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IAssiqnment 2
Q.Explafo lbBenal slructDre of Sinqle
’ -DES alqoritbm works oO 64bt platolex!
bloCKs and uses 56 key bi
-Eacb róundof DES Consfs4 of
(A)hr4ftal: Peruta4fop (IP)3:
The 64 bftplaiolext blotk fs ffrs Sub[e cte
to an fnîtal PernmuBatfon,whfch fs
xed
(B)key 4eneratîon8
The S6 - bft keyfs used to qeneraBe l6
rOund key sone for each ot l6
ouncls,

(OFef siel furnctrona

The 64 -bit,block es cÀvfced ?oto a
e halfCL) ond Rfqht balf (R) Ee fstel
funcîon is clenoled by E,fsthen applfed
to thefqhri half CR) Ustoq the tound
Key.Ihe TeSul4 îs then XORed cofththe
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le half (L) to pioclve he

half newrfaht
(O SWap:
The let half cadand Rigbthalf cR)
are then Suapped spreparg for
next round.

(E)fipal Perroatfon (P^-)3

After 6th round, a ffnoal pemutafion.
obfch fs the foverse ofthe
foftalperimutoatfon,îs.applfed to 64
bit blok do produce fíoal cipheriexB.
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DES
Robnd-
key
permtation
Text
plaip
64-b FnaPeamoBotfon
perm Round
N.
Round
Initfot ktikidu
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2. Wha! fs the purposSe of Sboxes fo

IDES 2Explafo he ava lanche efleci
Porposes of S-boxes fo DES ard
Lavalanche efec4i the
-he S-Boxes (Subs4ftotfoo
lare the core o boxes)fo DES
fefstelfuncdforn
provicle the non-linear
step cobfch fs
Thty.
subs+ftu1fo
CrocfalfortheConfustor
propertyof the cipher
Jhe S-boxes takes
procluce a 4-b4 a6-bf+fnput and
Output,frtroductn
non-linearfty ftothe alqorithm.
The avoalanche eect reers to the
Property ohere oa small charge in
npot(plafntex4 or Key) causes a
S1gnfffcant changes In the outp
Ccipherexi).
Ihe S-b0% are desfnecltomaxfmise-the
avalanche eech,ensur ngthata Smal
Change nthe înpot teado large,unprede
Hable change
nge fin olput.
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83.0ifBerentfate betueendiusîon
Coofustoo 2:Explafo
and
feisBel stroctore
enrypifon andderypiîon. -
Ditfusion 4
Confusion
4fsUSedto create A4fS usecltocre04e
Cyptfcplaintexds. 4afnt.cfphertets.
Afs possble
throughl-1 fs possfble through
Hranspof+fon dech Sutsf totfon Hechm
Rendants
Creasecd
Rs egenéss fs fncre
resinVaquenéss fncre
inthe res
rea sec fothe
Hoo!..'t iosed fo zesultaot.
onls BlockCipher -Both streano (fpher
Uses clíffusfon. and blQck Cfpher uses
Confusioo.
Relaifon betujeenRelalfon betibeer
CfpherlexA andplaio (phe
(tpheret and keyis.
enA KSmasked by moskec by confusion
laffusfon.
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lefsiel Strocturc fs Hechnfque useclfo
iqn of blocK.ciphr. dest
stroctuIe,the inclodíog
platotex4 fs Dts.ln fefst
two balvesand
fefstelfonHttvfded
fon ?sfrto
applfed JeraBive ls tothese balyes.
EnrypBfon process fnvolved fn repeaied
appkcad fon of fefstel
decryptfoo pOCess functfon.while
fovolves the re verse
appicotfon Fefstel fonctfon.
of

S4.Explafo
’ -The f
ff funcBfon ofth diaqram.
fs the funfon îo the DES
Core of fefstel algorthm
32-b4fopu+ the rfahtStroture4
hal of
takes
block) ard
a 48- bft round Key
B2-be4 oulpu+ åsoput,and procdue
f fu0c4fon consfs of3
(OTxponsfon PermuBaifon:
The 32-b?tfnpu4 fs expanded t
43bBs uStg Expansion pemulatîons.
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(2)XOR uofth round'keys

The expandech 48-H value fs XORed
oth 48-bf+ rOunc key
(3) S-Box Substítofon
-ResUlHant 48-b?t valve fs cfyfcled iio
lefaht 6-bf+ blocks anc each block ps
osed as fopot to a coespond nq
S-box oh fch procloces 4-b# ooipot.
(4 Permuta4fon
|32 -bf+ oolput of he s-box SubsîiîoO
s then subfeciect topermutatfon
pe
Hunron.
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lopt (32 bf4s)

8 bfs 8.59s

S+Box S-BoX s -BoxS-BoX

82 bits 82 b+s 32 bi+s 32 bi4S

32 bi+S

32 bitS

oUt Put
(32 bits)
 aobys+ provfcles Dts trfple Nhfle
keys.
alqorthm& E fo0 lencryp
ple appltcafan of throughhe
rity usedtoenbanre
dcla he
S.ldiple'encypifon
Trfple and
Managcnent key 2)
DPerformance
Dfsadyanage
Redundancy 2)
Security lnieasec D
AdvanBaqei eniryptfon -iNul4fple
kess.
clistinc orthiee |two
totai
of sînq
Qlqorfthm
a DES
sBages
of 3 ofuse Makes DES Tiple
oithm. enrypitoo he
lustog
Cfphertex(onerted-to plafo+eX4
ís
fmes.lndhe
first noul4fple4 secl
rfthmis obfchan
ique
in encryptfoo
fs |Molliple
riple enypilon
ancd Mulliple EXplain DES.
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maKes attack mfddle
Meet-n-the-
gn key bfi I12 2x56 DEs, Double for -
1C) DUK2 DCKL, P=
Cki,P)) (K2,E C=E
Forrmylas3
XE(k1,
for
DES3 DoubleK2 Diaqram
ths. effective
Key ondongen
4aster encrupoo
to due,
HS efffcfer
sfor
orithmlike efcfent Imore
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Dfagiam 4or ripleDES

key K1
plainiexiDSfpheriexd
pherjexi--pEpPlatndeset
Keyk keyka keyk1
6. EKpiaio fpher feedbackmocle .hief te
ncactacçe aod Afsadvantage of
aocyayack mode
’-for AtS, D'ES Oran blDck ipher
encryp4on îs perlomed on a block
of bb4s o DES b64 aclio AES,
b=128.

HouDever f4 fs possîble to Cóaverd a

bloCK Cîpher oto a stream (pher
Usfng ctpherfeedhack fOnn mqde
cGEE)utput rafeedkack (of B)rnode
ad coaun4ér (cTRhnle.
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Steps fo Cre
1.Naracfpherlext block(v)fs osed as he
sk nput to blocK Cpher
Q. The output o the block fs XORed sththe
icst plafoBtx
ciphetkt block
block to proetucethefirs+

3. The Cphertext blocK fs shifted left by

ione byt, and the nest plaintext byte s
inserlee irto therfahtmost byt t.po4ion.
4. Shified Cípherblock fs us ed as the fnout to
Hhe block' ctpherforthenestround.,
5 depi3and 4 ore repeaBed forthe.rcmafn ing
plafolex blocks

Adyani agezi
Províde eror
. aAfon
1fKe cperatfor
bR used for sredn Cphey
2.(an be êphex lKe
CfB mode conbe Usedto enypt data r
ubiony lengih
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Dfsad sonlages
A. JCiphertext Expansfon
2.{(omputo-fonal:vethèade
Q1. Oerente betweens
Block ipher Strearm Cpher
H(onyerts theplafo -4 Converts the plafotrt
HexA îoto (fphertext sto (ipher texi by takfq
block at à tfme. Hfme.
~ALuses. 64 bt or tvses &bfts.
Imore than GA bPls.

Time (omplexfty
Ifs Senple
Tne (omplexfty
es complex
4 oses (onfusfan a- Uses only (onfu
unellas clíffosfon. sîon.

Reverse enorypled-Reyerse
textfs
enry
4exips hau.
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elock (fpher 34rem CfpheH

oorKs ontranspasf looks on Substtoto
Hfon 4cchníque Such lechnfque Such as Caeso
lasrafi-fernte Aechnf fphen
4fs slouo as (omp -]fs fast as (ompatd
oHEcto Strecm to bloCK Cfpher.
lcephe
P

Key length fs 128 kespilength fs l28

or s6'bf4s. ors6fS..

|4 fs operated oo Encypts clada

ffked- length block. iOne bf+ atatm