Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering

EE 424
CIRCUITS 1

Laboratory Experiment No. 3 and No. 4

APPLICATION OF DC/AC PRINCIPLES, LAWS AND THEOREM

Submitted by:

ASIS, STEPHANE KIM

H. DE TORRES, HAZEL
P. LOREDO, LOUIE GEE
L. PABITO, KEM KIRBY
A. ROSALES, JUSTIN M.

Submitted to:
Engr. MONIQUE A. COLIAT
Instructor

Date
December 03, 2024

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering

Laboratory Experiment No. 3 and No. 4

APPLICATION OF DC/AC PRINCIPLES, LAWS AND THEOREM

I. OBJECTIVES
1. Determine various application of Direct and Alternating Current.
2. Attain knowledge about Direct and Alternating Current.
3. Explain and Identify the DC/AC Principles, laws and theorems.

II. DISCUSSION
Ohm’s law applies to all types of circuits, but in the case of AC circuits all currents,
voltages, reactance’s, resistances, and impedances must be expressed as phasors. All
calculations must be done vectorially with reference to a phasor diagram. All phasor
diagrams should be accompanied by a circuit diagram. If this is not done, then such a circuit
diagram must be obvious or assumed to interpret the phasor diagram. The phasor diagram
shows only the magnitude and relative phase angles of the currents and voltages while the
circuit diagram shows only the location, direction and polarity of the currents and voltages.
These are important distinctions, and confusion generally results when not recognized or
when the two diagrams are combined.

In working with resistances in parallel connection, we found that the more resistors
we connect in parallel, the less is the total resistance. In a way, the solution of parallel circuits
is a bit more involved than the solution of series circuits.

The total impedance would depend on the nature of the elements. The total impedance
may not always become smaller with the additional elements in parallel.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering

Resistance and impedance both represent opposition to the flow of alternating current.
Both are measured in terms of the same unit, the ohm. To determine the magnitude of the
total impedance, we must get the sum of the impedances of each of the elements in series. If
we carry out all the necessary calculations by vector algebra, we use all the relationships
studied earlier under DC circuits.

The total impedance may not always increase with the addition of another element in
series. Capacitive reactance could cancel out inductive reactance, and vice versa. An extreme
case would have the capacitive reactance completely cancelling out the inductive reactance.
This results in resonance and high voltage and currents could result.

The power dissipated by a resistive network can be defined as the product of the rms
voltage and rms current. This definition is found to be inadequate when there is some angle
between the instantaneous voltage and current. That is, the definition given above does not
hold when the network contains reactive elements.

III. MATERIALS
The following materials were used to create the hallway lights and fire alarm system:

 1 x 9V battery
 1 x active DC buzzer
 1 x red LED
 4 x white LEDs
 5 x 10-ohm resistors
 Wires
 2 x switches

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering

IV. PROCEDURE and DOCUMENTATION

The steps taken to create the hallway lights and fire alarm system are as follows:

1. Planning and Design

- The circuit was designed to operate on a 9V battery, ensuring all components
received appropriate voltage through parallel connections.
- Resistors (10 ohms each) were used to limit the current for the LEDs to prevent damage.

2. Connecting the White LEDs (Hallway Lights)

- Each of the 4 white LEDs was connected in parallel.
- A 10-ohm resistor was connected to each LED to regulate the current flow.
- The parallel connection was then connected to Switch 1, allowing the hallway lights
to be turned on or off as needed.

3. Connecting the Red LED and DC Buzzer (Fire Alarm System)

- The red LED and the DC buzzer were connected in parallel.
- A 10-ohm resistor was connected to the red LED to regulate its current.
- This parallel connection was linked to Switch 2, which serves as the activation switch
for the fire alarm system.

4. Power Supply Connection

- The 9V battery was connected to the circuit, ensuring the positive terminal was
connected to one side of the switches and the negative terminal to the common
ground.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering

5. Testing the System

- Switch 1 was flipped to test the hallway lights. All 4 white LEDs lit up uniformly,
indicating proper parallel configuration.
- Switch 2 was flipped to test the fire alarm system. The red LED lit up, and the buzzer
activated simultaneously.

6. Final Design and Enhancement

- We designed the system to function as a hallway equipped with lights and a fire alarm
system.
- To enhance its appearance, we improved it by painting the components and ensuring
an organized setup for better presentation.

V. Conclusion
This project demonstrates a manual fire alarm system. The activation of the alarm's sound
and light depends on pressing the connected switch, serving as an alert for a fire occurrence
within a building. Our group collaborated to ensure a comprehensive understanding and
successful implementation of the project. While the planning phase was straightforward, the
construction phase presented challenges, such as the LEDs or bulbs burning out due to the
omission of resistors. Additionally, the red LED connected to the sound alarm, which functions
as the light indicator for our fire alarm project, quickly burned out.

Despite these obstacles, I am pleased to report that our project was successful. We
overcame the difficulties in building and completion, finishing the project on time with a result
that is both functional and presentable.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation