181

CHAPTER FIVE
Integration
and its Economic Applications

Conceptes of integration:

In the derivative we known the function Y  f x  and

we calculate the rate of change of function is represent the
dY
first derivative of this function or f   X  or Y .
dX
Integration is the reverse of differenatiation (
antiderivative). In many problems , the derivative of a
function is known and the goal is to find the function it self,
Def. a function F(x) for which f   X   f  X  for every
x in the domain of f is said to be an anti derivative ( or
indefinite integral) of F.
Integration Notation :
It is used to write:  f   X . dX  f  X   C
-   is called the integral sign.
- The function f(x) that is to be integrated is called the
integrand.
- C is called the constant of integration.
- dx indicates that x is the variable with respect to which
integration is to be performed.
The indefinite integral:  f   X . dX  f  X   C
 182

If f  X  = F(x) for all x in the domain of f

Integration Rules
Since the integration is the inverse of differentiation ,
then many rules for integration con be obtain by stating the
corresponding rules for differentiation.

Rule 1:
- If the function is:  X n . dX
X n 1
Then :  X . dX 
n
C
n 1
So : ( C ) is a constaint and n   1
Where ( n ) is any rational number except ( n   1 ) and ( C )
is a constaint
Example : Find  X 4 . dX
Solution
X 4 1
 X 4 . dX  C
4 1
X5
 C
5
The derivative of the function is:
X5
Y C
5
1
Y  X5  C
5
5 4
The first deriavative Y  X  X4
5
 183

Rule 2:
If the function is:  a. dx
Then :  a. dX  a X  C
So: a  is a real number constaint.
Example : Find the integral:
1- 10 . dX
1-  5. dQ

Solution
 10 . dX  10X  C
 5. dQ  5 Q  C
Rule 3:
If the function is:  ax n . dx
X n 1
Then :  aX n . dX  a  C
n 1
If (a) is real number and ( C ) is a constaint

Example : Find  4X 3 . dX

Solution
X4
 4X 3 . dX  4  C
4
  4X 3 . dX  X 4  C

Example : Find  6X 2 . dX
 184

Solution
X3
 6X . dX  6   C
2

3
2X  C
3

Rule 4:
If the function is:  af  X   bg  X 
Or :
 af  X   bg  X   eh  X   ....  mL  X 
Then :
 af  X   bg  X   a  f  X  dX  b  g  X  dx
Or:
 af  X   bg  X   eh  X   ....  mL  X 
 a  f  X   b  g  X   e  h X   ....  m  L  X 
This enables us to integrate an expression “ term by term
“ as the following example demonstrate.

Example : Find  
 2X 2  4X 6 dX

Solution
 
 2X 2  4X 6 dX 
2X 3 4X 7
3

7
2 3 4 7
 X  X
3 7

Example : Find 
 5X 2  3X  2 dX 
 185

Solution


 5X  3X  2 dX 
2

3

2

5X 3 3X 2
 2X  C

5 3 3 2
 X  X  2X  C
3 2
Example : Find  10X 4  8X 3  3X 2  4X  10 dX
Solution

 10 X 4  8 X 3  3 X 2  4 X  10 dX 
5 4 3 2
10 X 8X 3X 4X
     10 X  C
5 4 3 2
 2 X 5  2 X 4  X 3  2 X 2  10 X  C
- The derivative of the function is:
Y  2 X 5  2 X 4  X 3  2 X 2  10 X  C
The first dervaitive:
Y  10 X 4  8 X 3  3 X 2  4 X 10
Example : Find  20X 4  16X 3  12X 2  24X  7  dX
Solution

 20 X 4  16 X 3  12 X 2  24 X  7 dX 
20 X 5 16 X 4 12 X 3 24 X 2
     7X  C
5 4 3 2
 4 X 5  4 X 4  4 X 3  12 X 2  7 X  C
 aX  b  . dX
n
Rule 5: If the function is:
So
 186

aX  b n 1
 aX  b  . dX  C
n

a n  1
1 aX  b 
n 1

  C
a n 1
So: ( b , a ) are real numbers , n   1 and ( C ) is a
constant.
Example : Find  5 X  7 10 . dX
Solution
 5 X  7  . dX
10

1 5 X  7 
11

  C
5 11
 2 X  10 . dX
5
Example : Find
Solution
 2 X  10 . dX
5

1 2 X  10
6
  C
2 6


2 X  10
6
C
12
Rule 6: If the function is:
1
 . dX
X
1
Then:  . dX  Ln X  C
X
 187

10
Example : Find  . dX
10 X
Solution
10 1
 . dX   . dX  Ln X  C
10 X X
200
Example : Find  . dX
200 X
Solution
200 1
 . dX   . dX  Ln X  C
200 X X
Result: If the numerator is the first derivative of the
denominator, the integration this function is the logarthame
function of denominator( L n ).
3X 2  4 X  15
Example : Find  3 . dX
X  2 X 2  15 X  8
Solution
the numerator is the first derivative of the denominator
3X 2  4 X  15
 . dX
X 3  2 X 2  15 X  8


 Ln X 3  2 X 2 15 X  8  C
8X  12
Example : Find  . dX
X 2  3X  5
 188

Solution
 4 2 X  3 
   2  . dX
 X  3X  5 
 2 X  3 
 4   2  . dX  4 Ln X 2  3 X  5  C 
 X  3X  5 
Rule 7: If the function is:
 e . dX  e X  C
X

1
 e mX . dX  e mX  C
m
Example : Find  e X  5 . dX
Solution
 e X5 . dX  e X5  C
Example : Find  e 5 X 7 . dX
Solution
1 5 X 7
 e5 X7 . dX  e C
5
 e3X 8 . dX
2
Example : Find
Solution
8 1 3X 2 8
 e3X . dX  C
2
e
6X
e3X  8
2

 C
6X
 189

Exmples on rules of integration.

- Find the indefinite integrals:
1.  4 X 3 . dX
2.  15 X 3  3 X 2  6 X  8 dX
3.  4 X  37 dX
4.  2 X 2 15 3 X  8dX
6
5.   dX
X3
6.  X  dX
 
7.   36 X 28 X  5  dX
2

 2X  4X  5X  10 
 20 X  15 X  10
3 2

8.    dX
 X  X  2X 
4 3

9.   7 e  X   dX
2
 X
10.  5 4 X 3  dX
 5 
11.    dX
 X
Solution
4X 4
1.  4 X 3 . dX   C  X4  C
4
2.  15 X 3  3 X 2  6 X  8 dX
15 X 4 3X3 6X2
    8X  C
4 3 2
15 4
 X  X3  3X2  8X  C
4
 190

1 4 X  3
8
3.  4 X  3 dX   C
7

4 8


4 X  3
8
C
32
4.  2 X 2 15 3 X  8dX
The multiple:
2 X 2 15 3 X  4  6 X3  8 X 2  45 X  60
 
 6 X 3  8 X 2  45 X  60 dX
6 X 4 8 X 3 45 X 2
    60 X  C
4 3 2
6 8 45 2
 X 4  X3  X  60 X  C
4 3 2
1.5 X 4  2.76 X 3  22.5 X 2  60 X  C
6
5.  3
 dX   6 X 3 . dX
X
X 31
 6  X 3 dX  6 C
 3 1
X 2
6   3 X 2  C
2
3
 2 C
X
6.  X  dX
 191

1
1 1
2
X
 X dX 
2
C
1
1
2
3
3
X2 2
 C X2 C
3 3
2
3
2
2X
 C
3
2
 X3 C
3
 6 X2  8 X  5 
7.   3  dX
 2 X  4 X 2
 5 X  10 
the numerator is the first derivative of the denominator
 Ln 2X 3  4X 2  5X  10  C
 20 X 3  15 X 2  10 
8.    dX

 X 4
 X 3
 2 X 

 4 X 3 3 X 2  2
  5  4  dX
 X  X  2X 
3

 4 X 3 3 X 2  2
 5   4  dX
 X  X  2X 
3

the numerator is the first derivative of the denominator


 5 Ln X 4  X 3  2 X  C 
9.   7 e  X   dX
2
 X
 192

 2
   7 e  X   dX
 X
2
  7 e  X . dX    dX
X
1
 7  e  X dX  2   dX
X
e X
 7X  2Ln X  C
1
  7e  X  2 Ln X  C
3
10.  5 4 X 3  dX   5 X 4 dX
3 7
1
4 4
5X 5X
 C C
3 7
1
4 4
7
4 20 4 7
 5 X 4  C  X C
7 7
 5 
11.    dX
 X
 193

1
5 
 1
 dX   5 X 2
 dX
2
X
1
1  1
 X 2
5 X 2
 dX  5 C
1
 1
2
1
5X 2
 C
1
2
1 1
2 2
5  X  C  10 X 2  C
1
 10 X  C

Calculate the constant of integration

We known the first derivative of a constant is equale zero.
For example :
- if function : Y  X 4
the first derivative : Y  4 X 3
- if function : Y  X 4  10
the first derivative : Y  4 X 3
- if function : Y  X 4  20
the first derivative : Y  4 X 3
- if function : Y  X 4  C where : C is constant
the first derivative : Y  4 X 3
We known :
 194

4X 4
 4 X . dX 
3
C
4
 X4 C
the integration of  4 X 3 . dX equal :
X4  1 or X 4  5 or X 4  10 or X4  C
when C is constant

 if we known the first derivative f  X 

So:  f  X  . dX  f X   C when C is
constant
We con calculate the value of c
Example : Y   6 X 2  20 X  600 dX
When y  20000 , and x  10 Find the value of C
Solution

Y   6 X 2  20 X  600 dX 
6 X 3 20X 2
  600 X  C
3 2
y  2  3 10  2 600  C
Substutite the value of 20000  Y  and 10  X 
20000  2 10   10 10   600 10   C
3 2

20000  2000  1000  6000  C

2000  7000  C
C  20000  7000  13000
Y  2 X 3  10 X 2  600 X  13000
 195

Definite integration
if the function a , b and the two points are Y  f X  , in
b
general , the definite integral  f  X  . dX
a
.

denote the erea under the graph of f(x) between

x  a and x  b as shown in figure (1) the number a and b
are called the limit integration and it is assumed throughout
this section that a < b and that f(x) ≥ 0 as indicated in
figure (1) .
the technique of evaluating definite integrals is as
follows. A function F(x) is found which differentiates to f(x)
. the new function , F(x) , is then evaluated at the limits x = a
and x = b to get F(a) and F(b) . finally , the second numbers
is subtracted from the first to get the answer , F(b) – F(a)

Figure (1)
 196

b
In terms of this new notation. to calculate  f  X  . dX
a
,

first replace (x) by the upper limit (b) to obtain f(b), and
from this subtract f(a), obtained by letting x = a
b

 f  X  . dX  f b   f a 
a

- f b    f  X  .dX xb
- f a    f  X  . dX xa
- the constaint C  drops out , this is always be the case.
Example : find  4X 3  . dX
4

solution
4
 4X 4 
   
4 4
 4X . dX    X4
3
 3
3
 4 3
 4   3
4 4

 256  81 175

Example : find  6 X  4 . dX
4

1

solution
 197

4
 6 X2 
 6 X  4  . dX  
4
 4X 
1
 2  1


 3 X 2  4 X 1 
4

  3 4    
 4 4   3  1  4  1
2 2

 48  16  3  4
 64   1  65

Example : find  X 2  X  1 . dX
4

solution
4
 X3 X 2 
 
4
X  X  1 . dX  
2
  X
1  3 2 1
4
1 1 
  X3  X 2  X
3 2 1
1 3 1 2  1 3 1 2 
  4   4   4   1  1  1
3 2  3 2 
1  1 
  64   8  4    0.50  1
1
3 2  3 
 21.33  0.83  20.5
 198

2
Example : find  X  1 . dX
0

solution
2
 X2 
2
1 2 
2

0 X  1 . dX   2  X   2 X  X
 0  0
1 2  1 2 
  2  2    2 2  0
2 
404
 199

Exercises
1- Find the indefinite integrals:
 3 X 
 2 X  5 . dX
2
1.
1 
2.   X  1

 4X 5 
3.   2 X 2   dX
 5X  3
2- Find the indefinite integrals:
2 
1)   X
 5 X   dX

 4X  8 
2)   2   dX
 X  4 X  3
3- Find the integration of these functions:
1) Y    6 x 2  20 x  600 dx
2) y   5 x  7 10 . dx
 5 
3) y     dx
 x
4) y   5 4 x3  dx
5 - Find the integration of these functions:
1.  2 X  35 dX
 20 X 3  15 X 2 10 
2.   4  dX
 X  X 10 X 
3

3.  5 5 X 4  dX
 3 
4.    dX
 X 