MPPSC

State Civil Services

Prelims
Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission

Volume - 7

Mathematics and Data Interpretation

 Table of Content
S Page
Chapter Title
No. No.

1 Number System 1

2 Simplification 10

3 Percentage 20

4 Profit & Loss 26

5 Partnership 32

6 Average 35

7 Order of Magnitude 40

8 Surds & Indices 43

9 Simple Interest 52

10 Compound Interest 57

11 Least Common Multiple and Highest Common Factor (LCM & HCF) 65

12 Statistics (Measures of Central Tendency) 70

13 Time & Work 80

14 Ratio & Proportion 86

15 Probability 93

16 Permutation & Combination 105

17 Mixture & Alligation 111

18 Mensuration 116

19 Algebra 131

20 Geometry 141

21 Boat & Stream 170

22 Pipe & Cistern 173

23 Speed, Time & Distance 175

 Table of Content
S Page
Chapter Title
No. No.

24 Data Interpretation 182

 1 Number System
CHAPTER

Real Numbers
Rational and irrational numbers together are called real numbers. These can be represented on
the number line.

Integer Numbers
A set of numbers which includes whole numbers as well as negative numbers, is called integer
numbers, it is denoted by I.
I = {–4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,…..}

Natural Numbers
The numbers which are used to count things are called natural numbers.
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……}

1
Whole Numbers
When 0 is also included in the family of natural numbers, then they are called whole numbers.
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …..}
The product of four consecutive natural numbers is always exactly divisible by 24.

Even Numbers
Numbers which are completely divisible by 2 are called even numbers.
nth term = 2n
Sum of first n even natural numbers = n(n+1)

2n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
Sum of square of first n even natural numbers =
3
 Last term 
n = 
 2 
Odd Numbers
The numbers which are not divisible by 2 are odd numbers.
Sum of first n odd numbers = n2

 Last term + 1 
n = 
 2 
Natural Numbers

n(n + 1)
Sum of first n natural numbers =
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
Sum of square of first n natural numbers =
6
2
 n(n + 1) 
Sum of cube of first n natural numbers =  
 2 
Prime Numbers – Which have only two factors: 1 and the number itself.
E.g. - {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19……..}
➢ 1 isn’t a Prime Number.
➢ The digit 2 is only even prime number.
➢ 3, 5, 7 is the only pair of consecutive odd prime numbers.

Co-prime Numbers
Numbers whose HCF is only 1.
E.g. - (4,9), (15, 22), (39, 40)
HCF = 1
2
Rational Numbers
Numbers that can be written in the form of P/Q, but where Q must not be zero and P and Q must
be integers.

10 7
E.g. - 2/3, 4/5, ,
-11 8
Irrational Numbers
These cannot be displayed in P/Q form.

E.g. - 2, 3 , 11 , 19 , 26...

Finding the Number of Divisors or Number of Factors

First we will do the prime factorization of the number and write it as Power and multiply by adding

One to each power, then the number of divisors will be obtained.

E.g. By how many total numbers can 2280 be completely divided?
Sol. 2280 = 23 × 31 × 51 × 191
Number of divisors = (3 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)

= 4 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 32

Find the unit's digit

1. When the number is in the form of power –
When the unit digit of Base is 0, 1, 5 or 6, the unit digit of the result remains the same for

any natural power. When the unit digit of base is 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, or 9, divide the power by 4 and
put the same power on the unit digit of the base as the remainder. When the power is rounded
off to 4, then the 4th power will be placed on the unit digit of the base.
2. In the form of simplification –

Write the unit digit of each number and simplify it according to the symbol, the result that
will come will be its unit digit answer.

Divide by Power of Numbers (Finding the Divisor)

1. If an + bn is given –
If n is odd, then (a+b) will be its divisor.
2. If an – bn is given –
Divisor (when n is odd) → (a–b)
Divisor (when n is even) → (a – b) or (a + b) or both.

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 1. If an  (a – 1) then the remainder always be 1.
2. an  (a + 1) If n is an even then the remainder always be 1.
If n is an odd then the remainder always be a.
3. If (an + a)  (a – 1) then the remainder always be 2 .
4. (an + a)  (a + 1) If n is an even then the remainder always be zero (0).
If n is an odd then the remainder always be (a – 1)

Rule of Divisibility
Rule of 2 The last digit is an even number or zero (0) as - 236, 150, 1000004
Rule of 3 If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 3, then the whole
number will be divisible by 3.
E.g. 729, 12342, 5631
Rule of 4 Last two digits are zero or divisible by 4.
E.g. 1024, 58764, 567800
Rule of 5 The last digit is zero or 5.
E.g. 3125, 625, 1250
Rule of 6 If a number is divisible by both 2 and 3 then it is also divisible by 6.
E.g. 3060, 42462, 10242
Rule of 7 After multiplying the last digit of a number by 2 and subtracting it from
the remaining number, if the number is a multiple of 0 or 7
or if any digit is repeated in a multiple of 6, then the number will be
divisible by 7.
E.g. 222222, 44444444444, 7854
Rule of 8 If the last three digits of a number are divisible by 8 or the last three
digits are '000' (zero).
E.g. 9872, 347000
Rule of 9 If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 9, then the whole
number will be divisible by 9.
Rule of 10 The last digit should be zero (0).
Rule of 11 If the difference between the sum of digits at odd places and sum of
digits at even places is zero (0) or 11 or a multiple of 11.
E.g. 1331, 5643, 8172659
Rule of 12 Composite form of divisible by 3 and 4.

4
 Rule of 13 Repeating the digit 6 times, or multiplying the last digit by 4 and adding
it to the remaining number, if the number is divisible by 13, then the
whole number will be divisible by 13.
E.g. 222222, 17784

Examples
3 1 5
Q.1 If of a number is 7 more than of that number, then what will be of that number?
4 6 3
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 15 (d) 20
Sol. (d)
Let the number = x
According to the question,
9x – 2x
 =7
12
 7x = 7 x 12
 x = 12
5
Hence, part of the number
3
x–5 12 × 5
=  = 20
3 3
Q.2 If the sum of two numbers is a and their product is a then their reciprocals will be –
1 1 b a a
(a) + (b) (c) (d)
a b a b ab
Sol. (c)
Let the two numbers be P and Q respectively.
P+ Q =a
PQ = b
1 1 Q+ P a
+  =
P Q PQ b
Q.3 The sum of two numbers is 75 and their difference is 25, then what will be the product of
those two numbers?
(a) 1350 (b) 1250 (c) 1000 (d) 125
Sol. (b)
Let the greater number is x and smaller number is y.
 x + y = 75 ….(i)
and, x – y = 25 ....(ii)
5
 2x = 100 (By adding the equation i and ii)
x = 50
Putting the value of x in eqn. (i),
50 + y = 75
y = 75 – 50 = 25
Hence, the product of both the numbers = xy = 50 × 25 = 1250

Q.4 Divide 150 into two parts such that the sum of their reciprocal is 3 . Calculate both parts.
112
(a) 50, 90 (b) 70, 80 (c) 60, 90 (d) 50, 100
Sol. (b)
Let the first part is x then its second part be (150 – x ).
According to the question,
1 1 3
 + =
x (150 - x ) 112
150 - x + x 3
 =
x ( 150 - x ) 112
 3x(150 – x) = 150 × 112
150 × 112
 150x - x 2 =
3
 x2 – 150x + 5600 = 0
 x2 – 70x – 80x + 5600 = 0
 x(x – 70) – 80(x – 70) = 0
 (x – 80) (x – 70) = 0
 x = 80 or 70
If the first part = 80 then the second part = 150 – 80  70
If the first part = 70 then the second part = 150 – 70  80
Q.5 If the sum of any three consecutive odd natural numbers is 147, then the middle number
will be –
(a) 47 (b) 48 (c) 49 (d) 51
Sol. (c)
x = Suppose an odd number.
According to the question,
(x) + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = 147
3x +6 = 147
141
x= = 47
3
Hence, the middle number = (x + 2) = 47 + 2 = 49

6
Q.6 If the product of first three and last three of 4 consecutive prime numbers is 385 and 1001,
then find the greatest prime number.
Sol. Let a, b, c & d are four prime numbers.
abc = 385 (i)
bcd = 1001 (ii)
abc 385 5
= =
bcd 1001 13
Greatest prime number = 13
Trick:
Sum of first n odd numbers = n2
1 + 3 + 5 + ....... + 99 =?
2
 99 + 1 
? =   = 2500 Ans.
 2 

Q.7 What will be the sum of the even numbers between 50 and 100?
Sol. 52 + 54 + 56+.............. + 98
= (2 + 4 + 6 +.... + 98) - (2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 50)
98 50
n= = 49 , n = = 25
2 2
= 49 × 50 = 2450, 25 × 26 = 650
 ? = 2450 – 650 = 1800 Ans.
Q.8 What will be the sum of odd numbers between 50 and 100?
Sol. 51 +53 + .............+99
= (1 + 3 + 5 + .... +99) – (1 + 3 + 5 + .... + 49)
99 + 1 100 49 + 1 50
= = = 50, = = 25
2 2 2 2
 ? = (50)2 – (25)2
= 2500 – 625 = 1875 Ans.
Q.9 In a division method, the divisor is 12 times the quotient and 5 times the remainder.
Accordingly, if the remainder is 36, then what will be the dividend?
(a) 2706 (b) 2796 (c) 2736 (d) 2826
Sol. (c)
Remainder = 36
 Divisor = 5 × 36 = 180

7
 180
 Quotient = = 15
12
 Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
= 180 × 15 + 36
= 2700 + 36
= 2736
Q.10 What is the unit digits of (3694)1739  (615)317  (841)491
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5

Sol. Unit digit in (3694)1793 = 4 ; Unit digit in 4 = Unit didits in (4 )

2 896
×4
= Unit digit in (6 × 4) = 4
Unit digit in (615)317 = Unit digit in (5)317 = 5
Unit digit in (841)491 = Unit digit in (1)491 = 1
5 × 4 × 1 = 20, Unit digit = 0
p
Q.11 What will be written in the form of of 18.484848....?
q
462 610 200 609
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 33 11 33
Sol. Let x = 18.484848……………………. then,
100x = 1848. 484848……..
1830 610
On subtracting, 99x = 1830  x = =
99 33
p 610
Hence, the required form as of 18.484848…… =
q 33

0.936- 0.568
Q.12 Put in the form of rational number.
0.45 + 2.67
936 568
Sol. 0.936 = , 0.568 =
999 999
 936 568  (936– 568 ) 368
(
 0.936– 0.568 =  ) –
 999 999 
= 999
=
999
45 67 198 + 67 265
0.45 = , 2.67 = 2+ 0.67 = 2+ = =
99 99 99 99
 45 265  (45 + 265 ) 310
( )
 0.45 + 2.67 =  +
 99 99 
=
99
=
99
 184 11

 368 99  2024
Given expression =  × =
 999 310  17205
 111 155 

8
Q.13 What will be the common factor of (127 ) 127
+ ( 97 )
127
 and (127 )
97
+ ( 97 )
97
?
(a) 127 (b) 97 (c) 30 (d) 224
Sol. (x + y) is one of the factor of (xm + ym) If m is an odd.

 The factor of (127 ) + (97 )  = (127 + 97 ) = 224

127 127

Similarly, the factor of ( 127 ) + ( 97 )  = ( 127 + 97 ) = 224

97 97

Hence, the common factor of both is 224.

9
 2 Simplification
CHAPTER
➢ In simplification, we represent the given data in a simple form, such as the data is done in
fraction, in decimal, in division, in power and by solving or changing the mathematical
operation.
➢ If different types of operations are given on some number, then how can we solve it so that
the answer to the question is correct, for that there is a rule which we call the rule of
VBODMAS.
➢ Which operation we should do first, it decides the rule of VBODMAS.

➢ The first of all these mathematical operations is V which means Vinculum (line bracket). If
there is a line bracket in the question, then first we will solve it and then (BODMAS) Rule
will work in it.
➢ B (Bracket) in the second place means brackets which can be –
1. Small bracket ( )
2. Middle/curly bracket { }
3. Big bracket [ ]
➢ First the small brackets, then the curly bracket, and then the big brackets are solved.
➢ In the third place is "O" which is formed from "of" or "order", which means "multiply" or "of".
➢ In the fourth place is "D" which means "Division", in the given expression do the first division
in different actions if given.
➢ There is “M” in the fifth place which means “Multiplication”, in the given expression after
“Division” we will do “Multiplication”.
➢ Sixth position is held by “A” which is related to “Addition”. Addition action takes place after
division and multiplication.
➢ There is "S" in the seventh place which is made of "Subtraction".

10
Q. Simplify –

 1  1 1  1 1 1    1 1
3 ÷ 1 -  2 - -   ÷  of 4 
 4  4 2  2 4 6    2 3
Sol: Step 1 – Convert the mixed fraction into simple fraction

 13  5 1  5 1 1    1 13 
 ÷  -  - -   ÷  of 
 4  4 2  2 4 6    2 3 
Now, according to VBODMAS –
 13  5 1  5 3 - 2    1 13 
Step 2 –  ÷ -  -   ÷  of 
 4  4 2  2 12    2 3 
 13  5 1  5 1   13
Step 3 –  ÷  -  -   ÷
 4  4 2  2 12   6
 13  5 1  30 - 1   13
Step 4 –  ÷ - ×   ÷
 4  4 2  12   6
 13  5 1 29  13
Step 5 –  4 ÷  4 - 2 × 12  ÷ 6
  
 13  30 - 29  13
Step 6 –  4 ÷  24  ÷ 6
  

Step 7 –  13 1  13
 4 ÷ 24  ÷ 6

Step 8 –  13  13
 4 × 24  ÷ 6
6
Step 9 – 13 × 6×
13
= 36 Ans.

Algebraic Formulas –
1. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
2. (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
3. (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)
4. (a2 – b2) = (a + b) (a – b)
5. a2 + b2 + c2 = (a + b + c)2 – 2(ab + bc + ca)
2
2 1  1
6. a + 2 =  a+  -2
a  a
1
a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca = ( a - b ) + ( b + c ) + ( c - a ) 
2 2 2
7.
2 

11
8. a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b) = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
9. a3 – b3 = (a – b) 3 + 3ab (a – b) = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
10. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)

=
1
2

( a+ b + c ) ( a - b ) + ( b - c ) + ( c - a )2
2 2

If a + b + c = 0, then
a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
3

11. a + 3 =  a +
1
3 1  1
 - 3 a + 
a  a  a
3
1  1
3  1
12. a - 3 =  a -  + 3  a - 
a  a  a
Square and Square Root Table
Square Square Root Square Square Root
12 = 1 1 =1 162 = 256 256 = 16
22 = 4 4 =2 172 = 289 289 = 17
32 = 9 9 =3 182 = 324 324 = 18
42 = 16 16 = 4 192 = 361 361 = 19
52 = 25 25 = 5 202 = 400 400 = 20
62 = 36 36 = 6 212 = 441 441 = 21
72 = 49 49 = 7 222 = 484 484 = 22
82 = 64 64 = 8 232 = 529 529 = 23
92 = 81 81 = 9 242 = 576 576 = 24
102 = 100 100 = 10 252 = 625 625 = 25
112 = 121 121 = 11 262 = 676 676 = 26
122 = 144 144 = 12 272 = 729 729 = 27
132 = 169 169 = 13 282 = 784 784 = 28
142 = 196 196 = 14 292 = 841 841 = 29
152 = 225 225 = 15 302 = 900 900 = 30

Cube and Cube Root Table

Cube Cube Root Cube Cube Root
13 = 1 3
1 =1 163 = 4096 3
4096 = 16
23 = 8 3
8 =2 173 = 4913 3
4913 = 17

12
 33 = 27 3
27 = 3 183 = 5832 3
5832 = 18
43 = 64 3
64 = 4 193 = 6859 3
6859 = 19
53 = 125 3
125 = 5 203 = 8000 3
8000 = 20
63 = 216 3
216 = 6 213 = 9261 3
9261 = 21
73 = 343 3
343 = 7 223 = 10648 3
10648 = 22
83 = 512 3
512 = 8 233 = 12167 3
12167 = 23
93 = 729 3
729 = 9 243 = 13824 3
13824 = 24
103 = 1000 3
1000 = 10 253 = 15625 3
15625 = 25
113 = 1331 3
1331 = 11 263 = 17576 3
17576 = 26
123 = 1728 3
1728 = 12 273 = 19683 3
19683 = 27
133 = 2197 3
2197 = 13 283 = 21952 3
21952 = 28
143 = 2744 3
2744 = 14 293 = 24389 3
24389 = 29
153 = 3375 3
3375 = 15 303 = 27000 3
27000 = 30

Arithmetic Progression
The series in which each term can be found by adding or subtracting with its preceding term is
called the arithmetic progression.
E.g. 2, 5, 8, 11, …….

nth term of an Arithmetic Progression

Tn = a + (n – 1) d
Where, a = First term
d = Common difference (2nd term – 1st term)
n = Number of all terms.

Addition of nth terms of an Arithmetic Progression –

n
Sn = 2a+ (n - 1)d 
2
If the first and last term is known –
n
Sn =  a+ 
2
Where, = Last term

Arithmetic progression between the two variables

a+ b
A= [The arithmetic progression of a & b is A]
2
13
Geometric Progression
If the ratio of each term of the series to its preceding term is a certain variable, then it is called
a geometric series. This fixed variable is called the common ratio.

nth term of Geometric Series –

Tn = a.rn-1
Where, a = First term r = Common ratio n = Number of terms

Addition of nth terms of Geometric Series –

 1-rn 
Sn = a   ; When r < 1
 1 - r 
 rn -1 
Sn = a   ; when r > 1
 r - 1 
1. Geometric series between two variables G= ab
2. If the arithmetic mean and geometric mean between two positive quantities a and b are A
a+ b
and G, then A > G, > ab
2
Relation between Arithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean
Let A, G and H be the arithmetic mean, geometric mean and harmonic mean between two
quantities a and b respectively, then

G2 = AH and A > G> H

Examples
Ex.1 The value of 24  2  12 + 12  6 of 2  (15  8  4) of (28  7 of 5) is –
32 8 2 1
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) 4
75 75 3 6
Sol: (d)
24  2  12 + 12  6 of 2  (15  8  4) of (28  7 of 5)
= 24  (2/12) + 12  12  [(15/8)  4] of (28  35)
= 4 +1  (15/2) of 4/5
= 4 +1  6
= 4 + 1/6
1
= 4 Ans.
6

14
Ex.3 Evaluate –
3 5 7 1 1 5 3 3
2 ÷ 1 ÷ ×  +  + ÷ of
4 6 8 3 4 7 4 7
56 49 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
77 80 3 9
Sol: According to question –
 3
 24  7  1 1  5 3 3
 5  ÷ ×  +  + + of
 1  8 3 4 7 4 7
 6
11
7 7 5 3 3
= 4 ÷ × + ÷ × 
11 8 12 7  4 7 
6
3 8 7 5 28
= × × + ×
2 7 12 7 9
20
= 1+
9
29 2
= = 3 Ans.
9 9

Ex.4 If (102)2 = 10404 then the value of 104.04 + 1.0404 + 0.010404 is equals to?
(a) 0.306 (b) 0.0306 (c) 11.122 (d) 11.322
Sol: (d)
According to question –

= 104.04 + 1.0404 + 0.010404

10404 10404 10404
= + +
100 10000 1000000
102 102 102
= + +
10 100 1000
= 10.2 + 1.02 + 0.102 = 11.322

Ex.7 What is the smallest number to be added to 710 so that the sum becomes a perfect cube?
(a) 29 (b) 19 (c) 11 (d) 21
Sol: (b)
3
Clearly, 729 = 9
 19 must be added to 710 to get a perfect cube.

15