Chemistry Scoring Package-2024-25

“BENZene Chemisty ”
by
Shivalingayya Sir

PU 2 CHEMISTRY
TOPPER’S GUIDE

Prepared By:
Mr. Shivalingayya I. Hiremath M.Sc.B.Ed.K-SET
“BENZene Chemistry by SH Sir” YouTube
Channel in Collaboration with
“Inspiring Maths”channel.

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2. Solutions

1. How does the enthalpy change on mixing two volatile liquids to form an ideal solution?
Ans: Enthalpy change for ideal solution is zero.
2. Give an example for natural semipermeable membrane.
Ans: Vegetable membrane and animal membrane
3. State Henry’s law. Write its mathematical form.
Ans: ‘At constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in liquid is directly proportional to the partial
pressure of the gas present above the surface of the solution’.
P = KH Xg Where; KH =Henry’s constant Xg = Mole fraction of the gas in solution.
4. How solubility of gas in liquid changes with temperature and pressure?
Ans: Decreases with increase in temperature & Increases with increase in pressure.
5. What are azeotropes? Give an example for binary solution showing minimum boiling
azeotrope.
Ans: Azeotropes are binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase
and boil at a constant temperature.
For example: ethanol-­‐water mixture
6. What is reverse osmosis? Mention its use.
Ans: Movement of solvent particles from higher concentration to lower concentration through a semi
permeable membrane, when pressure is applied greater than osmotic pressure.
It is used for desalination of sea water.
7. Mention any two differences between ideal and non-ideal solutions.

Ideal Solutions Non – Ideal Solutions

Solutions which obey Raoult’s law are Solutions which does not obey Raoult’s law
called ideal solutions. are called non – ideal solutions.
Ex :n-hexane and n-heptane Ex :Phenol and Aniline

ΔV = 0 ΔV ≠ 0
ΔH = 0 ΔH ≠ 0

8. Define – i. Isotonic, ii. Hypotonic & iii. Hyper tonic solutions

Ans: i. Isotonic Solution: Two different solutions having same osmotic pressure are called isotonic solutions
ii. Hyper tonic solutions : The solution having more osmotic pressure than other
iii. Hypotonic Solution: The solution having less osmotic pressure than other
9. Define i. Molarity ii. Molality
Ans: i. Number of moles of the solute present per liter solution is known as molarity.
ii. Number of moles of the solute present per kg solvent is known as molality.
Effects of Temperature on i) Solubility of gas in Liquid ii) Solubility of Solid in Liquid.

Effects of P ressure on i) Solubility of gas in Liquid ii) Solubility of Solid in Liquid.

10. Binary liquid mixture that forms maximum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition is
a) Ethanol + water b) n-hexane + n- heptane c) Benzene + toluene d) Nitric acid + water

11. The value of vant hoff factor for ethanoic acid in benzene is nearly
a) 2 b) 1 c) 0.5 d) 0
12. The ratio of no.of moles of solute in one kg of solvent is called

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a) Molarity b) mole fraction c) molality d) mass percentage

13. The liquid solution in which a solute is liquid
a) ethanol dissolved in water b) oxygen dissolved in water
c) glucose dissolved in water d) carbondioxide dissolved in water
14. Which of the following is a coligative property
a) osmosis b) osmotic pressure c) optical activity d) boiling point
15. Which of the following term is dependent on temperature
a) molarity b) mole fraction c) molality d) mass percentage

 Points to Remember to Solve Numerical Problems

 A = Solvent B= Solute w = weight M= Molar mass
 In Relative Lowering Of Vapor Pressure, P0 > P.
 In Elevation in BP & Depression in FP, wB < wA

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16. 1.00g of a non-electrolyte solute is dissolved in 50g of benzene lowers the freezing point of benzene by 0.4K.
The freezing point depression constant for benzene is 5.12KKg/mol. Find the molar mass of solute.
𝑲𝒇 𝑿 𝒘𝑩 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Ans: Formula of Molar mass, 𝑴𝑩 =
∆𝑻 𝑿 𝒘𝒇 𝑨
𝟓.𝟏𝟐 ×𝟏 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑩 =
𝟎.𝟒 ×𝟓𝟎
𝑴𝑩 = 256 g/mol
17. The vapor pressure of benzene is 200mm of Hg. When 2g of non-volatile solute dissolved in 78g
of benzene. Benzene has vapor pressure of 195mm of Hg. Calculate the molar mass of solute.
𝒘𝑩 × 𝑴𝑨 𝑷°
Ans: Formula of Molar mass, 𝑴𝑩 = × °−
𝒘𝑨 𝑷 𝑷
𝒈
𝟐𝒈 ×𝟕𝟖 ×𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝒈
𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑴𝑩 =
𝟕𝟖𝒈× (𝟐𝟎𝟎−𝟏𝟗𝟓)𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝒈
𝑴𝑩 = 𝟖𝟎 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍
18. On dissolving 2.34g of solute in 40g of Benzene, the boiling point of the solution was higher than
that of benzene by 0.81K. Kb of Benzene is 2.53Kkg/mol. Calculate molar mass of the solute.
𝑲𝒃 𝑿 𝒘𝑩 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Ans: Formula of Molar mass, 𝑴𝑩 =
∆𝑻𝒃 𝑿 𝒘𝑨
𝟐.𝟓𝟑 ×𝟐.𝟑𝟒 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑩 =
𝟎.𝟖𝟏 ×𝟒𝟎
𝑴𝑩 = 𝟏𝟖𝟐. 𝟕𝟐 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍
19. 31g of an unknown molecular material is dissolved in 500g of water. The resulting solution
freezes at 271.14K. Calculate the molar mass of the material. (Kb=1.86Kkg/mol,T0f=273K)
𝑲𝒇 𝑿 𝒘𝑩 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Ans: Formula of Molar mass, 𝑴𝑩 = ∆𝑻𝒇 𝑿 𝒘𝑨
𝑲𝒇 𝑿 𝒘𝑩 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑩 =
( 𝑻°𝒇 −𝑻𝒇 )𝑿 𝒘𝑨
𝟏.𝟖𝟔 ×𝟑𝟏 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑩 = (𝟐𝟕𝟑−𝟐𝟕𝟏.𝟏𝟒)×𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑩 = 𝟔𝟐𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍
20. 5.8g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in 100g of carbon disulphide (CS2). The vapour
pressure of the solution was found to be 190mm of Hg. Calculate the molar mass of the solute.

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Given the vapour pressure of pure CS2 is 195mm of Hg. (Molar mass of CS2=76g/mol).
𝒘𝑩 × 𝑴𝑨 𝑷°
Ans: Formula of Molar mass, 𝑴𝑩 = ×
𝒘𝑨 𝑷°− 𝑷

𝟓.𝟖 ×𝟕𝟔 ×𝟏𝟗𝟓

𝑴𝑩 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 ×(𝟏𝟗𝟓−𝟏𝟗𝟎)
𝑴𝑩 = 𝟏𝟕𝟏. 𝟗𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍
21. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23K when 1.80g of a non-volatile, non- electrolyte
solute was dissolved in 90g of benzene; the boiling point is raised to 354.11K. Calculate the molar
mass of the solute. Given Kb for benzene is 2.53Kkg/mol.
𝑲𝒃 𝑿 𝒘𝑩 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Ans: Formula of Molar mass, 𝑴𝑩 =
∆𝑻𝒃 𝑿 𝒘𝑨
𝟐.𝟓𝟑 ×𝟏.𝟖𝟎 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑩 =
(𝟑𝟓𝟒.𝟏𝟏 –𝟑𝟓𝟑.𝟐𝟑)×𝟗𝟎
𝑴𝑩 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍
22. The vapor pressure of pure benzene at certain temperature is 0.850bar. A non-volatile,
non-electrolyte solid weighing 0.5g when added to 39g of benzene, vapour pressure of the
solution, then 0.845bars.
𝒘𝑩 × 𝑴𝑨 𝑷°
Ans: Formula of Molar mass, 𝑴𝑩 = ×
𝒘𝑨 𝑷°− 𝑷

𝟎.𝟓 ×𝟕𝟖 ×𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝟎

𝑴𝑩 = 𝟑𝟗× (𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝟎−𝟎.𝟖𝟒𝟓)

𝑴𝑩 = 170 g/mol
3
23. 300cm of an aqueous solution of protein contains 2.12g of the protein,
the osmotic pressure of such solution at 300K is found to be 3.89x10-3 bar.
Calculate the molar mass of the protein. ( R=0.0823Lbar/mol/K)
𝒏𝑩 ×𝑹×𝑻
Ans: Formula of Molar mass, 𝑴𝑩 =
𝝅 ×𝑽

𝟐.𝟏𝟐 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟑 ×𝟑𝟎𝟎

𝑴𝑩 = ( 1cm3 = 0.001 Ltr )
𝟑.𝟖𝟗×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ×𝟑𝟎𝟎 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝑳

𝑴𝑩 = 𝟒𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍
24. A solution containing 18g of non-volatile, non- electrolyte solute is dissolved in 200g of water
freezes at 272.07K. Calculate the molar mass of solute. Given: Kf=1.86Kkg/mol.
(Given- Freezing point of water=273K).
𝑲𝒃 𝑿 𝒘𝑩 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Ans: Formula of Molar mass, 𝑴𝑩 =
∆𝑻𝒃 𝑿 𝒘𝑨

𝟏.𝟖𝟔 ×𝟏𝟖 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑴𝑩 =
(𝟐𝟕𝟑 –𝟐𝟕𝟐.𝟎𝟕)×𝟐𝟎𝟎

𝑴𝑩 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍

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3. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
1. What happens to molar conductivity when one mole of potassium chloride dissolved in one
litre is dilutedto five litres?
Ans: Molar conductivity increases.
2. What is molar conductivity?
Ans: Molar conductivity of a solution at a given concentration is the conductance of
the volume V of a solution containing one mole of electrolyte kept between two
electrodes with area of cross section A and distance of unit length.
It is represented by m
3. State Faraday’s first law of electrolysis.
Ans: The amount of chemical substance liberated or deposited is proportional to the quantity
of electricity passed through the electrolytic solution.
If w is the mass of the substance deposited and Q is the current passed in coulombs
wQ
But Q = I t where I is the current strength in ampere and t is time in seconds.
4. State Faradays second law of electrolysis.
Ans: The amounts of different substances liberated by the same quantity of electricity
passing through the electrolytic solution are proportional to their chemical equivalent
weights.
5. State Kohlrausch’s law.
Ans: The limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as the sum of the
individual contributions of the anion and cation of the electrolyte.
6. What is a secondary cell?
Ans: Secondary battery is one which can be recharged by passing current through it in opposite
direction,so that it can be Reused.
Eg: Lead storage battery and Nickel cadmium cell.
7. Calculate the limiting molar conductivity of calcium chloride (CaCl2). Given that the limiting
molarconductivities of Ca2+ and Cl- ions are 119.0Scm2mol-1 and 76.3Scm2mol-1 respectively.
Ans: Limiting molar conductivity of calcium chloride 𝜆𝜊𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 = 𝜆𝜊𝐶𝑎2+ + 2𝜆𝜊𝐶𝑙−
𝜆𝜊𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 = [119.0 + (2 𝑥 76.3)] Scm2mol-1
𝝀𝝄𝑪𝒂𝑪𝒍𝟐 = 𝟐𝟕𝟏. 𝟔 Scm2mol-1
8. Write the symbolic representation of standard hydrogen electrode. Mention its standard
electrodepotential value (E0).
Ans: Symbolic representation of Standard Hydrogen Electrode, Pt(s), H+ (aq)|H2(g) .
standard electrodepotential value E0 = 0 V
9. om for NaCl,HCl& CH3COONa are 126.4,425.9 & 91.0 S cm2/mol resp. Calculate for
omCH3COOH.
Ans: According to Kohlrausch’s law, 𝜆𝜊𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = 𝜆𝜊𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 + 𝜆𝜊𝐻𝐶𝑙 − 𝜆𝜊𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

= 91.0 + 425.9 – 126.4

= 390.5 S cm2/mol
10. Draw a neat labelled diagram of H2-O2 fuel cell.
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Ans:
In this hydrogen and oxygen gases are bubbled
through porous carbon electrodes into concentrated
aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Catalyst like
finely divided platinum or palladium is incorporated
into the electrodes for increasing the rate of electrode
reaction
Reaction taking place are
Cathode O 2 +2H2O+4e  4OH-
Anode 2H2+4OH- 4H2O+4e -

Overall reaction is 2H2+O 2 2H2O

11. Draw a labeled diagram of Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Write its half-cell reaction & E
values.

It consists of a platinum electrode coated

with platinum black. The electrode is dipped
in 1M HCl. Pure hydrogen gas is bubbled
through it under a pressure of 1 bar. S.H.E is
represented as Pt(s) H2 (g)(1bar) H+(aq)(1M)

 The reduction reaction taking place is

H+ (aq) + e- ½ H2

 S.H.E is assigned an electrode potential of 0.0 V

at all temperatures.

12. Mention any two factors which affect the conductivity of electrolytic solutions.
Ans: The conductivity of electrolytic solution depends upon
i. The nature of the electrolyte
ii. Size of the ions produced and their solvation.
iii. The nature of the solvent and its viscosity.
Iv. Concentration of the electrolyte and
v. Temperature (increases with increase in temperature (any two)

13. A solution of Ni(NO3)2 is electrolsed between platinum electrodes using a current of 5 amperes
for 20 minutes. What mass of nickel is deposited at the cathode? (molar mass of ni =
58.7gm/mol)
14. Calculate the 𝟎˄𝒎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒈𝑪𝒍𝟐 .The limiting molar conductivities of Mg2+ and Cl- ions are 106.0 S
cm2 mol-1 and 76.3 S cm2 mol-1 respectively.
15. ˄mo for NaCl, HCl, NaAc ae 126.4 S cm2 mol-1, 425.9 S cm2 mol-1 and 91.0 Scm2mol-1 calculate
˄mo for HAc .
16. On charging the lead storage battery PbSO4 on cathode is converted to
a) PbO2 b) Pb c) PbO d) No change

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17. During the electrolysis of aq. NaCl solution the gas released at anode is
a) H2 b) O2 c) Cl2 d) N2
19. How many coulombs of electricity required to oxidize one mole of Al to Al3+
a) 1F b) 2f c) 3F d) 6F

 Points to Remember to Solve Numerical Problems

 𝑬°𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝑬°𝑪𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅𝒆 − 𝑬°𝑨𝒏𝒐𝒅𝒆 , 𝑬°𝑪𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅𝒆 > 𝑬°𝑨𝒏𝒐𝒅𝒆

In given values of electrode potentials the larger value is taken as cathode and smaller is taken as
anode.
 Log 10 = 0 , log2=0.3010 , log4=0.6021 log5= 0.6989

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1. Calculate G for the following reaction Fe2+ + Ag+ Fe3+ + Ag

(Given: Ecell=0.03V, F= 96500C)
Solution: Formula of Gibb’s Energy, ∆𝑮° = −𝒏𝑭𝑬°𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍

n= Number of electron transferred= 1

F = Faraday constant = 96500 C/mol

∆𝑮° = −𝟏 × 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟎𝑪/𝒎𝒐𝒍 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝑽

∆𝑮° = −𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟓 𝑪/𝒎𝒐𝒍𝑽
∆𝑮° = −𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟓 𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍 (1 CV = 1 J)
∆𝑮° = −𝟐. 𝟖𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍
2. Find the value of G for the following electrochemical cell, Cu|Cu2+(1M)|| Ag+ | Ag
(ECu2+/Cu = 0.34V ,EAg+/Ag = 0.80V, F=96500C )
Solution: Formula of Gibb’s Energy, ∆𝑮° = −𝒏𝑭𝑬°𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍
n= Number of electron transferred= 2
F = Faraday constant = 96500 C/mol
∆𝑮° = −𝟐 × 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟎𝑪/𝒎𝒐𝒍 × ( 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎 𝑽 – 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝑽)
∆𝑮° = −𝟐 × 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑪/𝒎𝒐𝒍 × 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝑽
∆𝑮° = −𝟖𝟖𝟕𝟖𝟎 𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍 (1 CV = 1 J)
∆𝑮° = −𝟖𝟖. 𝟕𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍
3. The electrode potential for the Daniell Cell given below is 1.1V.
Zn|Zn2+|| Cu+2 | Cu Write overall cell reaction & calculate the standard Gibbs energy for the
reaction.
Solution: Overall cell reaction of Daniell Cell is, Zn(s) +Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq)+ Cu(s)
Formula of Gibb’s Energy, ∆𝑮° = −𝒏𝑭𝑬°𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍
n= Number of electron transferred= 2
F = Faraday constant = 96500 C/mol
∆𝑮° = −𝟐 × 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑪/𝒎𝒐𝒍 × 𝟏. 𝟏𝑽

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∆𝑮° = − 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎𝑪/𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑽
∆𝑮° = −𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍 (1 CV = 1 J)
∆𝑮° = −𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍
4. Calculate G at 298K for the cell reaction, 3Mg + 2Al3+ 3Mg2+ + 2Al
Given EMg2+/Mg = -2.37V EAl3+/Al = -1.66V
Solution: Formula of Gibb’s Energy, ∆𝑮° = −𝒏𝑭𝑬°𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍
n= Number of electron transferred= 6
F = Faraday constant = 96500 C/mol
∆𝑮° = −𝟔 × 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑪/𝒎𝒐𝒍 × [ −𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 𝑽 – (−𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝑽)]
∆𝑮° = −𝟔 × 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟎𝑪/𝒎𝒐𝒍 × 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝑽
∆𝑮° = −𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟎 𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍 (1 CV = 1 J)
∆𝑮° = −𝟒𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟎 𝒌𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍
5. The cell in which following reaction takes place 2Fe3+ + 2I- 2Fe2+ +I2
has Ecell= 0.236V at 298K. Calculate the standard Gibb’s energy.
Solution: Formula of Gibb’s Energy, ∆𝑮° = −𝒏𝑭𝑬°𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍
n= Number of electron transferred= 2
F = Faraday constant = 96500 C/mol
∆𝑮° = −𝟐 × 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟎𝑪/𝒎𝒐𝒍 × 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟔𝑽
∆𝑮° = −𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝑪/𝒎𝒐𝒍𝑽
∆𝑮° = −𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟒𝟖𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍 (1 CV = 1 J)
∆𝑮° = −𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍
6. Calculate EMF of the cell for the reaction Mg+2Ag+ Mg2+ +2Ag
(Given: EMg2+/Mg = -2.37V EAg+/Ag = 0.80V, [Mg2+]
= 0.001M, [Ag+] = 0.0001M
Solution: Emf of the cell ( Ecell) can be calculated by Nernst Equation,

𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟑𝑹𝑻 [𝑷]
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝑬°𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 Where, [𝑷] = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕
𝒏𝑭 [𝑹]
[𝑹] = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝟐+
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏 [𝑴𝒈 ]
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝑬°𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒏 [𝑨𝒈+ ]𝟐

𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏 [𝑴𝒈𝟐+ ]
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = ( 𝑬°𝑪𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅𝒆 − 𝑬°𝑨𝒏𝒐𝒅𝒆 ) − 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒏 [𝑨𝒈+ ]𝟐

𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = ( 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝑽 – (−𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝑽)) − 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟐 [𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏]𝟐
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝑽 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟐 [𝟏𝟎−𝟒 ]𝟐
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝑽 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝟐
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝑽 − × 𝟓 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟏𝟎
𝟐
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝑽 – 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟓

𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟐𝑽
7. Calculate EMF of the cell for the reaction Ni+2Ag+ (0.002M) Ni2+(0.160M) + 2Ag
(Given Ecell= 1.05V)
Solution: Emf of the cell ( Ecell) can be calculated by using Nernst Equation,

𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟑𝑹𝑻 [𝑷]
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝑬°𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒏𝑭 [𝑹]

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𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏 𝑵𝒊𝟐+
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝑽 – 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟐 [𝑨𝒈+ ]𝟐

𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟎
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝑽 – 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟐 [𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐]𝟐

𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝑽 – 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟓 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝑽 – 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟕

𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝑽

8. Calculate emf of the cell for the reaction Mg+Cu2+ (0.0001M) Mg2+(0.001M) + Cu
Given EMg2+/Mg = -2.37V ECu2+/Cu = 0.34V

Solution : Emf of the cell ( Ecell) can be calculated by using Nernst Equation,

𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏 [𝑴𝒈𝟐+ ]
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝑬°𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒏 [𝑪𝒖𝟐+ ]

𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏 [𝑴𝒈𝟐+ ]
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = ( 𝑬°𝑪𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅𝒆 − 𝑬°𝑨𝒏𝒐𝒅𝒆 ) − 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒏 [𝑪𝒖𝟐+ ]

𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = ( 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝑽 – (−𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝑽)) − 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏
0.0591
𝐸𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 2.71 𝑉 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 10
2
0.0591
𝐸𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 2.71 𝑉 − ×1
2
𝐸𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 2.71 𝑉 – 0.0295
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟖 𝑽

9. Calculate EMF of the cell for the reaction Ni+2Ag+ (0.002M) Ni2+(0.169M) + 2Ag
(Given Ecell= 1.095V)
Solution: Emf of the cell ( Ecell) can be calculated by using Nernst Equation,
𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟑𝑹𝑻 [𝑷]
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝑬°𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒏𝑭 [𝑹]

0.0591 𝑁𝑖 2+
𝐸𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 1.095 𝑉 – 𝑙𝑜𝑔
2 [𝐴𝑔+ ]2
0.0591 0.169
𝐸𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 1.095𝑉 – 𝑙𝑜𝑔
2 [0.002]2
𝐸𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 1.095𝑉 – 0.0295 𝑙𝑜𝑔 42250
𝐸𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 1.095𝑉 – 0.02955 × 4.6258
𝐸𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 1.095𝑉 – 0.1364
𝑬𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟖 𝑽

10. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction Cu+2Ag+ Cu2++ 2Ag.
Ecell= 0.46V

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𝒏× 𝑬°𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏
Solution: Formula, 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑲𝒄 = ( 𝑬°𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑲𝒄 )
𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏 𝒏

2× 0.46
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐾𝑐 = 0.0591

𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐾𝑐 = 15.5668
𝐾𝑐 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔(15.5668)
𝑲𝒄 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓

4. Chemical Kinetics
1. Derive integrated rate equation for the zero-order reaction. (3Mark )
Ans: Consider a zero order reaction R P
−𝑑 [𝑅] °
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐾[𝑅]
𝑑 [𝑅] = −𝐾𝑑𝑡 (1)
Integrating equation (1) both sides
[R]= -kt+I (2)
Where “I” is integration constant
At t=0 [R]=[R]o where [R]o is initial concentration of reactant.
∴Eqn (2) becomes
[R]o = -k x 0 + I
I = [R]o
Substituting I in eqn-------- (2)
[R] = -Kt + [R]o
-Kt = [R]-[R]o
Kt = [R]o-[R]

[𝑅]0 −[𝑅]
𝐾=
𝑡

2. Derive integrated rate equation for the first order reaction. (3Mark)
Ans: Consider a first order reaction R P
−𝑑 [𝑅] 1
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐾[𝑅]
𝑑 [𝑅]
[𝑅]
= −𝐾𝑑𝑡
Integrating eqn.(1)on both side
ln [R] = - Kt + I (2) Where “I” is integration constant
At t=0 [R]=[R]o where [R]o is initial concentration of reactant
Substituting the values in equation (2)
ln[R]o= I
Equation (2) can be written as
ln[R] = -Kt + ln[R]o
Kt = ln[R]o – ln [R]

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[𝑅]0
𝐾𝑡 = 𝑙𝑛 [𝑅]
[𝑅]0
𝐾𝑡 = 2.303 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔
[𝑅]

2.303 [𝑅]0
𝐾 = × 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑡 [𝑅]

Show that half life of a zero order reaction is directly proportional to initial
concentration of reactant from integrated rate equation. OR

Derive the relation between half life and rate constant of zero order reaction .(2m).
[𝑅]0 −[𝑅]
Ans:-Rate constant of zero order reaction is 𝐾 =
𝑡
At half life t =t ½ & [R] = ½ [R]o
[𝑅]0
[𝑅]0 −
2
𝐾=
𝑡1
2

[𝑅]0
𝑡1 =
2 2𝐾

3. Show that half life of a first order reaction is independent of initial Conc. of reactant from
integrated rate equation (2m) OR

Derive the relation between half life of a first order reaction and its rate constant . (2m)
Ans: Integrated rate equation of First order reaction is ,
2.303 [𝑅]0
𝐾 = × 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [𝑅]
𝑡
At half life t =t ½ & [R] = ½ [R]o
2.303 [𝑅]0
𝐾 = × 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [𝑅]0
𝑡1
2 2

2.303
𝑡1 = × 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
2 𝐾
2.303
𝑡1 = × 0.3010
2 𝐾
0.693
𝑡1 =
2 𝐾

Unit of rate constant = ( Mol)1-n Ln-1 s-1

(n) Order of Reaction Unit

0 (Zero) Zero order reaction Mol L-1 s-1
1 First order reaction s-1
2 Second order reaction Mol-1 L s-1

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1. Rate constant of a reaction is k= 3.4 X 10-4 mol-1 L s-1. What is the order of reaction? (1Mark)
Ans: Second order reaction
2. If the unit of rate constant of the reaction is mol-1Ls-1. Mention its order.
Ans: Second order reaction
3. Identify the order of the reaction from the rate constant, K=2.3X10-6 Lmol-1s-1
Ans: Second order reaction
4. According to collision theory, write two factors responsible for effective collision.
Ans: Effective collision & Proper orientation
5. The rate constant of certain first order reaction is 200s-1. What is its half-life period?
Ans: Formula of Half life of First order reaction

0.693
𝑡1 =
2 𝐾

0.693
𝑡1 = 200
s
2
𝑡 1 = 0.003465 𝑠
2
𝑡 1 = 3.465 × 10−3 𝑠
2
6. First order reaction is found to have a rate constant, K=5.5x 10-14s-1. Find the half-life of the reaction.
Ans: Formula of Half life of First order reaction
0.693
𝑡1 =
2 𝐾
0.693
𝑡 1 = 5.5×10−14 𝑠−1
2
𝑡 1 = 0.126 × 1014 𝑠
2
𝑡 1 = 12.6 × 1012 𝑠
2
7. A rate constant of first order reaction is K=1.15x 10-3s-1. Find the half-life of the reaction.
Ans: Formula of Half life of First order reaction

0.693
𝑡1 =
2 𝐾
0.693
𝑡 1 = 1.13×10−3 𝑠−1
2
𝑡 1 = 0.61327 × 103 𝑠
2
𝑡 1 = 613 𝑠
2
8. In the Arrhenius equation the factor e-Ea/RT represents
a) collision frequency b) proper orientation
c) the fraction of molecules with kinetic energy > activation energy d) threshold energy
9. Unit of rate constant of zero order reaction is
a) mol lit-1s-1 b) s-1 c) mol-1lit s-1 d) mol lit-1
10. The reaction order from the rate constant K = 3.2 X 10-5 mol-1lit s-1 is
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
11. The temperature dependence of rate of a chemical reaction is explained by Arrhenius equation
12. Inversion of cane sugar and acid catalysed hydrolysis of ester are examples of pseudo first order
reaction.
13.
 Points to Remember to Solve Numerical Problems
 Formula to calculate activation energy of a reaction,

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𝐾
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐾2 × 2.303×𝑅×𝑇1 ×𝑇2
1
𝐸𝑎 = kJ/mol
𝑇2 −𝑇1

 Two temperature values are given either in Kelvin (K) or Celsius ( C0), Temperature is always taken in
Kelvin units for calculations.
 Rate constant values are given as statements, like rate of reaction doubles, twice, two times, quadruples
𝑲
on increasing temperature, in such cases, 𝑲𝟐 = 𝟐 for Two times, twice or doubles.
𝟏
𝑲𝟐
= 𝟒 For quadruples.
𝑲𝟏
 Final answer Ea is expressed in KJ/mol unit.
 The value of Universal gas constant, R =8.314J/K/mol

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14. The rate of a particular reaction doubles when the temperature changes from 300K to 310K.
Calculate the energy of activation of the reaction. [Given: R=8.314J/K/mol]
 Solution: Formula to calculate activation energy of a reaction,

𝐾
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐾2 × 2.303×𝑅×𝑇1 ×𝑇2
1
𝐸𝑎 = kJ/mol
𝑇2 −𝑇1

𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 × 2.303 × 8.314 J/K/mol × 300𝐾 × 310𝐾

𝐸𝑎 =
(310 − 300)𝐾
535,985.946006
𝐸𝑎 = 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
10
𝑬𝒂 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟓𝟗𝟖 𝒌 𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍
15. The specific reaction rate of a reaction quadruples when temperature changes from 30 C to 50C.
Calculate the energy of activation of the reaction. [Given: R=8.314J/K/mol]
 Solution: Formula to calculate activation energy of a reaction,

𝐾
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐾2 × 2.303×𝑅×𝑇1 ×𝑇2
1
𝐸𝑎 = kJ/mol
𝑇2 −𝑇1

T1 =30 C +273K= 303K T2 =50 C +273K= 323K

𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 × 2.303 × 8.314 J/K/mol × 303𝐾 × 323𝐾

𝐸𝑎 =
(323 − 303)𝐾
1,128,207.2259
𝐸𝑎 = 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
20
𝑬𝒂 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟒𝟏𝟎 𝒌 𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍
16. The rate constant of a reaction is doubled when the temperature increased from400K to 410K.
Calculate the activation energy. [Given: R=8.314J/K/mol]
Solution: Formula to calculate activation energy of a reaction,

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𝐾
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐾2 × 2.303×𝑅×𝑇1 ×𝑇2
1
𝐸𝑎 = kJ/mol
𝑇2 −𝑇1

𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 × 2.303 × 8.314 J/K/mol × 400𝐾 × 410𝐾

𝐸𝑎 =
(410 − 400)𝐾
945,273.7080
𝐸𝑎 = 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
10
𝑬𝒂 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝒌 𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍
17. The rate of a specific reaction doubles when the temperature changes from 350K to 360K.
Calculate the energy of activation.
𝐾
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 × 2.303×𝑅×𝑇1 ×𝑇2
𝐾1
𝐸𝑎 = kJ/mol
𝑇2 −𝑇1

𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 × 2.303 × 8.314 J/K/mol × 360𝐾 × 350𝐾

𝐸𝑎 =
(360 − 350)𝐾
726246.87322
𝐸𝑎 = 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
10
𝑬𝒂 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟔𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟖 𝒌 𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍

4.d & f BLOCK ELEMENTS

1. What is Lanthanoid contraction? Mention one of its consequences? (2 Mark)
Ans: Steady decrease in the size of lanthanides with increase in atomic number is known as lanthanoid
contraction.
i)The radii of the members of the third transition series to be very similar to those of the
corresponding members of the second series.
Ex. The almost identical radii of Zr and Hf & Nb & Ta
ii) Difficulty in separation of lanthanoids due to similarity in chemical properties.
2. Explain the manufacture of potassium dichromate from chromite ore. (3 Mark)
Ans.Potassium dichromate is manufactured from chromite ore(FeCr2O4).
i) Chromite ore is fused (FeCr2O4) with sodium or potassium carbonate in
free access of air to get sodium chromate.
4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 → 8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2
ii) The yellow solution of sodium chromate is filtered and acidified with sulphuric acid to give
a solution from which orange sodium dichromate, Na2Cr2O7. 2H2O can be
crystallised. 2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O
iii) Potassium dichromate prepared by treating the solution of sodium dichromate with potassium
chloride. Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl → K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
Orange crystals of potassium dichromate crystallize out.

3. How Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)is prepared from MnO2?

Ans: Potassium permanganate is prepared by fusion of MnO2 with an alkali metal hydroxide
and an oxidizing agent like KNO3. This produces the dark green K2MnO4 which
disproportionates in a neutral or acidic solution to give permanganate.
2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
3MnO4 +4H
2– + 2MnO4– + MnO2 +2H2O

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4. Calculate the spin only magnetic moment of Ti3+ .(Z=22)

Ans: The magnetic moment is determined by using the spin only formula,
where n is the number of unpaired electrons and μ is the magnetic moment in units
of Bohr magneton(BM).
Ti = [Ar] 3d2 4s2
Ti 3+ = [Ar] 3d1 4s0 n=1. 𝜇 = √1(1 + 2) BM
𝜇 = √3 BM
𝜇 = 1.73 𝐵𝑀
5. Give reason “ transition metals and their many compounds acts as good catalysts”.
Ans. Transition metals and their many compounds acts as good catalysts, it is due to
i)partially filled (n-1) d orbital & (ii)variable oxidation state and provide a suitable
surface for he reaction to take place.
6. What are interstitial compounds? Write any two characteristics of interstitial
compounds.
Ans: Interstitial compounds are those which are formed when small atoms like H, C or N are trapped
inside the crystal lattices of transition metals.
Example; TiC, Mn4N, Fe3H, VH0.56 and TiH1.7, etc.
Two physical characteristics of interstitial compounds are:
(i) They have high melting points, higher than those of pure metals.
(ii) They are very hard and they retain metallic conductivity.
7. The chemistry of actionoids is more complicated than lanthanoids.Why?
Ans. The actinoids are radioactive elements having half lifes varying. Some members can be prepared only
in nanogram quantities. These facts render their study more difficult.
8. Cu2+salts solutions are colored. Give reason.
Ans: Because Cu2+ ions contains unpaired electrons.
9. Name the transition metal present in Bronze alloy
Ans:
10. The valence shell electronic configuration of an element with atomic number 24 is
a) 3d44s2 b) 3d54s1 c) 3d64s1 d) 3d44s1
11. Which of the following elements is not regarded as transition element
a) Fe b) Mn c) Sc d) Zn
12. The transition element with stable electronic configuration is
a) Sc b) V c) Cu d) Ti
13. Mention the gas liberated when lanthanolds (Ln) react with acids
14. Lanthanoids are less reactive than actinoids give reason
15. Actinoid contraction is greater than lanthanoid contraction why
16. What is the general oxidation state of actinoids
17. Give reasons actinoids show variable oxidation states
18. Give two reasons the chemistry of actinoids are more complicated than lanthanoids
19. Give any two differences between lanthanoids and actinoids
20. What is misch metal ?

 Generally, Transition elements and their ions, which contain

unpaired electrons, are colored & which do not contain unpaired
electrons does not show color.

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5. Coordination Compounds
1. Give postulates of Werner’s Theory of Coordination compounds.
i. Central metal ion in a complex shows two types of valences - primary valence and secondary valence.
ii. The primary valence is ionisable and satisfied by negativeions.
iii.The secondary valence is non ionisable. It is equal to the coordination number of the central metal ion or
atom. It is fixed for a metal. Secondary valences are satisfied by negative ions or neural
molecules(ligands).
iv. The primary valence is non directional. The secondary valence is directional. Ions or molecules attached to
satisfy secondary valences have characteristic spatial arrangements. Secondary valence decides
geometry of the complexcompound.
2. Using Valence Bond Theory (VBT), explain hybridisation, geometry and magnetic property of
[Ni(CN)4]2- complex ion. (Z for Ni is 28).
In [Ni(CN)4]2- the nickel ion is in +2 oxidation state
For Ni2+ the electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d8 4s0

[Ar]
3d 4s 4p
Cyanide is a strong ligand, hence pairing of electrons takes place in d-orbitals.
Hybridization takes place gives four vacant dsp2 hybridized orbitals.

Four pairs of electrons, from four cyanide ligands occupy hybrid orbitals.

[Ar]
3d dsp2 4p
Due to absence of unpaired electrons, the complex is diamagnetic.
It has square planar geometry.
3. Using VBT, explain the type of hybridization, geometry and magnetic property of[NiCl4]2-. 3Marks
Ni,Z=28 [Ar] 3d8 4s24p0

Ni2+, [Ar] 3d8 4s0 4p0

It undergoes sp3 hybridisation.

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Four pair of eelctrons from 4 Cl- ions

This complex has unpaired electrons. It is paramagnetic. [NiCl4]2- has tetrahedral structure.

4. Give the geometry, hybridization and magnetic property of [Co(NH3)6]3+ based onVBT. (3Marks)
Co, Z=27 [Ar]3d7 4s2 4p0

Co3+ [Ar] 3d6 4s0 4p0

When NH3 ligand attacks the central metal ion Co3+ , pairing of electrons in 3d orbital occurs against Hund’s
rule. Co3+ can undergo d2sp3 hybridization. It has octahedral geometry.
This complex uses inner d orbital (3d) for hybridisation.
It is an inner orbital complex. It has no unpaired electrons.
[Co(NH3)6]3+ is diamagnetic. This complex is called low spin or spin paired complex.

1. Using Valence bond theory account for the geometry and magnetic property of[CoF6]3-.
In [CoF6]3- the cobalt ion is in +3 oxidation state.
For Co3+ the electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d6 4s0

[Ar]
3d 4s 4p 4d
Fluoride is a weak ligand, hence no pairing of electrons takes place in d-orbitals.
Hybridization takes place gives six vacant sp3d2 hybridized orbitals.

4d

Six pairs of electrons, from six fluoride ligands occupy hybrid orbitals.

[Ar]
3d sp3d2
Due to presence of unpaired electrons, the complex is
paramagnetic. It has octahedral geometry.

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6. Give the IUPAC name for the following compounds.

a) K4[Fe(CN)6] potassiumhexacyanidoferrate(II)
b) [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 tetramminecopper(II)sulphate
c) [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 pentamminechloridocobalt(III)sulphate
d) K3[Fe(C2O4)3] potassiumtrioxalatoferrate(III)
e) [CoCl2(en)2]+ dichloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt(III)
f) [Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl2 pentamminenitrito-N-cobalt(III)chloride
g) [Co(NH3)5(ONO)]Cl2 pentamminenitrito-O-cobalt(III)chloride
h) [Ni(CO)4] tetracarbonylnickel(0)

7. If Δ0 < P on the basis of Crystal Field theory write the electronic configuration of d4 ion in octahedral
complexes
8. out of the following two coordinate entities cis-[ptCl2(en)2]2- and trans-[ptCl2(en)2]2+ which is chiral
and draw the structures of its enantiomers .
9. Draw the figure to show splitting of d-orbitals in an octahedral crystal field.
10. The M – C bond in metal carbonyls possess
a) ionic character b) both σ and π character c) only π character d) ion dipole forces
11. The formua of the complex triamminetriaquachromium(III) chloride is
a) [Cr(H2O)3(NH3)3]Cl3 b) Cr(NH3)3(H2O)3]Cl3
c) [Cr(NH3)3(H2O)3]Cl2 d) [cr(H2O)3(NH3)3]Cl2
12. The complex ion which shows geometrical isomerism is …
a) [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]+ b) [Pt(NH3)3Cl]
c) [Co(NH3)6]3+ d) [Co(CN)5(NC)]3-

10.Haloalkanes & Haloarenes

1. Write the equation for the steps in SN1 mechanism for the conversion of tertiary butyl bromine
intotertiary butyl alcohol. Why Tertiary alkyl halides undergo SN1 reaction very fast?
Whentertiarybutylbromideisheatedwithaqueouspotassiumhydroxide,tertiarybutylalcoholisformed.
(CH3)3C-Br + KOH (CH3)3C-OH +KBr
Mechanism :
Step 1: Tertiary butyl bromide undergoes slow ionization gives carbocation.
CH3 CH3

CH3-C-Br CH3-C + + Br-

CH3 CH3

This is a slow step and hence it is a rate determining step.

Step 2: The nucleophile OH- attack carbocation and gives tertiary butyl alcohol.
CH3 CH3

 CH3-C + + OH-

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CH3-C-OH H3
CH3Rate of reaction depends
only on concentration of alkyl
halide, hence it is a 1st order
reaction.
The tertiary carbocation is more stable hence tertiary alkyl halides will undergo this reaction very fast
 Order of reaction Tertiary R-X > Secondary > Primary
 Product formed is a racemic mixture.
 Rate of reaction depends only on the concentration of alkyl halide.

2. Explain SN2 mechanism for the conversion of methyl chloride to methylalcohol.

When methyl chloride is heated with aqueous potassium hydroxide methyl alcohol is formed.
CH3 -Cl+KOH CH3 -OH +KCl
Mechanism :
The nucleophile OH- attacks the carbon atom from the side opposite to the chlorine.
The formation of C-OH and the cleavage of C-Cl bond takes place simultaneously.
Finally Cl- gets detached to give methyl alcohol.

It involves only one step hence this is the rate determining step.
 Rate depends on both concentration of nucleophile and alkyl halide, hence it is a second order
reaction.
 Complete inversion of configuration takes place (Walden Inversion).
 Order of rate of reaction primary R-X > secondary > tertiary

3. Haloarenes are less reactive towards nuclophilic substitution reactions than haloalkanes. Why?
Ans: Haloarenes are less reactive towards nuclophilic substitution reactions than haloalkanes, this is
because,
a) In haloraenes partial double bond is present between carbon & halogen makes it difficult to break.
b) In halorenes halogen is attached to more electronegative sp2 hybrid carbon so bond breaking is difficult.
c) If carbon to halogen bond is broken forms phenyl carbocation which is highly unstable.
d) being nucleophilic centers haloarenes repel coming nucleophiles(Repulsive interaction).
1 Mark Questions
1.CH3 – Br +AgF CH3 – F +AgBr. Name the reaction. (M-14)
2. What are freons? (J-14)
3. Name the organic product when chlorobenzene is treated with sodium in dry ether. (M-15)
4. R – X +NaI R – I + NaX. What is the name of the reaction? (J-15)
5. What is “Chirality”? (M-16)
6. Write the IUPAC name of (J-16)

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7. What is the name of the following reaction (M-17)

8. Name the major product obtained when tertiary butyl bromide is heated with alcoholic KOH solution.(J-17)
9. Name the following reaction,CH3 – Br +AgF CH3 – F +AgBr (M-18)
10. In aryl halides, what is the hybridization of carbon atom to which halogen atom is attached?(J-18)
11. Write the general equation for Wurtz reaction. (M-19)
12. Name the major organic product formed when 2-bromopentane is heated with alcoholic KOH.(J-19)
13. Give reason, in case of optically active alkyl halides SN1 reaction is accompanied by racemization.
(M-20)
14. What is racemization? (Sept-20)

5 Mark Questions
1.a.i.Write the equations for the steps in S mechanism for the conversion of tertiary butyl bromide to
N1
tertiary butyl alcohol
ii. Haloarenes are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction than Haloalkanes. Give a
reason (1M)
b. Complete the following reactions, i. C2H5OH + SOCl2
ii. 2 C6H5Cl + 2Na Ether (M-14)
dry ether
2.a. Mention the major product formed in the following reactions, i. C6H5Br + Mg
ii. 2-bromopentane + alc.KOH iii. CH3Cl + NaI (3M) (J-14)
b. Write the equations for the steps in SN1mechanism for the conversion of tertiary butyl bromide to
tertiary butyl alcohol.
3.a.Write the equations for the steps in SN1mechanism for the conversion of tertiary butyl bromide to
tertiary butyl alcohol.
b. Identify the products A,B& C in th following equations,
CH3OH Red P, Cl2 A NaI dry acetone B C6H5I +Na C (M-15)
2
4.a.i. Explain the SN mechanism.
ii. What is rthe reagent used in the conversion of alkyl halide to alkene?
b. Completes the reaction C2H5Br + AgCN Alc. D
c. What are enantiomers? (J-15)
5.a.Explain SN1 mechanism by taking example of 2-bromo2-methyl propane (t-butyl bromide).(2M)
b. Explain Wurtz-Fittig reaction.
c. Write the general formula for Grignard reagent. (M-16)
2
6.a.I. Explain the SN mechanism by taking the example of chloromethane.
ii. Write the general equation for the reaction of primary alcohols with SOCl2.
b.i. CH3 – Br +AgF CH3 – F +AgBr name the reaction.
ii. p-dichlorobenzene has higher melting point than those of ortho and meta isomers. Give reason.(J-16)
7.a. Explain the SN2 mechanism for conversion of methyl chloride to methyl alcohol. (2M)
b. Aryl halides are extremely less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions. (2M)
c. What is asymmetric carbon? (1M) (M-17)
8.a.Write the steps involved in SN mechanism for the conversion of tertiary butyl bromide to tertiary butyl
1

alcohol and
mention its order. (3M)
b. Aryl halides are extremely less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions than alkyl halides.Give
reason. (J-17)

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9.a. Write the steps involved in SN1mechanism for the conversion of tertiary butyl bromide to tertiary butyl
alcohol
b. Explain Fittig reaction.
c. Name the reagent used in the dehydrohalogenation of haloalkanes. (M-18)
10.a. Write the steps involved in SN mechanism for the conversion of tertiary butyl bromide to tertiary
1

butyl alcohol.
b. Explain Wurtz-Fittig reaction with equation.
c. CH3 – Cl+NaI CH3 – I + NaCl. Name the reaction.
11.a. Write the steps involved in SN1mechanism of hydrolysis of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane.
b.i. Name the product formed for the reaction of isopropyl iodide on alcoholic KOH.
ii. What is the condition to be satisfied for a compound to be chiral?
c. What is racemic mixture? (M-19)
12.a.Write the steps involved in SN1mechanism for the conversion of tertiary butyl bromide to tertiary
butyl alcohol.
b. Explain Friedel-Craft’s alkylation reaction for chlorobenzene. Give equations.
c. What is racemic mixture? (J-19)
13.a.Explain the SN mechanism for the conversion of tertiary butyl bromide to tertiary butyl alcohol
1

b. Complete the following reactions i) CH3-CH=CH2 + HI →

HNO / Conc.HSO
Chlorobenzene 3

CH3CH2Br+AgCNAqEthanol (M-20)
14.a.Write the steps involved in SN1mechanism for the conversion of tertiary butyl bromide to tertiary butyl
alcohol
b. Aryl halides are extremely less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions than alkyl halides. Give reasons.
c.Write the general formula for Grignard reagent. (Sept-20)
33. identify the products A,B and C in the following equation
CH3OH𝑅𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝐶𝑙2 A 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐵 𝐶6𝐻5𝐼𝑁𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 C
34. Identify the chiral molecule I the following compound
a) 2-bromobutane b) 1-bromobutane c) 2-bromopropane d) 2-bromo-2-methyl propane
35. which of the following has the highest melting point
a) o-dichlrobenzene b) m-dichlrobenzene c) p-dichlrobenzene d) chlrobenzene
36. The reaction CH3Br + NaI CH3I + NaBr is
a) swarts reaction b) fittig reaction c) wurtz reaction d) finkelstein reaction
37. When bromo benzene is treated with sodium in dry ether biphenyl is formed .
38. A equimolarmixture of enantiomers is called racemic mixture.
39. Alkyl magnesium halides are known as Grignard reagent.

11.Alcohols,Phenols & Ethers

1. Write the three steps involved in the mechanism of acid catalyzed
dehydration of ethanol to ethane.

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Step1: Protonation of alcohol yields protonated alcohol.

Step2: Protonated alcohol loses water molecule to form ethyl carbocation.

Step3: Ethyl carbocation loses a proton to form ethene.

7. Explain the preparation of phenol from Cumene.

When Cumene is oxidised in presence of air gives Cumene hydroperoxide.
Cumene hydroperoxide on acidification gives phenol and acetone.

8. Explain Reimer-Tiemanreaction.

When phenol is heated with sodium hydroxide and CHCl3, sodium salt of Salicylaldehyde is obtained,
which on acidified with HCl gives Salicylaldehyde.
4.Explain Kolbe’sreaction.
When phenol is heated with NaOH gives sodium phenate and then CO2 is passed through it and
followed by acidification gives salicylic acid.

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5.Write the three reactions involved in mechanism of acid

catalyzed dehydration of Ethanol to diethyl ether.

2 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Complete the following reactions: i. R-CH2-OH Cu,573K ii. CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O H+ (M-14)
2. Explain Kolbe’s reaction. (J-14,M-16,J-17,M-19,Sept-20)
3. Name the product formed when phenol reacts with acidified Na2Cr2O7 solution. Give equation. (M-15)
4. a. Write the IUPAC name of major product in Friedel-Craft’s acylation of anisole.
b. Complete the reaction C6H5-O-CH3+ HI (J-15)
5. Explain Reimer-Tiemann reaction with an example. (J-16)
6. How anisole reacts with acetyl chloride (CH3COCl) in the presence of anh.AlCl3? (M-17)
7. How anisole reacts with bromine in ethanoic acid? Write the chemical reaction. (M-18)
8. How does phenol reacts with Conc.Nitric acid? Give equation. (J-18)
9. How does phenol react with conc.HNO3? Give equation. (J-19)
10. How is phenol prepared from Aniline? Write the equation. (M-20)

5 MARK QUESTIONS
1. a.i.Explain the preparation of phenol from Cumene.
ii.Complete the reaction Phenol+Zinc
b. Explain Williamson’s ether synthesis. (M-14)
2.a. What is the effect of
i.Electron withdrawing group on acidity of phenols.
ii. Electron donating group on acidity of phenols.
iii. Boiling point of alcohols on increasing number of carbon atoms.
b.Give equation for Williamson’s ether synthesis. (J-14)
3. a. Write the acids catalyzed dehydration of ethanol to ethane.
b. Explain Williamson’s ether synthesis. Write its general equation. (M-15)
4.a. Explain Kolbe’s reaction
b. Complete the following reaction
i. R-CH2-OH Cu,3000C
ii. C6H5OH Conc.HNO3
c. Write the general equation for Williamson’s ether synthesis (J-15)

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5.a. How phenol is prepared from Cumene process.

b.Among alcohols and phenols which one is more acidic? And why? (M-16)
6.a.i.Identify A & B in the following equation.
CH3-CH=CH2 H2O/H+ A CrO3 B
ii.What is Lucas reagent?
b. Explain Williamson’s ether synthesis (J-16)
7.a. Explain Kolbe’s reaction with equation.
b. Write the three steps involved in the mechanism of acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol to ethane.(M-17)
8.a. Write the mechanism of acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol to ethane.
b. Explain Reimer-Tiemann reaction (J-17)
9.a. Write the mechanism of acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol to ethane.
b. Between phenol & alcohol which is more acidic? Why? (M-18)
10.a. Write the mechanism of acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol to ethane.
b. How anisole reacts with bromine in ethanoic acid? Write the chemical reaction. (J-18)
11.a. Write the mechanism of acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol to ethane.
b. How do you prepare methoxy ethane by Williamson’s ether synthesis? (M-19)
12. a. Explain the mechanism of acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol to ethene.
b. Write general equation for preparation of ether by Williamson synthesis.
c. Among alcohols and phenols which one is more acidic? (J-19)
13.a. Explain the mechanism for acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol to ethene.
b.How does anisole react with methyl chloride? (M-20)
14.a. Write the three steps involved in the mechanism of acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol to ethane
b.(CH3)3-OC2H5 +HI A+B Identify A & B in the reaction. (Sept-20)

12.Aldehydes,ketones & Carboxylic acids

1. Mention the hybridization state of Carbonyl carbon atom. (M-14)
Ans: sp2
2. Give the IUPAC name of the CH3CHO. (J-14)
Ans: Ethanal
3. Name the reaction. (M-15)
O H
Cl O

H2

Pd -BaSO4

.
Ans: Rosenmund’s Reduction
4. Which oxidizing agent used in Etard reaction? (J-15)
Ans: Chromyl chloride ( CrO2Cl2 )
5. Complete the reaction
C=O + NH2OH C= N-OH + H2O (M-16)
6. Complete the reaction
RCH2OH i. Alkaline KMnO4 RCHO
ii. H3 O+ (J-16)
7. Formaldehyde undergo Cannizzaro’s reaction. Give reason. (M-17)
Ans: Due to the absence of α-Hydrogen atom
8. Write the IUPAC name of CH2=CH-CHO (J-17)

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Ans: Prop-2-en-1-al or 2-Propenal

9. Ethanal (CH3CHO) undergo Aldol condensation reaction. Give reason. (M-18)
Ans: Because it contains α-Hydrogen atoms.
10. Write the IUPAC name of CH3COCH2CH2CH3 (J-18)
Ans: Pentan-2-one or 2-Pentanone
11. What is the reagent ‘A’ used in the following reaction R-COOH A R-CH2OH (M-19)
Ans: Reducing agents like LiAlH4 / NaBH4 / H2-Ni etc
12.

(J-19)
Ans: Gatterman koch reaction
13.

(M-20)
Ans: -CH2-
14.

(Sept-20)
Ans: 2-Propanone

2 Mark Questions
1. Explain the Rosenmund’s reduction of Benzoyl chloride. (M-14)
Ans: When Acid chloride or acyl chlorides reacts with hydrogen in the presence of Palladium mounted over
Barium sulphate catalyst gives aldehydes this reaction is called Rosenmund’s Reduction.
O H
Cl O

H2

Pd -BaSO4

2. How are carboxylic acids prepared from nitriles? (J-14)

Ans: When nitriles arehydrolysed in the presence of mild acid or base as catalyst gives carboxylic acids.

3. Identify A and B in the following reactions. (M-15)

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CHO

Conc. NaOH A+B

2 +

Ans:

4. How are carboxylic acids prepared from Grignard reagent? (J-15, M-18)
Ans: Grignard reagents react with carbon dioxide (dry ice) gives salts of carboxylic acids which on acidification
with mineral acid gives carboxylic acids

5. What is the action of dil.NaOH on ethanal? Name the reaction. (M-16, J-14)
Ans: Aldol Condensation Reaction.
Aldehydes and ketones having at least one a-hydrogen undergo a reaction in the presence of dilute alkali
as catalyst to form b-hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or b-hydroxy ketones (ketol), respectively. This is known as
Aldol reaction.

6. Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones towards nucleophilic addition reactions. Give any
two Reasons. (J-16)
Ans: Aldehydes are more reactive due to, i. Less sterically hindered and ii. More electrophilic
7. What is the action of ammonia on benzoic acid? Write equation. (M-17)
Ans: Carboxylic acids react with ammonia to give ammonium salt which on further heating at high
temperature give amides.

8. Among methanoic acid and ethanoic acid which is more acidity and why? (J-17)
Ans: Methanoic acid is more acidic.As in ethanoic acid,ch3 group is attached to C atom and is electron
donating group which decreases the polarity of O--H bond .Hence it's acidity decreases than methanoic acid.

9. Explain Cannizzaro’s reaction with an example. (J-18, J-19, M-20,J-17)

Ans: Aldehydes which do not have an a-hydrogen atom, undergo self oxidation and reduction
(disproportionation) reaction on heating with concentrated alkali. In this reaction, one molecule of the
aldehyde is reduced to alcohol while another is oxidised to carboxylic acid salt.

11. Write the equation for the reaction between benzaldehyde and concentrated NaOH solution.
Name the reaction. (M-19)

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Ans:

12. Write the Wolf-Kishner’s reduction for the conversion of Carbonyl group into -CH2 group. (Sept-20)
Ans: The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to CH2 group on treatment with hydrazine
followed by heating with sodium or potassium hydroxide in high boiling solvent such as ethylene glycol is
called Wolff-Kishner reduction.

5 Mark Questions
1. a. i) How do you convert benzoic acid to benzamide? Write the reaction.
Ans: : Benzoic acids react with ammonia to give ammonium salt which on further heating at high
temperature give Benzamide.

ii) Complete the reaction

CO,HCl

Anhydrous AlCl3 /HCl

b. What happens when carbonyl compounds are treated with hydrazine? Write the reaction. (M-14)
Ans: Gives Hydrazones.
2. a. Write equations for
i. The reaction between carboxylic acid and PCl 5 .

ii. The reaction between formaldehyde and Conc.KOH

iii. The formation of oxime from carbonyl compound.

3.a. Write the organic compound formed in the following equations.

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Anhydrous AlCl3
i. + CH3COCl

H3C

ii. O + H2N OH

H3C
dry ether
Mg
iii.
H3C Br
+ CO2
H3O+

b. Explain HVZ ( Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky) reaction with equation. (M-15)

Ans: Carboxylic acids having an a-hydrogen are halogenated at the a-position on treatment with chlorine or
bromine in the presence of small amount of red phosphorus to give a-halocarboxylic acids. The reaction is
known as Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction.

4.a. How do you prepare acetaldehyde from acetyl chloride? Name the reaction. (J-15)
Ans: Acetyl chloride reacts with hydrogen in the presence of Pd-BaSO4 as catalyst gives acetyldehyde. This
reaction is called Rosenmund’s reduction.

b. Name the reagent used in the conversion of ketone to hydrocarbon. Name the reaction.
Ans: Zinc amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid [Clemmensen reduction] or with hydrazine followed
by heating with sodium or potassium hydroxide in high boiling solvent such as ethylene glycol
(Wolff-Kishner reduction).

5.a. Explain the mechanism of addition of HCN to a carbonyl group in the presence of a base. (M-16)
Ans: Aldehydes and ketones reacts very slowly with pure HCN. Hence,it is catalysed by base and generated
cyanide adds to carbonyl compound to yield corresponding cyanohydrins.

b. How does benzamide obtained frombenzoic acid?

Ans: When benzoic acid reacts with ammonia, to form ammonium benzoate which on heating undergoes
dehydration forming benzamide.

6.a. i) How does benzaldehyde reacts with acetophenone in the presence of dilute alkali? (J-16)
Ans: Cross Aldol Condensation reaction.

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ii) Name the product formed when acetaldehyde reacts with HCN.
Ans: Acetyldehyde cyanohydrine
7.a. How benzene is converted into benzaldehyde by Gattermann-Koch reaction? Write equation.
Ans: When vapours of CO and HCl are passed into benzene in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3/CuCl,
Benzaldehyde is obtained.

b. Complete and name the reaction.

Ans:
c. What is the effect of electron withdrawing group on the acidity of carboxylic acids. (M-17)
Ans: An electron withdrawing group increases the acidity carboxylic acid. It disperses negative charge by
inductive/ resonance effect and stabilizes the carboxylate ion.
8. a. Complete the following reactions
O

H2
Cl
i.
Pd - BaSO4
H3C

ii. O + H2N OH

H3C O

iii. HNO3/H2SO4

273-283K

9. a. Complete the following reactions

H3C Zn - Hg
O
i. Conc.HCl
H3C
O

ii. NH2 H3O+

NaOH & CaO

iii. CH3COONa

b. Explain esterification reaction with an example. (J-18)

Ans: When alcohol and carboxylic acid react in the presence of acid as catalyst to form ester the reaction is
called as esterification.

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C2H5OH+CH3COOH→CH3COOC2H5

11.a. How does benzene reacts with acetyl chloride in the presence of anhydrous AlCl 3 ? Give equation.
Ans: The given reaction is Friedel-Craft's acylation reaction. In this reaction, the acyl group substitutes one of
the hydrogen atoms on benzene to form acetophenone.

12.a. Complete the following equations

1. Alkaline KMnO 4
i. RCH2OH
2.H3O+
NaOH & CaO
ii. CH3COONa

b. What is Formalin solution. (J-19)

Ans: A 37−40% solution of formaldehyde in water is called formalin.

13.a) How benzoyl chloride converted to benzaldehyde? Write the equation and name the reaction.
Ans: When benzoyl chloride reacts with hydrogen in the presence of Palladium mounted over
Barium sulphate catalyst gives Benzaldehyde, this reaction is called Rosenmund’s Reduction.
O H
Cl O

H2

Pd -BaSO4

b) Write the general equation for the preparation of carboxylic acid from Grignard reagent.

(M-20)
Ans:

14.

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(Sep-20)
Ans: 4-Nitrobenzoic acid is more acidic due to the presence of electron withdrawing group.

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13.Amines
5 Mark Questions
1. (a) (i) Explain Hoffmann bromamide degradation for the preparation of Aniline.
[J-14, M-16, M-18, J-19, Sept-20]
Ans: Benzamide is treated with bromine in aqueoues or ethanolic solution of sodium hydroxide to form
aniline. C6H5CONH2 + Br2 + 4NaOH → C6H5NH2 + Na2CO3 + 2NaBr + 2H2O

(ii) Give the IUPAC name of

NH CH3
H3C

Ans: N-methyletnanamine

(b) What is Heinsberg reagent? Between CH3NH2 and C6H5NH2 which is more basic? [M-14]
Ans: Benzene sulfonyl chloride or C6H5SO2Cl is called Heinsberg reagent

CH3NH2 is more basic.

2. (a) (I) CH3CONH2 Br2/NaOH P

(II) P NaNO2+HCL [273K] Q

What are P and Q ? Name the reaction occurring in step (i)

Ans: P= CH3NH2 Q= CH3OH
(b) Explain Carbylamines reaction with example. [J-14, M-16, M-18, J-19]
Ans: Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines on heating with chloroform and ethanolic potassium hydroxide
form isocyanides or carbylamines. This reaction is known as carbylamines reaction or isocyanide test.

3. (a) Identify the reaction ‘A’ in the following reaction: A+2R-XR4N+X-

Ans: R2NH or 20 Amine
(b) Explain Hoffmann’s bromamide degradation reaction for the preparation of methanamine.
[J-14, M-16, M-18, J-18]
Ans: When an ethanamide is treated with bromine in aqueous or alcoholic solution of NaOH, gives
methanamine is formed.
Ex: CH3CONH2 + 4NaOH + Br2 → CH3NH2 + Na2CO3 + 2NaBr + H2O
(c) Which is more basic among aqueous solution of aniline and ammonia? Give one reason. [M-15, J-15, J-17]
Ans: Ammonia can donate easily electron pair while aniline cannot donate due to resonance, thus ammonia is
a stronger base than aniline.
4. (a) Name the major product formed when nitrous acid is treated with,
(i) methylamine (ii) aniline at low temperature.
Ans: i. Methanol ii. Benznenediazonium chloride
(b) Write the IUPAC name of (CH3)2 N-CH2-CH3 . [J-15]
Ans: N,N-dimethylethanamine

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5. (a) What is the action of Bromine water on Benezenamine (Aniline) at room temperature.
Ans: Benzenamine (Aniline) reacts with bromine water at room temperature to give a white precipitate of
2,4,6-tribromoaniline.

(c) The pKb values of Ammonia, methanamine and Benzenamine are 4.75,3.38 & 9.38 resp.
Arrange them in them in the increasing order of their basic strength. [M-16]
Ans: Benzenamine < Ammonia < methanamine
6.(a) i. Explain reduction of nitro compounds to amines with an example.
Ans: Nitro compounds are reduced to amines by passing hydrogen gas in the presence of finely divided nickel,
palladium or platinum and also by reduction with metals in acidic medium.

ii. Why aromatic primary amines can not be prepared by Gabriel phthalimide synthesis?
Ans: Because aryl halides do not undergo nucleophilic substitution with the salt formed by phthalimide.

(b) How is aniline converted into phenyl isocyanide? Write the equation. [J-16]
Ans: When Aniline reacts with chloroform and KOH gives Phenyl isocyanide. This reaction is called Carbylamine
reaction.

7.(a) How does primary amines prepared from Hoffmann’s bromamide degradation reaction?
Write equation.
Ans: When an Amide is treated with bromine in aqueous or alcoholic solution of NaOH, gives
Primary amine .
Ex: CH3CONH2 + 4NaOH + Br2 → CH3NH2 + Na2CO3 + 2NaBr + H2O

(b) i. Write the IUPAC name of CH3 CH2 NH2

Ans: Ethanamine
ii. Arrange the following amines in the increasing order of their basic strength aqueous solution.
(CH3)3 N, (CH3)2 NH, CH3 NH2
Ans: (CH3)3 N < CH3 NH2 < (CH3)2 NH
(c) Complete the following equation, C6H5NH2+ NaNO2+2HCl 273-278K ……… [M-17]
Ans: C6H5NH2+ NaNO2+2HCl 273-278K C6H5N2 Cl
8. (b) Name the major organic products formed in the following conversion.

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i. When nitrous acid treated with methylamine.

Ans: Methanol
ii. When benzenediazonium chloride reacts with KI.
Ans: Iodobenzene is formed.

(c) Which is more basic among methylamine and aniline? [J-17]

Ans: Methylamine

9. (b) How does nitrobenzene is reduced to aniline? Give equation. [M-18, M-20]
Ans: Nitrobenzene is reduced with Sn in HCl gives aniline.

(c) Write the IUPAC name of C6H5 – N – CH3

I
CH3 [M-18]
Ans: N,N-Dimethylaniline
10.(a) Between CH3NH2 and C6H5NH2 which is more basic?
Ans: CH3NH2 is more basic
(b) i. Name the main product when aniline is heated with alcoholic KOH & Chloroform.
Ans: Phenyl isocyanide
ii. Give the IUPAC name of (CH3)2 N-C2H5
Ans: N,N-dimethylethanamine
(c) Complete the chemical reaction CH3CONH2 Br2/NaOH CH3NH2 [M-19]
12. (c) Write the general formula of diazonium salt. [J-19]
Ans: ArN2+X-
13. (a) Mention the IUPAC name of (CH3)2 N-CH3
Ans: N,N-dimethylmethanamine
(b) Give the equation for the conversion of aniline to 4-bromo aniline. [M-20, Sept-20]
Ans:

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14.Biomolecules
1.Write the chemical equation for to identify six carbon in glucose are in straight chain (M-16)
Ans:

2. Write the Haworth’s structure of Maltose [M-15,J-16,M-17,J-18,M-19,J-19]

Ans:

3. Write the Haworth’s structure of Lactose [J-15,J-17,M-18]

Ans:

4. What are essential amino acids? Give an example [M-16,J-17]

Ans: The amino acids which cannot be synthesized in the body & must be obtained through diet are called
essential amino acids. Example: Lysine
5. What are Non-essential amino acids? Give an example [M-18,J-18]
Ans: The amino acids which are synthesized in the body are called non-essential amino acids.
Example: Glycine
6. What are fibrous proteins? Give example [J-16]
Ans: Proteins which have thread like structure are called fibrous proteins.
Example: Keratin, myosine etc
7. What are Zwitter ions? Give general formula
Ans: These are the amino acid dipolar ions, carrying both positive and negative charges.
These moves neither towards cathode nor towards anode in electric field.

8. What are peptide bonds ? How they are formed ?

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Ans: A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two Amino acid molecules.
When the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing
a molecule of water (H2O).

9. How many peptide bonds are formed in i.Dipeptide ii.Tripeptide iii.Tetrapeptide iv.Pentapeptide
Ans: i. 1 ii. 2 iii. 3 iv. 4
10. What is meant by de-naturation of protein? Which level of structure remains intact during
denaturation of Globular protein?
Ans: The process by which protein loose their biological activity, when subjected to change in temperature
or change in PH is called denaturation of proteins.
Primary structure remains intact.
Example : Coagulation of egg albumin on heating.
11. Name the dieses caused by deficiency of vitamin,
Ans: Vitamin-A ------ Night Blindness [J-19]
Vitamin-B1 ------- Beri-Beri
Vitamin-B2 ------- Cheilosis
Vitamin-B6 ------- Convulsions
Vitamin-B12 ------- Pernicious Anaemia [M-15,M-19]
Vitamin-C ------- Scurvy [M-17,J-18]
Vitamin-D ------- Rickets [M-15,M17,J-16,J-17,M-18,J-18]
Vitamin-E ------- Muscular weakness
Vitamin-K ------- Delayed blood clotting time.
12. Which is the nitrogeneous base present only in RNA but not in DNA. [M-18]
Ans: Uracil
13. Which is the nitrogeneous base present only in DNA but not in RNA. [M-15,J-15,J-18]
Ans: Thymine
14. What are nucleosides ? [J-16]
Ans: Nucleoside is a compound which contains nitrogeneous base & pentose sugar.
Ex: Adenosine
15. Name the nucleic acid responsible for transformation of genetic information. [M-17]
Ans: DNA
16. Name the sugars present in DNA & RNA [J-17,M-20]
Ans: DNA- β-2-D-deoxyribose
RNA- β-2-D-ribose
17. Which harmone regulates blood sugar level? [M-16,M-9,J-19]
Ans: Insulin
18. What are harmones ? Give an example. [J-15]
Ans: Harmones are the proteins secreted in the endocrine glands & enter directly into blood.
Ex: Insulin,Glucagon,Oxytocin etc
19. What is the role of hormone glucagon in human blood?
20. Mention two hormones which regulate the Glucose level in the blood
21. The hormone which increases the blood glucose level is
a. a) gluco corticoids b) glucagon c) progesterone d) thyroxine
22. Which hormone is an iodinated derivative of aminoacid tyrosine
a) insulin b) epinephrine c) thyroxin d) glucagon

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