intelligence, and creativity.  Natural Language Processors (NLP)
The 10 U.S. Code § 2358 define artificial intelligence  Robots
as [2]:
1. “Any artificial system that performs tasks under These computer-based tools or technologies have
varying and unpredictable circumstances without been used to achieve AI’s goals. Each AI tool has its
significant human oversight, or that can learn own advantages. Using a combination of these
from experience and improve performance when models, rather than a single model, is recommended.
exposed to data sets. Figure 1 shows a typical expert system, while Figure
2 illustrates the AI tools. These tools are gaining
2. An artificial system developed in computer momentum across every industry. Analytics can be
software, physical hardware, or other context that considered a core AI capability.
solves tasks requiring human-like perception,
cognition, planning, learning, communication, or SPACE EXPLORATION
physical action. Space exploration has always been of interest to
scientists and governments across the globe as it
3. An artificial system designed to think or act like a holds the key to the origin of mankind and many
human, including cognitive architectures and marvelous wonders of the universe including the
neural networks. possibility of alien lives. Scientists and engineers
4. A set of techniques, including machine learning, have explored roughly only 4% of the visible
that is designed to approximate a cognitive task. universe, which represents the parts of space that we
5. An artificial system designed to act rationally, can see using telescopes. The visible universe is made
up of planets, stars, galaxies, and other astronomical
including an intelligent software agent or
embodied robot that achieves goals using objects.
perception, planning, reasoning, learning, Space exploration began within human minds, long
communicating, decision making, and acting.” before we actually went into space, we did so in our
AI provides tools creating intelligent machines which imagination. Space is an expression of humanity's
can behave like humans, think like humans, and make endless curiosity and exploration. Every day, various
decisions like humans. The main goals of artificial space vehicles and observation systems are used to
intelligence are [3]: gather information about new planets, stars, and
1. Replicate human intelligence galaxies. The commercialization of space is entering
an exciting new phase with AI technology integration.
2. Solve knowledge-intensive tasks
One of the main aims of NASA at the moment is to
3. Make an intelligent connection of perception and increase the exploration of space.
action
NASA extensively utilizes artificial intelligence and
4. Build a machine which can perform tasks that machine learning in space exploration, primarily for
requires human intelligence autonomous navigation of spacecraft, analyzing large
5. Create some system which can exhibit intelligent datasets from missions, identifying patterns in
behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstrate, planetary surfaces, and making real-time decisions on
explain, and can advise to its user. rovers (robots). NASA has been safely using artificial
intelligence for decades to plan and schedule missions
AI is not a single technology but a range of for planetary rovers. NASA has previously used AI in
computational models and algorithms. The concept human spaceflight, scientific analysis, and
of AI is an umbrella term that encompasses many autonomous systems. Currently, NASA is in the
different technologies. AI is not a single technology development phase of an assistant that would provide
but a collection of techniques that enables computer help with the process of engineering future missions.
systems to perform tasks that would otherwise require NASA has also previously developed an AI assistant
human intelligence. The major disciplines in AI named Daphne. This assistant focuses on providing
include [4]: instant feedback on questions and queries related to
 Expert systems the earth. NASA’s mission of exploration requires
 Fuzzy logic leveraging new ways to utilize and learn from the
unprecedented amount of data that space-based
 Neural networks observation platforms generate [5].
 Machine learning (ML)

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ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE IN SPACE identify and classify health data in real-time to
EXPLORATION support the efforts of on the ground medical
The exponential rise in space data captured from officers.
satellites, telescopes, and interplanetary probes
 Space Debris: The increasing amount of space
requires AI's analytical capabilities. Modern space
debris poses a serious threat to future space
instruments generate terabytes of data daily - far more
missions. Space debris or space junk is any piece
than scientists can examine manually. Artificial
of machinery or debris left by humans in space. It
Intelligence represents a pivotal breakthrough in
can refer to big objects such as dead satellites that
scientific advancement, redefining the boundaries of
have failed or been left in the orbit at the end of
research and exploration. AI has the potential to
their mission. The problem with space debris has
revolutionize space exploration in many ways. Figure
reached a critical point as scientists and
3 illustrates AI in space exploration [6]. Some AI
researchers continue to send satellites into space,
applications in space exploration are shown in Figure
which is never brought back. The major concern
4 [7]. Here are some of the ways that AI is being used
with these space debris is that can cause space
in space exploration today [8-10]:
accidents. Figure 6 shows the image released in
 Astronaut Assistants: Scientists and researchers 2013 by NASA which showed the amount of
are working towards creating intelligent assistants space debris we had back in 2013 [8].
to help astronauts in their mission to Moon, Mars,
 Data Analysis: Space exploration generates
and beyond. AI has become a focal point for
immense amounts of data across various
scientists developing intelligent assistants to
disciplines, including astronomy, earth science,
support astronauts in real space missions. These
and space weather. The capability of AI to
AI-supported assistants aim to enhance the safety
process and analyze data efficiently onboard
and efficiency of space missions by addressing
spacecraft represents a major advancement in
various challenges that astronauts may encounter.
space research. AI can be used to analyze large
They are designed to understand and predict the
amounts of data from space missions, such as
requirements of the crew and comprehend
images and sensor readings. This can help
astronauts’ emotions and their mental health and
scientists to better understand the planets and
take necessary actions in the case of an
moons that we are exploring, and to identify
emergency. AI also assists with entry, descent,
potential hazards. This may involve sorting
and landing (EDL) - the riskiest phase facing
through massive amounts of scientific data to find
probes sent to Mars. They can detect hazardous
interesting or unusual discoveries that require
situations such as increased carbon dioxide levels
further investigation. Since space exploration
in spacecraft and provide astronauts with alerts. A
involves huge distances, it is crucial to be able to
typical AI-based assistant is shown in Figure 5
process and analyze data quickly on the spot. AI’s
[11].
ability to do this helps with making timely
 Astronaut Health Monitoring: The mental and decisions, especially during critical parts of a
physical toll during missions creates a need for mission. AI’s ability to process vast volumes of
enhanced astronaut medical care. AI shows data enables split-second threat detection and
promise for improving future crew support emergency responses, essential for addressing
systems. By integrating multi-modal data streams hurdles in space exploration and empowering
- from sensors tracking heart rate and skin autonomous robotic planetary systems.
temperature to recording exercise and sleep
 Mission Planning: AI can be used to plan space
patterns - predictive health analytics powered by
missions, such as determining the best trajectory
AI can enable customized interventions tailored to
for a spacecraft or the best way to land on a
each astronaut. AI-based medical care can also be
planet. This can help to reduce the risk of
applied to space exploration. As humans ready
accidents and to ensure that missions are
themselves to leave LEO, new medical care
successful. AI can help us to explore new worlds,
systems that make astronauts more autonomous
to learn more about the universe, and to ensure
for delivering their own care, are highly
that our missions are safe and successful. For
important. Monitoring and assessing the health of
example, NASA is using AI to help plan future
astronauts on long-duration missions is a crucial
missions to Mars. Figure 7 shows the space
challenge for space actors currently. Health is a
exploration mission architecture [7].
huge barrier to overcome on deep space
exploration missions to Mars. AI can be used to  Robotics: Robotic systems have proven to be well
suited for repeated tasks in harsh and hazardous

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environments. Robots are used for a variety of enhancing efficiency, advancing scientific discovery,
different space applications, and their function and ensuring the success of space missions. AI can
can be divided into four main categories: Rover, help manage communication between space and earth
Arm, Sampler, or Drill. AI can be used to control by selecting the best frequencies and power levels for
robots that are exploring space, allowing them to sending signals. AI can help establish a conversation
perform tasks that would be too dangerous or with scientists by applying deep learning to facial
difficult for humans, such as exploring the surface recognition and speech recognition. Other benefits of
of Mars. For example, the European Space AI in space exploration include [12,13]:
Agency (ESA) is using AI to control a robot that
 Automation: Autonomous navigation is a key
is exploring the surface of Mars. The robot, called
application of AI that would help us navigate
ExoMars, is equipped with a camera that is
around earth and other planets. Spacecraft
controlled by AI. AI-powered robotic rovers and
equipped with AI capabilities can navigate space
landers such as NASA AI projects Curiosity and
autonomously. AI automation assists with
Perseverance navigate celestial terrains
classifying and processing streams of images,
independently, gathering samples, running
sensor readings, and spectral data. AI holds
experiments, and snapping detailed pictures.
immense promise for automating spectral data
Robots have been used for space missions for
analysis from future missions to places like
decades due to their ability to work in harsh and
Saturn's moon Enceladus. Satellites orbiting earth
hazardous environments that would be unsafe for
also require more autonomy, as they need to make
humans. Curiosity rover (robot), such as shown in
more frequent collision avoidance maneuvers to
Figure 8, can be sent to explore distant worlds
evade increasing amounts of space debris.
such as Jupiter, where the lag between earth and
spacecraft communications is too great to allow  Decision Making: AI’s ability to make decisions
for a manual human operated landing [7]. The comes into play during critical mission phases. AI
rovers are currently roaming the surface of Mars can help make decisions in space missions, such
and making decisions without specific commands as when to abort a mission or when to change
from the mission control. course. Onboard AI can evaluate potential actions
based on mission goals and choose the best
 Satellite Navigation: Another area where artificial
response. This autonomous decision-making
intelligence comes in handy is optimizing satellite
reduces the need for control from earth, which is
operations, paying close attention to collision
crucial for deep space exploration where signal
avoidance and telemetry analysis. AI is also being
delays can be significant.
used to help identify rogue drones in sensitive
airspace. AI’s role extends to optimizing satellite  Anomaly Detection: This is another area where AI
operations, focusing on collision avoidance and proves extremely useful, helping with identifying
telemetry analysis. AI for data processing can also unusual readings from instruments. By providing
be used for the satellites themselves. AI offers early warnings for potential issues, AI enhances
huge potential to augment in-space navigation, the safety and reliability of missions.
primarily probes exploring the extremities of our  Smart Space Driving: AI helps robots and rovers
solar system. Satellites observe various regions of drive themselves on other planets. It is like having
the planet and then submit the data to ground a really smart driver who can avoid rocks and find
offices. the best paths.
 Earth Observation: This is one area where AI is  Robot Buddies: On space stations, AI-powered
already being used more extensively. Earth robots help astronauts with daily tasks. They are
observation satellites generate tremendous like helpful assistants who never get tired.
amounts of data. This is received by ground
stations in chunks over a large period of time, and  Saving Money: Space trips are super expensive.
has to be pieced together before it can be But AI can help cut costs by doing jobs that
analyzed. Figure 9 shows a typical earth would need lots of people or fancy equipment.
observation [12]. Some of these benefits of AI in space exploration are
BENEFITS depicted in Figure 10 [6].
AI’s strong points lie in its ability to handle large CHALLENGES
amounts of data quickly, identify complex patterns Space exploration involves numerous risks and
easily, and deal with repetitive tasks without getting challenges, such as long-duration missions, harsh
tired. AI in space exploration plays a major role in environments, and communication delays. Some

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promise that AI will transform society for the better, points of failure within the system itself due to
others claim it is dangerous. How are we ensuring dependency. Redundancy measures must be put
that it is used effectively and safely in space? One in place alongside fail-safe mechanisms so that
obstacle is making AI algorithms compatible with these dangers can be mitigated while still
harsh space environments. Other challenges of AI in ensuring the mission’s success, even if something
space exploration include [12]: goes wrong with AI systems. AI models used for
 Unpredictable Space Environments: The extreme space exploration require a 100% robustness
conditions of outer space can create unique guarantee to satisfy project executives-for all
situations that pre-programmed AI may not have remote applications the software simply cannot
been trained to handle. This could potentially lead fail.
to malfunctions or failures in the system.  Risks of Cybersecurity: Space-based AI systems
 Dependence Risks: Relying too heavily on are also prone to cyber threats and data privacy
autonomous systems could result in a decline of breaches. The risk of such incidents is greater
human expertise over time, as skills weaken with the increasing integration of artificial
without regular practice. intelligence into space systems. The complex
nature of AI algorithms and the
 Safety: As AI continues to advance, it is interconnectedness of various networks within
important to constantly improve its capabilities space create vulnerabilities that hackers can
alongside ensuring the safety and innovation of exploit, leading to the compromise of mission-
space exploration. Due to microgravity and critical operations.
special radiation environment, health issues may
arise and could eventually peak in the inability to  Space Weather Forecasting: Space weather, such
manage the spacecraft. AI contributes to the as solar flares and cosmic rays, poses significant
safety and well-being of astronauts during challenges to space exploration. AI algorithms
interstellar travel. can analyze space weather data and provide
accurate forecasts, allowing spacecraft operators
 Sustainability: If humanity wants to get the most to prepare for conditions that might affect
out of AI-driven technologies, they need to be performance and astronauts can be alerted to take
developed and used in an ethical and sustainable preventive measures.
way.
CONCLUSION
 Transparency: Space agencies and tech AI's role in space exploration is transformative,
companies should document and communicate processing vast data from celestial bodies and
the decision-making processes of AI systems. predicting risks like solar storms and space debris.
This transparency is vital not only for maintaining The story of space exploration is being continuously
public trust but also for facilitating collaboration rewritten by the influence of AI. AI is regarded as a
between different entities in the space sector. game changer in the quest for knowledge and
 Accountability: There should be clear guidelines understanding of space. Concerted efforts persist in
on liability and accountability when it comes to employing AI’s capabilities to benefit space
AI-driven decisions in space missions. Identifying exploration. Space colonization and terraforming may
responsible parties for AI actions can be complex, have a bright future thanks to AI-driven innovations.
but it is crucial for addressing any unintended In the future, space agencies and private companies
consequences or malfunctions. will continue to explore Mars and other planets in the
 Fairness: The design of AI technologies must solar system. AI offers huge potential to augment
prevent biases that could lead to unfair outcomes. current and future space exploration. The future of
Although machine learning algorithms are as space exploration depends on human beings working
objective as the data they are trained on, ensuring closely together with various AI capabilities. The
fairness requires constant vigilance against collaboration between human ingenuity and AI
skewed datasets or prejudiced assumptions. capabilities promises to drive future discoveries and
push the boundaries. AI is ready to fuel a new dawn
 Reliability: AI is unproven in many aspects and of space exploration. More information on artificial
lacks sufficient testing and proofing to be reliable. intelligence in the space industry is available from the
Interest in using AI in space exploration has been books in [15-26] and the following related journals:
fueled by its increased reliability on missions and  Energy and AI
its potential cost savings. Relying on AI for  The AI Journal
critical activities during missions creates single  Progress in Aerospace Sciences

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Figure 1 A typical expert system.

Figure 2 AI tools.

Figure 3 AI in space exploration [6].

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Figure 4 Some AI applications in space exploration [7].

Figure 5 A typical AI-based assistant [11].

Figure 6 The amount of space debris we had back in 2013 [8].

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Figure 7 Space exploration mission architecture [7].

Figure 8 Curiosity rover (robot) designed by NASA [7].

Figure 9 A typical earth observation [12].

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Figure 10 Some of these benefits of AI in space exploration [6].

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