CAT

Rapid Review Guide

Index:
Topic Page Number

1 Numbers 2

2 Arithmetic 7

3 Algebra 15

4 Geometry 26

5 Mensuration 35
H
6 Co-ordinate Geometry 37
TH
7 Permutations and Combinations 39

8 Set Theory 41

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Number System
1. Classification:
Even/Odd:
The following operation hold true when you consider even and odd numbers:
• Even + Even = Even
• Odd + Odd = Even
• Even + Odd = Odd
• Even × any natural number = Even
• Odd × Odd = Odd
𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛
• 𝑂𝑑𝑑
= Even (if divisible)
𝑂𝑑𝑑
• 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛
= Never divisible
• Odd + Odd + Odd + Odd + …… Odd number of times = Odd number
• Oddany natural number = Odd
• Evenany natutal number = Even
𝑁(𝑁+1)
• Sum of first N natural number = 2
• Sum of first N even natural number = 𝑁(𝑁 + 1)
• Sum of first N odd natural number = 𝑁 2
𝑁(𝑁+1)(2𝑁+1)
• Sum of squares of first N natural number =
H
6
𝑁(𝑁+1) 2
• Sum of cubes of first N natural number = [ 2
]
TH
• Product of any ‘n’ consecutive natural numbers is always divisible n!.
E.g., Product of any ‘4’ consecutive natural numbers is always divisible 4! = 24.
• From a to b, number of natural numbers = b – a + 1
𝑏 𝑎
• From ‘a’ to ‘b’, number of multiples of ‘n’ = [𝑛] − [𝑛], if ‘a’ is not a multiple of n.
𝑏 𝑎
• From ‘a’ to ‘b’, number of multiples of ‘n’ = [𝑛] − [𝑛] + 1, if ‘a’ is a multiple of n.

Prime numbers:
1. 2 is the only even prime number
2. Any prime number (other than 2 and 3) can be written as 6k ± 1
3. There are 15 prime numbers from 1 to 50
4. There are 25 prime numbers from 1 to 100
5. For a number N, the number of factors from 1 to √𝑁 is same as the number of factors
from √𝑁 to N

Perfect Squares
• A Perfect square cannot end at 2, 3, 7 or 8
• A Perfect square cannot give remainder as 2 when divide by 3
• A Perfect square cannot give remainder as 2 or 3 when divide by 4

2. Divisibility
• The following divisibility rules hold true:
Divisibility by 2- If the last Digit of a number is even i.e., 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 then the number is
divisible by 2.
E.g., 672.

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For remainder when N is divided by 2, divide the unit digit by 2 and whatever is the
remainder is the answer.

Divisibility by 3- If the sum of all digits is divisible by 3, the number is divisible by 3.

For remainder when N is divided by 3, divide the sum of digits by 3 and whatever is the
remainder is the answer.

Divisibility by 4- If the last two digits of number is divisible by 4 or is 00, the number is also
divisible by 4.

For remainder when N is divided by 4, divide the last 2 digits by 4 and whatever is the
remainder is the answer.

Divisibility by 5- If the last digit is 0 or 5, the number is divisible by 5

E.g., 25, 225, 520 etc.

For remainder when N is divided by 5, divide the last digit by 5 and whatever is the
H
remainder is the answer.

Divisibility by 25- If the last two digit are divisible by 25, the number is divisible by 25
TH
E.g., 25, 225 etc.

For remainder when N is divided by 25, divide the last 2 digits by 25 and whatever is the
remainder is the answer.

Divisibility by 125- If the last three digit are divisible by 125, the number is divisible by 125
E.g., 67125, 56375 etc.

For remainder when N is divided by 125, divide the last 3 digits by 125 and whatever is the
remainder is the answer.

Divisibility by 6- A number is divisible by 6 if the number is divisible by both 2 & 3

simultaneously.
E.g., 144 is divisible by 2 & 3 both hence will also be divisible by 6.

Divisibility by 8- If the last three digits of a number is divisible by 8 or have 3 or more

zeroes in the end (E.g., 000, 0000 etc), the number will be divisible by 8.
E.g., 632000, 786432

For remainder when N is divided by 8, divide the last 3 digits by 8 and whatever is the
remainder is the answer.

Divisibility by 16- If the last four digits of a number is divisible by 16 or have 4 or more
zeroes in the end, the number will be divisible by 16.

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For remainder when N is divided by 16, divide the last 4 digits by 16 and whatever is the
remainder is the answer.

Divisibility by 9- A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is a multiple of 9.

E.g., 729, 333333, 972099

For remainder when N is divided by 9, divide the sum of digits by 9 and whatever is the
remainder is the answer.

Divisibility by 11- If sum of 1st, 3rd, 5th, … digit is A and sum of 2nd, 4th, 6th, … digit is B, and
|𝐴 − 𝐵| = 0 or multiple of 11, then the number is divisible by 11.
E.g., 1419 → (4 + 9) – (1 + 1) = 11. So, it is divisible by 11

For remainder when N is divided by 11, let’s say the sum of 1st, 3rd, 5th, … digit from right to
left is A and sum of 2nd, 4th, 6th, … digit from right to left is B.
Divide A – B by 11, and whatever is the remainder is the answer.

Divisibility by 7- First, make groups of 3 digits from right to left. Take sum of alternate
groups (1st, 3rd, 5th, …) and (2nd, 4th, 6th, …) and name them A and B (say). If ⌈𝐴 − 𝐵⌉ is zero or a
multiple of 7, the number will be multiple of 7.
H
E.g., 167987675209
1 876 099
So, ⏞ ⏞ 752 ⏞
TH
1 679
⏟ 876 ⏟ 099
679 752
099 + 876 + 1 = 976
679 + 752 = 1431
1431 – 976 = 455
455 is divisible by 7.
Hence, the number is divisible by 7

Divisibility by 13 (works for 11 also)- Same steps as that of 7.

Check if the final difference is divisible by 13. (for 11, should be divisible by 11)
Like, in the above example, 455 is divisible by 13, so the number is divisible by 13
But 455 is not divisible by 11, so the number is not divisible by 11

More Rules:
• If x is divisible by y, then xz is also divisible by y.
• If x is divisible by y, y is divisible by z then x is divisible by z.
• If x is divisible by y, y is divisible by x, then x = y.
• If x is divisible by a, y is divisible by a then x + y and x – y are both divisible by a.
• If ‘a’ is divisible by c and b is divisible by d, then ab is divisible by cd.

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3. Units Digit
• Cyclicity
When The Cyclicity Is Unit Digit
Last Digit Is Cycle
Always 0 at
0 1
any power
Always 1 at any
1 1
power
Always 5 at
5 1
any power
Always 6 at
6 1
any power
4 at 42n-1 6 at 42n
4 2 (4, 6)
9 at 92n-1 1 at 92n
9 2 (9, 1)

Same as Same as Same as Same as

2 4 (2, 4, 8, 6)
2 at 2
1 4n+1
2 at 2
2 4n+2
2 at 2
3 4n+3
24 at 24n
H
Same as Same as Same as Same as
3 4 (3, 9, 7, 1)
3 at 3
1 4n+1
3 at 3
2 4n+2
3 at 3
3 4n+3
34 at 34n
Same as Same as Same as Same as
TH
7 4 (7, 9, 3, 1)
71 at 74n+1 72 at 74n+2 73 at 74n+3 74 at 74n
Same as Same as Same as Same as
8 4 (8, 4, 2, 6)
8 at 8
1 4n+1
8 at 8
2 4n+2
8 at 8
3 4n+3
84 at 84n

• Cyclicity of 7 for last two digits is 4 (07, 49, 43, 01)

• 25𝑁 will end at 25
• 76𝑁 will end at 76
• 24𝑁 will end at 24 if N is odd
• 24𝑁 will end at 76 if N is even

4. HCF and LCM:

1. HCF is always a factor of LCM
2. For two numbers, Product of the numbers = product of their HCF and LCM
3. If HCF of numbers is H, assume the numbers as Ha, Hb, Hc, … where a, b, c … are co-
prime.
𝐻𝐶𝐹 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
4. HCF of fractions = (Fractions must be in the lowest form)
𝐿𝐶𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝐿𝐶𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
5. LCM of fractions = 𝐻𝐶𝐹 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
(Fractions must be in the lowest form)

5. Formulas based on factors:

If X = am × bn × cp

1. Where a, b and c are prime factors of X.

Number of factors = (m + 1)(n + 1)(p + 1).

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2. Sum of all the factors =
(a0 + a1 + a2 + … + am)(b0 + b1 + b2 + … + bn)(c0 + c1 + c2 + c3 + … + cP)

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
( )
3. Product of all the factors = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 2

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
4. Number of ways of writing a number as a product of two natural number =
2
(If the number is not a perfect square)

5. Number of ways of writing a number as a product of two natural number =

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 + 1
2
(If the number is a perfect square)

6. Number of ways of writing a number as a product of two natural number which are co-
prime to each other = 2(𝑛−1), where n is the number of prie factors of the given number.

7. All perfect squares have odd number of factors

6. Some important algebraic formulae used Number system

• (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
• (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
• (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
H
• (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
• (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab(a – b)
• a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)
TH
• a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)
• a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
• a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
• If, a + b + c = 0 then, a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

7. Remainders:
1. (𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏 𝑛 ) is divisible by (a + b) if n is odd
2. (𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏 𝑛 ) is never divisible by (a – b)
3. (𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏 𝑛 ) is divisible by (a + b) if n is even
4. (𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏 𝑛 ) is always divisible by (a – b)
5. If 𝑎𝑛−1 is divided by n, remainder = 1 if n is prime and ‘a’ and ‘n’ are co-prime.
6. If 𝑎∅(𝑛) is divided by n, remainder = 1, where ∅(𝑛) represents the Euler’s number and is
equal to the number of numbers less than ‘n’ and co-prime to ‘n’
1 1 1
7. If N = 𝑎𝑝 𝑏 𝑞 𝑐 𝑟 …, then ∅(𝑛) = 𝑁 (1 − ) (1 − ) (1 − )
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
8. If P is a prime number, (P – 1)! When divided by P, leaves remainder as P – 1.
9. If P is a prime number, (P – 2)! When divided by P, leaves remainder as 1.
𝑃−1
10. If P is a prime number, (P – 3)! When divided by P, leaves remainder as 2 .

8. Highest Power dividing a factorial:

The highest power of a prime number ‘p’, which divide x! exactly is given by:
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
[𝑝 ] + [𝑝 2 ] + [𝑝 3 ] + ⋯

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Arithmetic:

Percentages:

𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

1. Percentage change = 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
× 100
Percentages to Remember:
1
10% = 10
1 2 3 4
20% = , 40% = , 60% = , 80% = …
5 5 5 5
1 1 3
25% = 4 , 50% = 2 , 75% = 4
1 3 5 7
12.5% = 8 , 37.5% = 8 , 62.5% = 8 , 87.5% = 8
1 2
33.3% = 3 , 66.6% = 3
1
16.6% = 6

Also,
1 1 1
1 = 100% 2
= 50% 3
= 33.33% 4
= 25%
1 1 1 1
= 20% = 16.66% = 14.28% = 12.5%
H
5 6 7 8
1 1 1 1
= 11.11% = 10% = 9.09% = 8.33%
9 10 11 12
1 1 1 1
13
= 7.7% 14
= 7.14% 15
= 6.66% 16
= 6.25%,
TH
1 1 1 1
17
= 5.88% 18
= 5.55% 19
= 5.26% 20
= 5%

2. If we change the quantity first by a% then by b% then net percentage change

𝑎𝑏
= a+𝑏+ (we use ‘+’ sign for the increase and ‘-’ sign for the decrease).
100
In General, if X = Y × Z, Y is changed by a%, Z is changed by b%, change in X is given by a +
𝑎𝑏
𝑏+
100

3. Multiplying factor: (Examples)

Percentage Multiplying Percentage Multiplying

increase factor decrease factor
10% 1.1 10% 0.9

20% 1.2 20% 0.8

25% 1.25 25% 0.75

5% 1.05 5% 0.95

15% 1.15 15% 0.85

30% 1.3 30% 0.7

12% 1.12 12% 0.88

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Profit & Loss:

1. Loss = cost price – selling price

2. Profit = Selling price – Cost price
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
3. % Profit or % Loss = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
× 100
𝑆𝑃
4. % Profit or % Loss = (𝐶𝑃 − 1) × 100
5. Break-even sales is defined as the volume of the sale at which there is no profit no loss.
Goods left after achieving break even sales
6. % Profit = Goods sold
× 100
%𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 %Loss
7. Selling price = (1 + 100 ) × C. 𝑃. or (1 − 100 ) × C. 𝑃.
8. CP + markup = Marked Price
9. CP + % Mark-up on CP = Marked price
10. Selling Price = Marked Price – Discount
11. Selling Price = Marked Price – (% discount on Marked Price)
12. When two articles are sold at the same price but one of them at a profit and another at
a loss and the percentage profit is the same as the percentage loss in this case there is
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 2
always a loss. Loss % = ( 10
)

Interest:
H
P = Principal, t = time, r = rate
TH
(P×𝑡×𝑟)
1. Simple interest = 100
𝑟 𝑡 𝑟 t
2. Compound interest = P (1 + 100) − P and total amount after t years = P (1 + 100)
𝑟⁄2 2t
If the interest is compound half yearly, then the Amount = P (1 + )
100
𝑟⁄4 4t
If the interest is compound quarterly, then Amount = P (1 + 100)
3. The difference between the compound interest and simple interest over two years = P𝑎2
𝑟
and over three years = P𝑎2 (𝑎 + 3) where 𝑎 = (100)
4. A = 2P means interest of 100%
A = 3P means interest of 200%
A = 2.5P means interest of 150%
A = 1.75P means interest of 75%
And so on

5. In CI, interest of any particular year = Interest of previous year + interest on that interest

𝐴
6. Present value of an instalment A given after n years = 𝑅 𝑛
(1+ )
100

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Ratio & Proportion:

𝑎 𝑚𝑎
1. 𝑏
= 𝑚𝑏
𝑎
𝑎 ( )
2. 𝑏
= 𝑐
𝑏
( )
𝑐

𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑎+𝑐+𝑒 2𝑎+3𝑐+𝑒 𝑎+4𝑐−𝑒

3. 𝑏
= 𝑑 = 𝑓 = k = 𝑏+𝑑+𝑓 = 2𝑏+3𝑑+𝑓 = 𝑏+4−𝑓
=⋯

𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑎+𝑐+𝑒+......
4. If , , , . . . .. are unequal fraction then
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓 𝑏+𝑑+𝑓+.......
lies between the highest and the lowest of these fractions

𝑎 𝑎+𝑘 𝑎 𝑎−𝑘 𝑎
5. If 𝑏
> 1, then 𝑏+𝑘
< 𝑏 and 𝑏−𝑘
>𝑏

𝑎 𝑎+𝑘 𝑎 𝑎−𝑘 𝑎
6. If 𝑏 < 1, then 𝑏+𝑘
> 𝑏 and 𝑏−𝑘
<𝑏

(𝑎+𝑐) 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎
7. If (𝑏+𝑑)
> (𝑏 ) if 𝑑
>𝑏
H
(𝑎+𝑐) 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎
(𝑏+𝑑)
< (𝑏 ) if 𝑑
<𝑏
TH
Some facts about proportion

a. Invertendo
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑
If = , then =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑎 𝑐

b. Alternando
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 b
If 𝑏
= 𝑑 , then 𝑐 = d

c. Componendo
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 c+d
If 𝑏
= 𝑑 , then b
= d

d. Dividendo
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 d
If 𝑏
= 𝑑 , then b
=d

e. Componendo and Dividendo

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 c+d
If 𝑏
= 𝑑 , then ( a−𝑏 ) = (𝑐−d)

Average:

1. The basic formula for average of n numbers a1, a2, a3, …, an

(𝑎1 +𝑎2 +𝑎3 + … +𝑎𝑛 )
=
n

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2. If the average of n1 numbers is A1, of n2 numbers is A2 and so on, then the Weighted
(n1 𝐴1 +𝑛2 A2 +n3 𝐴3 + … +n𝑘 𝐴𝑘 )
average =
n1 +𝑛2 +𝑛3 +⋯+𝑛𝑘

3. If every number is increased or decreased by a fixed quantity, Average will increase or

decreased by the same quantity.

4. If every number is multiplied or divided by a fixed quantity, Average will have the same
effact.

Alligation:

1. In the specific case when two groups are being mixed, there is an alternate process to
think of the weighted average. This process is called alligation and can be explained as
follows:

If we start from the weighted average equation for the case of two groups being mixed:
(n1 𝐴1 +𝑛2 𝐴2 )
Aw = (𝑛1 +𝑛2 )
Rewriting this equation, we get: (n1 + n2)Aw = n1A1 + n2A2
n1(Aw – A1) = n2(A2 – Aw)
H
𝑛1 (𝐴 −𝐴𝑤)
or 𝑛2
2
= (𝐴𝑤−𝐴 )
→ The alligation equation
1
TH
2. While applying alligation, always remember that
i) Units should be same
ii) Numerical value of the mixture should be between the given two values.
iii) while subtracting, always subtract lower value from higher value

3. Amount of original liquid left after R operations when the vessel initially contains N litres
𝑀 R
of liquid and from which M units are taken out each time = N (1 − 𝑁 )

Time and Work:

𝑀1 ×𝐷1 ×𝐻1 𝑊1
1. =
𝑀2 ×𝐷2 ×𝐻2 𝑊2
Where,
M1 = No. of persons required to do W1 work
D1 = No. of days required to do W1 work
H1 = No. of hours per day being worked by M1 person
W1 = Work done by M1 persons and
M2 = No. of persons required to do W2 work
D2 = No. of days required to do W2 work
H2 = No. of hours per day being worked by M2 persons
W2 = No. of hours per day being worked by M2 persons

1
2. If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A’s 1 day’s work will be = n

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3. If A is thrice as good a workman as B then, the ratio of work done by A to that of B will
be = 3 : 1 and the ratio of the times taken by A and B to finish a work will be 1 : 3.

4. If A can do a work in X days, B can do it in Y days, A and B together can do the work in
𝑋𝑌
𝑋+𝑌
days.

5. Wages is always distributed in the ratio of efficiency.

Time, Speed and Distance

1. Distance (S) = Speed (V) × Time (T)

2. i) When Time is constant, Distance is directly proportional to Speed

ii) When Speed is constant, Distance is directly proportional to Time
iii) When Distance is constant, Speed is inversely proportional to Time

3. If two vehicles A and B start at the same time from points P and Q towards each other
and after meeting each other, they take m and n hours to reach their respective ends,
then
H
𝑛
A’s speed : B’s speed = √ and time taken to meet from starting point = √𝑚𝑛
𝑚
TH
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
4. Average Speed =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

5. When the same distance is travelled with two different speeds say S1 and S2, the average
2𝑆1 𝑆2
speed would be equal to .
(𝑆1 +𝑆2 )

6. Concept of Relative speed: When two bodies are moving towards each other or moving
away from each other, the absolute speed with which they are coming towards each
other or going away from each other is known as their Relative speed.

7. To convert speed in km/h to m/sec, multiply it with 5/18.

To convert speed in m/sec to km/h, multiply it with 18/5.

When they are moving in the same direction:

a. In case of trains: If the speed of the first train is a km/hr and that of the other train is b
km/hr, then the relative speed of trains = (a – b) km/hr; a > b

b. In case of boats: If the speed of the boat is a km/hr and that of the stream is b km/hr,
then the relative speed = (a + b) km/hr.

By definition, this kind of movement is known as Downstream movement and the relative
speed in this case is called Downstream Speed.

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When they are moving in the opposite direction:

a. In case of trains: If the speed of first the train is a km/hr and that of the other train is b
km/hr, the relative speed = (a + b) km/hr
b. In case of boats: If the speed of the boat is a km/hr and that of the stream is b km/hr,
then the relative speed = (a – b) km/hr; a > b

By definition, this kind of movement is known as Upstream movement and the relative
speed in this case is called Upstream Speed.

Special Cases for Trains:

a. When a train passes a pole (or, any object of negligible length), it covers a distance which
is equal to its own length.
b. When a train passes a platform, it covers a distance which is equal to the sum of the
length of the platform and its own length.
c. When a train A passes a moving train B, it covers a distance which is equal to the sum of
the length of both the train A and B with the relative speed as given earlier.
d. When a train A crosses a stationary train B, it covers a distance which is equal to the sum
of the length of both the trains.
H
e. When a train passes a person sitting on the window seat in another moving train, the
train covers a distance equivalent to its own length with the relative speed as given
TH
earlier.

Special Cases for Boats:

Speed of boat is a km/hr and the speed of stream is b km/hr, (where a > b),
Speed of boat = ½ (Downstream speed + Upstream speed)
Speed of stream = ½ (Downstream speed – Upstream speed)

In the case of boats and stream, as the distance is constant in upstream and downstream
movements, time taken is inversely proportional to the upstream and downstream
speeds.

Races

a. If A gives a start of 10 meters to B – It means that A starts running after B has covered a
distance of 10 m.

b. If A gives a start of 10 seconds to B – It means that A starts 10 seconds after B has

started running.

c. Race ends in a dead-heat – It means that race ends in a tie or both A and B end the race
at the same time.

d. If say, A beats B by 50 m or 10 sec, it means B covers 50 m in 10 sec. So, speed of B =

10m/s

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Circular Motion:
Let the two people A and B with respective speed of SA and SB (SA > SB) be running around
a circular track (of length C) starting at the same point at the same time. Then
a.

When the two persons are When the two persons are
Time running in the SAME running in OPPOSITE
direction direction
Time taken to meet for the 𝐶 𝐶
𝑆𝐴 −𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝐴 +𝑆𝐵
FIRST TIME EVER
Time taken to meet for the LCM of times taken by LCM of time taken by each
first time at the STARTING each to complete 1 round. to complete 1 round
POINT i.e., LCM of (
𝐶 𝐶
, ) i.e., LCM of (
𝐶 𝐶
, )
𝑆𝐴 𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝐴 𝑆𝐵

b. When three people are running around a circular track in the same direction.

Let the three people A, B, C be running around a circular track of circumference C in the
same direction with respective speeds of S1, S2, S3 where S1 > S2 > S3. They start from the
H
same point on the circle at the same time.

LCM of times taken for the fastest runner

TH
to completely overtake each of the
slower runners. In other words, if we
define the times SAB and SAC as the
Time taken to meet for the first time ever respective time taken by the fastest
runner A to completely overlap B and C
respectively, then the time for the first
meeting at any point of the circle would
be the LCM of SAB. and SAC.
Time taken to meet for the first time at LCM of times taken by each to complete
the starting point. one full round of the circle.

Number of Meeting points:

If two runners are moving around a circular track with speeds a m/s and b m/s, the number
of meeting points:
= difference of the simplest ratio of the speeds in case of same direction.
= sum of the simplest ratio of the speeds in case of opposite direction.

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Clock:

a. Speed of minute hand = 6°/min

1
b. Speed of hour hand = 2 °/min

11
c. relative speed = 2
= 5.5°/min

11
d. When the time is H:M, angle between hands is given by |30𝐻 − 𝑀|
2

5
e. Hands of a normal clock always intersect after every 65 11 min

H
TH

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Algebra:

Functions, Equations, Inequalities and Logarithm:

Polynomials:
An algebraic expression having one or more terms
General Form: a0 + a1x1 + a2x2 + … + anxn
- Here, a0, a1, a2 are constants
- Powers have to be whole numbers

Degree of a polynomial:
- Highest sum of powers of the variables of a term

Factor Theorem:
If f(x) is divided by (x – a), remainder = f(a)

an – bn = (a – b)(an – 1 + an – 2b + an – 3b2 + … + abn – 2 + bn – 1)

an + bn = (a + b)(an – 1 – an – 2b + an – 3b2 – … – abn – 2 + bn – 1) Only when n is odd
H
(1 + a)(1 + b) = 1 + a + b + ab
(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c) = 1 + a + b + c + ab + bc + ca + abc
TH
1. A function is of the form y = f(x), while an equation is of the form f(x) = 0.

2. A function yields a locus of points (x, y) which can be plotted on the x-y axis.
An inequality yields a range of values for x and y at which the inequality is satisfied while
an equation yields a solution or multiple solutions depending on the nature of f(x)
[Note: solutions of equations are also called as roots].

3. Typically, f(x) can represent liner, quadratic, cubic or larger expressions or inequalities.

4. The relationship between a function, equation & inequality can be visualized below.

In the above function, R₁, R₂, & R3, are the roots of the equation f(x) = 0, while the
inequality f(x) ≥ 0 is satisfied at R1, ≤ x ≤ R₂ & R3 ≤ x.

In general, the solutions/roots of the equation f(x) = 0 are visible at the points where the
graph of y = f(x) cuts the x-axis.

5. Thus, linear functions are straight lines because they cut the x-axis only once.

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Linear function with positive coefficient of x.

b.

H
Linear function with negative coefficient of x.
TH
6. Quadratic functions cut the x-axis maximum two times (Because quadratic yields two
roots).

Linear Equation:

1. For a set of simultaneous linear equations

a1x + b1y = c1
a2x + b2y = c2
Three possibilities for number of solutions
𝑎1 𝑏 𝑎1 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎1 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎2
≠ 𝑏1 𝑎2
= 𝑏1 ≠ 𝑐1 𝑎2
= 𝑏1 = 𝑐1
2 2 2 2 2
Unique No Infinite
Solution Solution Solutions

2. For equations like ax + by = c, when the number of integral solutions needs to be found,
the values of x will be in the gap of b and the values of y will be in the gap of a.

3. For the equation like a + b + c + … = n,

(𝑛+𝑟−1)
the number of whole number solutions is given by 𝐶(𝑟−1)
(𝑛−1)
the number of natural number solutions is given by 𝐶(𝑟−1)

Quadratic Equations:
y = ax2 + bx + c
1. Let say roots are p and q

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−𝑏+√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏−√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
So, one of p and q will be 2𝑎
and the other will be 2𝑎
𝑏 𝑐
So, p + q = − 𝑎 and pq = 𝑎

2. Also, if the roots are given, equation will be:

(x – p)(x – q) = 0
Or, x2 – (p + q)x + pq = 0
Or, x2 – (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0

3. If one of the roots of a quadratic equation is 𝑎 + √𝑏, the other root has to be 𝑎 − √𝑏. (Only
if it is given that the roots are rational numbers)

Nature of roots
a. If b = 0, roots are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign
b. if c = 0, at least one of the roots is zero.
c. If c = a, roots are reciprocal to each other
d. Nature of roots based on discriminant
D = √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
If D > 0, roots will be real and unequal
H
If D = 0, roots will be real and equal
If D < 0, roots will be imaginary
TH
Discriminant Number of Roots Type of Roots

Positive, Perfect Square Two Rational

Positive, Not a Square Two Irrational

Zero One Rational

Negative Two Complex

4. The following are the possible graphs for quadratic function.

a. If the coefficient of x2 is positive

b. If the coefficient of x2 is negative

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So, when D < 0, the value of ax2 + bx + c will always be positive (when ‘a’ is positive) and
will always be negative (when ‘a’ is negative)

5. Roots of quadratic equation are of opposite sign means that their product is negative.

𝑏
6. If y = ax2 + bx + c, maximum/minimum value of y will occur at x = − 2𝑎
(maximum when a < 0 and minimum when a > 0)

Higher degree equations:

1. Cubic function cut the x-axis maximum thrice (As cubic equations should yield three
roots).

2. Standard cubic function ax3 + bx² + cx + d.

H
a.
TH

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b.

3. For the cubic equation ax3 + bx² + cx + d = 0

𝑏
Sum of roots = − 𝑎
𝑐
Product of roots taken two at a time = 𝑎
H
𝑑
Product of roots = −
𝑎

4. Similarly, we can visualize functions with x4, x5 so on.

TH
If p, q, r and s are roots of the equation ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0
𝑏
Then, Sum of roots one at a time, p + q + r + s = − 𝑎
𝑐
Sum of roots two at a time, pq + pr + ps + qr + qs + rs =
𝑎
𝑑
and, Sum of roots three at a time, pqr + pqs + prs + qrs = −
𝑎
𝑒
Sum of roots four at a time, pqrs = 𝑎

Inequalities:

a) a > b, b > c then a > b > c

b) a > b, then for any c, a + c > b + c.
In other words, an equality remains same if the same number added on both sides of the
equality.
c) If a > b and c > 0 then, ac > bc. If c < 0, then ac < bc.
d) If a > b, c > d, then a + c > b + d.
but a – c is not necessarily greater than b – d
e) If a > b, c < d, then a – c > b – d.
f) If a and b are natural numbers and a > b, then, an > bn
g) |a + b| < |a| + |b| & |a – b| ≥ |a| – |b|
h) a² + b2 + c² ≥ ab + bc + ac
𝑎+𝑏
i) 2
≥ √𝑎𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
j) If 𝑧 < 𝑤, then xw < yz provided z.w > 0

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For quadratic inequalities

1. If x < y
x2 ___ y2
a. If both x and y are positive, inequality remains same.
b. If both x and y are negative, inequality will change.
c. If one of x and y is positive and the other is negative, it may remain same or may
change.

2. If x < y
x3 < y3
(same is true for any odd power)

3. If x < y
1 1
𝑥
___ 𝑦
a. If both x and y are positive, inequality will change.
b. If both x and y are negative, inequality will change.
c. If one of x and y is positive and the other is negative, it remains same.

4. Polynomial inequality
a. If (x – a)(x – b) < 0, a < x < b
H
b. If (x – a)(x – b) > 0, x < a or x < b
c. Signs of (x – a)(x – b)(x – c)
TH

d. (x – a)even(x – b)(x – c) > 0 is same as (x – b)(x – c) > 0

e. (x – a)odd(x – b)(x – c) > 0 is same as (x – a)(x – b)(x – c) > 0

Function:
If A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2}
So, A × B = {(a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 1), (a, 2), (b, 2), (c, 2)}

Relation – Any sub set of A × B

Domain – All values that x can take (in the above example, {a, b, c})
Range – All values that y will take (in the above example, {1, 2})
E.g. – {(a, 2), (b, 1), (c, 1), (c, 2)} is a relation

Function – A defined relationship such that each input has exactly one output.
E.g. – f(x) = x2
- Each element in the domain has to have an image in the range
- Each element in the domain can have only one image in the range

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Range is a sub-set of co-domain

One to One Function – Every element in the Domain has a distinct image in the range
Onto Function – If every element in range has at least one pre-image in the domain

Composite Functions:
- It is like clubbing of more than one function
H
- The output of one becomes the input for the next
fog(x) = f(g(x)), gof(x) = g(f(x))
TH
Iterative Functions:
Special case of composite function where the same function repeats
f2(x) = f(f(x)), f3(x) = f(f2(x)) = f(f(f(x))), f4(x) = f(f3(x)) = f(f(f(f(x)))) and so on

Even Functions:
f(-x) = f(x). E.g., f(x) = x2, f(x) = |𝑥|

Odd Functions:
f(-x) = -f(x). E.g., f(x) = x3, f(x) = sin 𝑥

If f(x + 1) = f(x) – f(x – 1), f(x + 6) = f(x)

Special Functions:
Modulus Function:
f(x) = |x| = x, when x ≥ 0
-x, when x < 0

a. If |x| < a, then -a < x < a

b. |x| > a, then x > a or x < -a
c. Modulus represents distance from the critical point

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CAT
Logarithms:
Rules of logarithms:
a) Logarithm to a negative base is not defined.
b) Logarithm of a negative number is not defined.
Hence, in any logarithm equation.
logam = x, and we can say that m > 0 and a > 0.
c) ax = m
→ x = logam
And logam = x → ax = m
X = logam is called the logarithmic form and ax = m is called the exponential form of
the equation connecting a, x and m.
d) Since logarithm of a number is a value, it will have an integral part and decimal part.
The integral part of the logarithm of a number is called the CHARACTERISTIC and the
decimal part of the logarithm is called the MANTISSA.

POINTS REGARDING COMMON LOGARITHM:

a) The characteristic of the logarithm of a number greater than unity is positive and is one
less than the number of digits in its integral part.
H
b) The characteristic of the logarithm of a number less than one, is negative and its magnitude
is one more than the number of zeroes immediately after the decimal point.
TH
c) The mantissas are the same for the logarithms of all numbers which have the same
significant digits.

Given below are some important rules

a) log 𝑎 1 = 0
b) log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1
c) log 𝑎 (𝑚𝑛) = log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛
𝑚
d) log 𝑎 ( ) = log 𝑎 𝑚 − log 𝑎 𝑛
𝑛
e) log 𝑎 (𝑚𝑝 ) = 𝑝 log 𝑎 𝑚
1
f) log 𝑎 𝑏 = log
𝑏𝑎
log𝑏 𝑚
g) log 𝑎 𝑚 =
log𝑏 𝑏
𝑝 𝑝
h) log 𝑎 (𝑚 ) = 𝑞 log 𝑎 𝑚
𝑞

log𝑎 𝑏
g) 𝑎 =𝑏
log𝑏 𝑐
h) 𝑎 = 𝑐 log𝑏 𝑎

If log 𝑎 𝑥 < log 𝑎 𝑦,

Then x < y if a > 1
And x > y if 0 < x < 1

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Graph of y = log x

Shifting of graphs:
Let, f(x) = |x|
• g(x) = f(x + 2)
The graph shifts to left by 2 units
• g(x) = f(x – 2)
The graph shifts to left by 2 units
• g(x) = f(x) + 2
H
Graph shifts upwards by 2 units
• g(x) = f(x) – 2
Graph shifts downwards by 2 units
TH
• g(x) = f(2x)
Slope of the graph will increase
• f(x) = g(−x)
Value of ‘f’ at x is same as value of ‘g’ at -x
Symmetry about y axis
• f(x) = −g(x)
Value of ‘f’ at x is negative of value of ‘g’ at x
Symmetry about x axis
• f(x) = −g(−x)
Value of ‘f’ at x is negative of value of ‘g’ at –x
Symmetric about origin

Maxima – Minima:
1. For positive numbers,
Arithmetic Mean ≥ Geometric Mean ≥ Harmonic Mean
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+ … 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛
≥ √𝑎. 𝑏. 𝑐 … = 1 1 1
+ + +⋯
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

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CAT
Progressions

a. Arithmetic Progression

nth TERM OF A.P.

an = a + (n – 1)d
Where, a is the first term and d is the common difference.
𝑎2 −𝑎1 𝑎q −𝑎p
d= 2−1
= q−𝑝

SUM UP TO nth TERM (Sn)

Sum up to nth term = Sn = 1st term + 2nd term + … + nth term
𝑛 𝑛
Sn = [2a + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] = [𝑎 + 𝑙]
2 2
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 +⋯+𝑥𝑛
Arithmetic Mean = 𝑛

Properties of AP:
a. If each term of an AP is added/subtracted/multiplied/divided by a fixed number, it
remains an AP with common difference being affected by the same operation.

b. The sum of nth term from start and nth term from last is always constant.
H
c. AM of an AP is same as AM of its first and last term
TH
d. AM of an AP is same as the middle term if the number of terms are odd

If three numbers are in AP, assume the numbers as a – d, a, a + d

If four numbers are in AP, assume the numbers as a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
If five numbers are in AP, assume the numbers as a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d. a + 2d

b. Geometric Progression
General GP:
a, ar, ar2, ar3, …
𝑇𝑛
Common Ratio = r =
𝑇𝑛−1
Nth term of a G.P. = arn - 1
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1) a(1−𝑟 𝑛 )
Sum of n terms of the geometric series = r−1
(𝐼𝑓 𝑟 > 1) 𝑜𝑟 1−r
(𝐼𝑓 𝑟 < 1)
𝑎
Sum of the infinite series of the geometric series = 1−r
if -1 < r < 1
Geometric Mean = √𝑥1 . 𝑥2 . 𝑥3 … 𝑥𝑛
𝑛

Properties of GP:
a. If each term of a GP is multiplied/divided by a fixed number, it remains a GP with same
common difference
b. The product of nth term from start and nth term from last is always constant.
c. GM of a GP is same as GM of its first and last term
d. GM of a GP is same as the middle term if the number of terms are odd

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CAT
If some numbers are in GP, assume the numbers as a, ar, ar2, ar3, …

If the product of number is given, assume the numbers as follows:

𝑎
If three numbers are in GP, assume the numbers as 𝑟 , 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2
𝑎 𝑎
If four numbers are in GP, assume the numbers as , , 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 3
𝑟3 𝑟
𝑎 𝑎
If five numbers are in GP, assume the numbers as , , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2
𝑟2 𝑟

c. Harmonic Progression:

1 1 1
a, b, c, … are said to be in harmonic progression when𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑐 , … are in arithmetic progression.
Harmonic mean: If A and B are two quantities and H is their harmonic mean then,
2AB
H = A+𝐵
𝑛
In General, HM = 1 1 1 1
+ + +…+
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛

Some Rules:
𝑛(𝑛+1)
a. ∑ 𝑛 = 2
H
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
b. ∑ 𝑛2 =
6
𝑛(𝑛+1) 2
c. ∑ 𝑛3 = ( )
2
TH

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CAT
Geometry and Mensuration:

a) If is a straight line that intersects two parallel lines then:

a. Corresponding angles are equal. Ex.: ∠1 = ∠5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠2 = ∠6.

b. Alternate interior angle are equal. Ex.: ∠4 = ∠6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠3 = ∠5.
c. Alternate exterior angle are equal. Ex.: ∠1 = ∠7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠2 = ∠8.
d. Interior angle on the same side of transversal add up to 1800. E.g., ∠4 + ∠5 = 180°.

Complementary angles:
Two angles whose measures add to 90 degrees. In the following figure, ∠1 and ∠2 are
complementary angles because together they form a right angle.
Note that angle 1 and angle 2 do not have to be adjacent to be complementary as long as
they add up to 90 degrees.
H
TH

Supplementary angles:
Two angles whose measures add to 180 degrees. The following are supplementary angles.

Vertical angles:
Angles that have a common vertex and whose sides are formed by the same lines. The
following (∠1 and ∠2) are vertical angles.

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CAT
Triangles:

• Sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180°.

• The exterior angle of triangle (at each vertex) is equal to the sum of the two opposite
interior angles.
• If a, b, c are the sides of a triangle:
|𝑎 − 𝑏| < 𝑐 < 𝑎 + 𝑏
|𝑏 − 𝑐| < 𝑎 < 𝑏 + 𝑐
|𝑐 − 𝑎| < 𝑏 < 𝑐 + 𝑎
• Any side of a triangle is always less than its semi-perimeter.

Pythagorean Triplet
A Pythagorean triplet is a set of three positive whole numbers a, b and c that are the
lengths of the sides of a right triangle.
a² + b² = c².

Common Pythagorean Triplets

(3, 4, 5); (5, 12, 13); (7, 24, 25); (8, 15, 17); (9, 40, 41); (11, 60, 61); (12, 35, 37) etc.
H
➢ Basic Proportionality Theorem
If a line drawn parallel to one side of the triangle, intersects the other two sides in
TH
distinct points then the other two sides are divided in the same ratio

➢ Converse of BPT
If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same ratio then it is parallel to the third
side

➢ Mid-Point Theorem
If mid-points of two sides are joined, the line formed is parallel to the third side and half
of it

➢ In a triangle, the side opposite the largest angle is the largest and the one opposite the
smallest angle is the smallest

➢ Sides opposite equal angles are equal and vice-versa

➢ The relation between length of sides and measure of angles is given by the Sine rule
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
sin 𝐴
= sin 𝑏 = sin 𝐶

➢ cosine rule:
𝑏2 +𝑐 2 −𝑎2
cos 𝐴 = 2𝑏𝑐
Or, a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc.cosA
(same for other angles)

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Four lines and Centers of a triangle:
Median – From vertex to midpoint of opposite side
Altitude – Perpendicular from vertex to the other side (may be extended)
Angle bisector – Bisects vertex angle
Perpendicular Bisector – May or may not be from opposite vertex

(a) Centroid
The three medians of a triangle meet at a point called the centroid and it is represented
by G.

D, E, F are mid-points of sides

H
➢ A median divides a triangle in two triangles with same area.
➢ The area of the six triangles made by the medians is same
➢ G divides medians in the ratio 2 : 1
TH
➢ Apollonius Theorem
𝐵𝐶 2
𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 = 2 (𝐴𝐷 2 + ( 2 ) )

In general, if D is a point on BC such that BD : CD = a : b, then the ratio of areas of

∆ABD and ∆ADC = a : b

Circumcentre
Circumcentre is the point of intersection of the three perpendicular bisectors of a
triangle.

➢ ∠BOC = 2∠A
𝑎𝑏𝑐
➢ Area of ΔABC = 4𝑅
➢ OA = OB = OC
➢ For acute triangle, circum-center lies inside the triangle
➢ For obtuse triangle, circum-center lies outside the triangle

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CAT
➢ For right-triangle, circum-center is the mid-point of the triangle
➢ The circumcentre of a right-angled triangle is the midpoint of the hypotenuse of a right-
angled triangle.

(Incentre)
The internal bisectors of the three angles meet at a point called incentre of the triangle.

𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷
➢ 𝐴𝐶
= 𝐷𝐶 (Same for other angle bisectors)
𝐴 𝐴
➢ ∠𝐵𝐼𝐶 = 90𝑜 + ∠ (for external angle bisector, 90𝑜 − ∠ )
2 2
➢ Area of Δ ABC = r × s
𝑎+𝑏−𝑐
➢ For right triangle, 𝑟 = 2 , where c is the hypotenuse.
H
(h) Orthocentre
TH
The three altitudes meet at a point called Orthocentre.

➢ ∠𝐵𝐻𝐶 = 180𝑜 − ∠𝐴

➢ A is the ortho-center of ∆BHC, B is the ortho-center of ∆AHC, C is the ortho-center of

∆AHB,

➢ For acute triangle, ortho-center lies inside the triangle

➢ For obtuse triangle, ortho-center lies outside the triangle

➢ For right-triangle, ortho-center is the point of right triangle

Special cases:
➢ For isosceles triangle, all four points are collinear

In the given triangle, if AB = AC, all the points will be on AD

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➢ For equilateral triangle, all four sides are at the same point

➢ G is centroid, in-center, circum-center and ortho-center of ∆ABC

𝑎
➢ AG is circum-radius (R) =
√3
𝑎
➢ GD is in-radius (r) = 2√3
H
(j) Similarity of triangles
TH
Two triangles are similar if,

• The three angles of one are respectively equal to the three angles of the second triangle.
• Two sides of one triangle are proportional to two sides of the other and the included angles
are equal.
• Three sides of one triangle are proportional to three sides of the other triangle

➢ In two similar triangles

Ratio of sides = Ratio of heights (altitudes)

= Ratio of medians
= Ratio of angle bisectors
= Ratio of inradii
= Ratio of circumradii

Ratio of areas = Ratio of square of corresponding sides.

i.e., if ABC ~ PQR, then
𝐴(𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶) (𝐴𝐵)2 (𝐵𝐶)2 (𝐴𝐶)2
𝐴(𝛥𝑃𝑄𝑅)
= (𝑃𝑄)2 = (𝑄𝑅)2 = (𝑃𝑅)2

Some Useful Results

1. In a triangle ABC, if AE, CD and BF are the medians then
3(AB2 + BC2 + AC2) = 4(CD2 + BF2 + AE2)

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CAT

2. If the two triangles have the same base and lie between the same parallel lines (as
shown in figure), then the area of two triangles will be equal.

i.e., A(PQR) = A(PQS)

H
Area of triangle:
When base and altitude (height) to that base are given
1 1
Area =  base  altitude = . 𝑏. ℎ
TH
2 2
1 1 1
• Area = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 = 𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑎 sin 𝐵
2 2 2
𝑎𝑏𝑐
• Area = 4𝑅
where R is the circumradius of the triangle
• Area = r.s
Where r is the inradius of the triangle and s, the semi perimeter
• For an isosceles triangle
𝑏
Area = 4
√4𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 where a is length of each of the two equal sides and b is the third
side.
• For equilateral triangle,
√3 2
Area = 4
𝑎

QUADRILATERALS
 Sum of all angles of a quadrilateral = 360
 Area = ½ × d × (h1 + h2)

 In quadrilateral ABCD

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 Product of areas of triangle APB and triangle CPD = Product of areas of triangle BPC
and triangle APD

(a) Parallelograms
➢ A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram.
➢ Opposite sides are equal
➢ Opposite angles are equal
➢ Each diagonal divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
➢ Sum of any two adjacent angles is 180°.
➢ The diagonals bisect each other.
➢ Area = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃, where 𝜃 is the angle between sides ‘a’ and ‘b’.

(b) Rhombus
H
➢ All side are equal
➢ Diagonals bisect at 90 degrees
1
TH
➢ Area =  d1  d2
2
➢ All rhombuses are parallelogram but the reverse is not true.
➢ A rhombus may or may not be a square but all squares are rhombuses

(c) Rectangle
➢ All angles are of 90 degrees
➢ Both diagonals are equal
➢ Area = LB
➢ Diagonal = √𝐿2 + 𝐵2
➢ If P is any point inside the rectangle, then 𝑃𝐴2 + 𝑃𝐵2 = 𝑃𝐶 2 + 𝑃𝐷 2

(d) Square
➢ All sides are equal
➢ All angles are of 90 degrees
➢ Diagonals are equal
➢ Area = (side)2
1
➢ Area = 2 (diagonal)2
➢ Perimeter = 4a
➢ Diagonal = a√2
𝑎
➢ Inradius = 2

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(e) Trapezium
1
➢ Area = 2  sum of parallel sides  height
1
➢ Median = 2
 sum of the parallel sides (median is the line equidistant from
the parallel sides).

(f) Cyclic Quadrilateral

➢ Opposite angles are supplementary
➢ Exterior angle = opposite interior angle
➢ In cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, AB × CD + AC × BD = AD × BC

H
TH

Polygons:
➢ A closed figure with three or more straight lines intersecting only at end points
o Convex – All angles less than 180o
o Concave – At least one angle more than 180o

➢ Regular Polygon – All sides and all interior angles equal

➢ Sum of all interior angles = (n – 2)180o
➢ Sum of exterior angles = 360o
(𝑛−2)×180
➢ Each interior angle of a regular polygon = 𝑛
➢ Each exterior angle = 180o – 360o/n
𝑛(𝑛−3)
➢ Number of diagonals =
2

In a regular hexagon ABCDEF, if sides are of ‘a’ units,

√3 2
➢ Area = 6 × 𝑎
4
➢ Longest diagonal = 2a
➢ Smaller diagonal = 𝑎√3
➢ For a fixed perimeter, regular polynomial has the maximum area
➢ For a fixed perimeter, higher the number of sides, higher will be the area.

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CIRCLES

➢ Diameter is the longest chord

➢ Infinite diameters can be drawn
➢ Line joining the centre to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to it
➢ Line drawn from the centre perpendicular to a chord, bisects it
➢ Equal chords are equidistant from the centre
➢ Equidistant chords from the centre are equal
➢ Equal chords subtend equal angle at the centre
➢ Angle subtended by a chord at the centre is double the angle subtended on the arc on
the same side
➢ Angles subtended by a chord in the same arc are equal
➢ Equal chords subtend equal angles at the center
➢ Angle in a semicircle is always a right angle
➢ Two tangents can be drawn to the circle from any point outside the circle and these
two tangents are equal in length
➢ A tangent is perpendicular to the radius drawn at the point of tangency.
➢ In a circle
H
TH

PA.PB = PC.PD
➢ If PAB is secant and PT is tangent, PA.PB = PT2
➢ Alternate Segment theorem

Angle BCQ = angle CAB and angle ACP = angle ABC

➢ Two circles will have common tangents. The number of tangents depends on the
distance (d) between the centres
➢ d < r 2 – r1 No common tangent

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➢ d = r 2 – r1 one common tangent

➢ r2 – r1 < d < r2 + r1 Two common Tangents

➢ d = r2 + r1 Three common Tangents

➢ d > r2 + r1 Four Common Tangents

H
Length of Direct common tangent
= √(𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)2 − (𝑟1 − 𝑟2 )2
Length of Transverse common tangent
TH

= √(𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)2 − (𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )2

➢ When there are two intersecting circles, the line joining the centers of the two circles
will perpendicularly bisect the line joining the points of intersection.

MENSURATION

Name Area Misc

Triangle ½×b×h
Equilateral √3 2
𝑎
Triangle 4
Right Triangle ½×p×h h2 = a2 + b2
Quadrilateral ½ × d × (h1 + h2)
Parallelogram b×h
Rectangle l×b 𝑙 = √𝑙 2 + 𝑏 2
Rhombus ½ × d1 × d2 𝑑12 + 𝑑22 = 4𝑎2
1
Square 𝑎2 = 2 𝑑 2 𝑑 = 𝑎√2

Trapezium ½ (a + b) × h
Kite ½ × d1 × d2

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CIRCLES
Area = r2
Circumference = 2r
1
• Area = 2  circumference  r

𝜃
Length of arc =  2r where 𝜃 is the angle made at the center by the arc.
360
𝜃
Area of a sector = 360
 r2
𝜃 1
Area of segment: 360
× 𝜋𝑟 2 − 2 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃
Perimeter of segment = length of the arc + length of the chord

3-D
CUBOID
Volume = lbh
Lateral surface area = 2(lh + bh)
Total surface area = 2(lb + lh + bh)

CUBE
H
Volume = a3
Lateral surface area = 4a2
TH
Total surface area = 6a2

CYLINDER
• Curved surface of a right cylinder = 2rh where r is the radius of the base and
h the height.
• whole surface of a right circular cylinder = 2rh + 2r2
• volume of a right circular cylinder = r2h

CONE
• Curved surface of a cone = rl where l is the slant height, r is the radius of the
circular base.
• Whole surface of a cone = rl + r2
1
• Volume of a cone = 3r2h (h is the vertical height)

CONE FRUSTUM
If a cone is cut into two parts by a horizontal plane, the portion with two circular
bases is called the frustum of a cone.
If r is the top radius, R the radius of the base, h the height and L is the slant height of
a frustum of a cone, then:
Lateral surface area of the cone = L(R + r)
Total surface area =  (R2 + r2 + R.L + r.L)
1
Volume =  h (R2 + Rr + r2)
3

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L2 = (R − r)2 + h2
If H is the height of the complete cone from which the frustum is cut, then from
similar triangles, we can write the following relationship.
𝑟 𝐻−ℎ
𝑅
= 𝐻

SPHERE
Surface area of a sphere = 4r2
4
Volume of sphere = 3 r3
The curved surface area of a hemisphere is equal to half the surface area of a sphere.
i.e., 2r2

PRISM
A prism is a solid which can have any polygon at both its ends. Its dimension is
defined by the dimensions of the polygon at its ends and its height.
• Lateral surface area of a right prism = perimeter of base  height
• Volume of a prism = area of base  height
• Whole surface of a prism = lateral surface of the prism + the area of the two
plane ends.
H
PYRAMID
TH
Pyramid is a solid which can have any polygon at its base and its edges converge to a
single apex. Its dimensions are defined by the dimensions of polygon at its base and
the length of its lateral edges which leads to the apex.
1
Slant surface area of the pyramid = 2  Perimeter of the base  Slant height
Whole surface area of the pyramid = Slant surface area + Area of the base
1
Volume of the pyramid =  Area of the base  Height
3

Co-ordinate Geometry:
1. Distance between two points = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

2. If point P divides the line joining (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the ratio m : n (Internally), coordinates
𝑚𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1
of P are ( 𝑚+𝑛 , 𝑚+𝑛 )

3. If point P divides the line joining (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the ratio m : n (externally),
𝑚𝑥2 −𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 −𝑛𝑦1
coordinates of P are ( 𝑚−𝑛
, 𝑚−𝑛 )

𝑥2 +𝑥1 𝑦2 +𝑦1
4. Coordinates of mid-point = ( 2
, 2 )

𝑦2 −𝑦1
5. Slope of line = tan ϴ = 𝑥2 −𝑥1

6. Standard equation of a line is ax + by + c = 0

𝑎
Slope m = − 𝑏

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𝑚 ~ 𝑚2
7. Slope between two lines is given by tan 𝜃 = 1 +1 𝑚
1 𝑚2

Where 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are slope of the lines

If, 𝜃 = 0, line will be parallel.
So, 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
If, 𝜃 = 90, line will be perpendicular.
So, 𝑚1 . 𝑚2 = −1
Equation of line parallel to the line ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + k = 0
Equation of line perpendicular to the line ax + by + c = 0 is bx – ay + k = 0

8. Standard forms of line:

a. Slope-Intercept form:
y = mx + c
b. Slope-point form:
(y – y1) = m(x – x1)
c. Two points form:
𝑦 −𝑦
y − 𝑦1 = 2 1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥2 −𝑥1
d. Intercepts form:
H
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏
TH
9. Distance between a point P (x1, y1) and a line ax + by + c = 0, is given by
𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑦 +𝑐
D = | 1 2 12 |
√𝑎 +𝑏

10. Distance between origin and a line ax + by + c = 0, is given by

𝑐
D = | 2 2|
√𝑎 +𝑏

11. Distance between two parallel lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, is given by
𝑐1 −𝑐2
D=| |
√𝑎2 +𝑏2

12. For a triangle with coordinates A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3)
Area = ½ [x1(y2 – y3) + x2(y3 – y1) + x3(y1 – y2)]
𝑥 +𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦 +𝑦
Centroid = ( 1 32 3 , 1 32 3 )
𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑥2 +𝑐𝑥3 𝑎𝑦1 +𝑏𝑦2 +𝑐𝑦3
Incentre = ( 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
, 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 )

13. Circle:
x2 + y2 = r2 where center is (0, 0) and radius is r
(x – h) + (y – k) = r
2 2 2
where center is (h, k) and radius is r
General Form: x + y + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
2 2

Center = (-g, -f), r = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐

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Permutations and Combinations

Definitions:
1. An arrangement without replacement is called a permutation. Arrangement of cards,
number problems without repetitions are examples of permutation.
2. A selection of n objects without replacement is called a combination.

Fundamental rules:
1. OR means Sum
2. AND means Product

Important results :
1. n! = 1.2.3 … n;
2. 0! = 1
3. Number of permutations of n distinct things taken r at a time, O  r  n = n(n − 1) (n −
2) ... (n − r + 1).
𝑛!
= (𝑛−𝑟)! = nPr
4. The number of permutations of n distinct objects taken all at a time = n!
5. The numbers of combinations of n objects taken r at a time, O  r  n
H
𝑛(𝑛−1) … (𝑛−𝑟+1) 𝑛! 𝑛
= = 𝐶𝑟
1.2.3 ... 𝑟 (𝑛−𝑟)!𝑟!
6. Number of permutations of n things, out of which p are alike and are of one type, q
TH
are alike and are of second type, r are alike and are of third type and rest are all
𝑛!
different =
𝑝!𝑞!𝑟!
7. Number of selections of r things (r  n) out of n identical things is 1.
8. Number of permutations (arrangements) of different things taking r at a time when
things can be repeated any number of times = n  n  ... r times = nr
9. Total number of selections of zero or more things from p identical things = p + 1.
10. Total number of selections of zero or more things from n different things
= nC0 + nC1 + nC2 +...+ nCn = 2n.
11. Number of ways of distributing n identical things among r persons when each person
may get any number of things = (n + r − 1)C(r − 1)
12. Distribution into Groups:
a. The number of ways in which n distinct objects can be split into three groups
containing respectively r, s and t objects, r, s and t are distinct and r + s + t = n, is
given by
𝑛!
𝑛
𝐶𝑟 ⋅ (𝑛−𝑟) 𝐶𝑠 ⋅ (𝑛−𝑟−𝑠) 𝐶𝑡 = 𝑟!𝑠!𝑡!
b. If 3n things are to be divided equally between 3 persons (i.e. division of 3n things
(3𝑛)!
into 3 equal groups with permutation of groups) then the number of ways = (𝑛!)3
(3𝑛)!
c. If 3n things are divided into three equal groups, then the number of ways = 𝑛!𝑛!𝑛!3!
=
(3𝑛)!
3!(𝑛!)3
Since for any one way, the three groups can be placed in 3! ways without obtaining
the new division. So it is divided by 3!.

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13. The greatest value of nCr

𝑛
a. When n is even, nCr is greatest when r = 2 .
𝑛+1 𝑛−1
b. When n is odd, nCr is greatest when r = 2
or 2
.
14. If nCx = nCy, then either x = y or x + y = n
15. n
Cr−1 + nCr = n+1Cr

Circular Permutations:
a. When n persons are to sit round a circular table, each arrangement will be
repeated n times, so there are (n − 1)! different arrangements.
(𝑛−1)!
b. n beads/pearls/flowers on a circular wire can be arranged in 2
different ways.

Probability
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
1. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
2. 0 ≤ P ≤ 1

3. P = 0 means impossible event

4. P = 1 means certain even
H
The Non-Event and Its Use in Probability:
For every event, we also can define the Non-event which is exactly the opposite of
TH
the event. The Non-Event is also denoted by E'.
Thus, n(E) + n(E') = Total Sample Space
i.e. the sum of the number of occurrences of the Event + the number of occurrences
of the Non-Event = The total number of possible occurrences.
Also, P(E) + P(E') = 1
Some examples of events and their non-events:
i) In a throw of a die, the chances of getting a number greater than 4. Non-Event: A
number Less than or equal to 4.
ii) In a throw of 2 dice, the chances of getting a number less than 10. Non-Event: A
number Equal to or greater than 10. In other words, 10 OR 11 OR 12.
iii) The probability that Rahul passes at least 1 out of 4 exams.
Non-Event: He fails all.

Key Definitions of Probability:

a. Mutually Exclusive Events:
Two or more events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur together. (E.g., If an
even number appears on a die, an odd number would not appear.)
b. Equally Likely Events:
If two events have the same probability or chance of occurrence they are called
equally likely events. (in a throw of a dice, the chance of 1 showing on the dice is
equal to 2 is equal to 3 is equal to 4 is equal to 5 is equal to 6 appearing on the dice.)
c. Exhaustive Set of Events:

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CAT

A set of events that includes all the possibilities of the sample space is said to be an
exhaustive set of events. (e.g., In a coin toss, getting Head or tail is an exhaustive list
of possibilities.)
d. Independent Events:
An event is described as such if the occurrence of an event has no effect on the
probability of the occurrence of another event. (If the first 100 coin tosses are heads,
there is no change to the fact that the probability of a heads in the 101st throw
remains 0.5)
e. Conditional Probability:
It is the probability of the occurrence of an event A, given that the event B has
already occurred.
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
This is denoted by 𝑃 (𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵)
.
(E.g., the probability that in two throws of a die we get a total of 7 or more, given that
in the first throw of the die the number 5 had occurred)

5. The concept of “Odds For” and “Odds Against”

𝑃(𝐸)
Odds in favour of an event E is defined as: 𝑃(𝐸′)
H
𝑃(𝐸′)
Odds against an event is defined as: 𝑃(𝐸)
2
E.g., If odds in favour of event A is 2 : 3, P(A) = 5
TH

Set Theory
Figure 1: Let's say A refers to people who passed in Hindi and B refers to people who
passed in English. Then the common area shows the people who passed both in Hindi
and English.

In mathematical terms, the situation is represented as:

Total number of people who passed at least 1 subject n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A 
B)

Figure 2: In the figure below, we are talking about people who passed in English, Hindi
and/or Sanskrit.

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CAT

In the above figure, the following explain the respective areas:

a: People who passed in English only.
b: People who passed in Hindi only
c: People who passed in Sanskrit only
d: People who passed in English and Hindi only. (In other words-People who passed in
English and Hindi but not in Sanskrit)
e: People who passed in Sanskrit and English only. (Also, can be described as people
who passed in Sanskrit and English but not in Hindi)
f: People who passed in Hindi and Sanskrit only. (Also, can be described as people
H
who passed in Hindi and Sanskrit but not in English)
TH
g: People who passed in English, Hindi and Sanskrit
h: People who passed in none of the subjects

Also, take note of the following language for which normally confuses a student:
People passing English and Hindi - Represented by the sum of area ‘d’ and ‘g’
People passing English and Sanskrit - Represented by the sum area ‘e’ and ‘g’
People passing Hindi and Sanskrit - Represented by the sum area ‘f’ and ‘g’
People passing English - Represented by the sum of the area ‘a’, ‘d’, ‘g’ and ‘e’

In Mathematical terms, this means:

Total number of people who passed at least 1 subject =
n(A U B U C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) − n(A  B) − n(B  C) − n(C  A) + n(A  B  C)

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CAT

Squares & Cubes to remember:

Number (N) Square (N2) Cube (N3)

1 1 1
2 4 8
3 9 27
4 16 64
5 25 125
6 36 216
7 49 343
8 64 512
9 81 729
10 100 1000
11 121 1331
H
12 144 1728
13 169 2197
TH
14 196 2744
15 225 3375
16 256
17 289
18 324
19 361
20 400
21 441
22 484
23 529
24 576
25 625
26 676
27 729
28 784
29 841
30 900

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CAT

H
TH

44