VIGNAN‟S INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (AUTONOMOUS)

DUVVADA - VISAKHAPATNAM – 530 049

(An Autonomous Institute, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada, AP)

COMPUTER NETWORKS LAB MANUAL

(VR22)(III CSE)
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

1
 INDEX
S.No Contents Page No
Exercise – 1
1 3-12
Implementation a Basic Network using Topologies in Packet Tracer.

Exercise – 2
2 Implement the three CRC polynomials on a data set of characters– CRC 12, CRC 13-15
16 and CRC CCIP.

Exercise – 3
3 16-23
Switch and Router configuration and Configuring VLAN in packet tracer.

Exercise – 4
4 24-27
Implement Dijkstra‟s algorithm to compute the Shortest path through a graph.
Exercise – 5
5 Take an example subnet graph with weights indicating delay between nodes. Now 28-30
obtain Routing table at each node using distance vector routing algorithm.
Exercise – 6
6 31-32
Take an example subnet of hosts. Obtain broadcast tree for it.
Exercise – 7
7 33-34
Implementation of Connection oriented concurrent service (TCP).
Exercise – 8
8 35-37
Implementation of Connectionless Iterative time service (UDP).
Exercise – 9
9 38-40
Configuration of DHCP Server and Implementation of DNS.
Exercise – 10
10 41-44
Implementation of HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol).

2
1. Implementation a Basic Network using Topologies in Packet Tracer.

Bus Topology: A bus topology is a network in which nodes are directly linked with a common half-duplex link. A
host on a bus topology is called a station. In a bus network, every station will accept all network packets, and these
packets generated by each station have equal information priority. A bus network includes a single network segment
and collision domain.

Steps to Configure and Setup Bus Topology

Step 1: First, open the cisco packet tracer desktop and select the devices given below:

S.NO Device Model-Name

1. PC PC

2. Switch PT-Switch

IP Addressing Table
S.NO Device IPv4 Address Subnet Mask

1 pc0 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0

2 pc1 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.0

3 pc2 192.168.0.3 255.255.255.0

4 pc3 192.168.0.4 255.255.255.0

 Then, create a network topology as shown below image:

 Use an Automatic connecting cable to connect the devices with others.

Step 2: Configure the PCs (hosts) with IPv4 address and Subnet Mask according to the IP addressing
table given above.

3
  To assign an IP address in PC0, click on PC0.
 Then, go to desktop and then IP configuration and there you will IPv4 configuration.
 Fill IPv4 address and subnet mask.

 Assigning an IP address using the ipconfig command, or we can also assign an IP address with the
help of a command.
 Go to the command terminal of the PC.
 Then, type ipconfig <IPv4 address><subnet mask><default gateway>(if needed)

 Repeat the same procedure with other PCs to configure them thoroughly.
Step 3: Verify the connection by pinging the IP address of any host in PC0.
 Use the ping command to verify the connection.
 As we can see we are getting replies from a targeted node on both PCs.
 Hence the connection is verified.

4
Star Topology: A star topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) is one in which each node is connected
to a central connection point, such as a hub or switch. Whenever a node tries to connect with another node
then the transmission of the message must be happening with the help of the central node. The best part of
star topology is the addition and removal of the node in the network but too many nodes can cause
suffering to the network.
Step 1: We have taken a switch and linked it to six end devices.

Step 2: Link every device with the switch.

5
Step 3: Provide the IP address to each device.

Step 4: Transfer message from one device to another and check the Table for Validation.

Now to check whether the connections are correct or not

Command:
"ping ip_address_of _any_device"
Example:
ping 192.168.1.4

6
Ring topology: Ring topology is a kind of arrangement of the network in which every device is linked
with two other devices. This makes a circular ring of interconnected devices which gives it its name. Data
is usually transmitted in one direction along the ring, known as a unidirectional ring. The data is delivered
from one device to the next until it reaches the decided destination. In a bidirectional ring, data can travel
in either direction.
Step 1: First, open the cisco packet tracer desktop and select the devices given below:
S.NO Device Model Name

1. PC PC

2. Switch PT-Switch

IP Addressing Table
S.NO Device IPv4 Address Subnet Mask

1. pc0 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0

2. pc1 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.0

3. pc2 192.168.0.3 255.255.255.0

4. pc3 192.168.0.4 255.255.255.0

 Then, create a network topology as shown below the image.

 Use an Automatic connecting cable to connect the devices with others.

7
Step 2: Configure the PCs (hosts) with IPv4 address and Subnet Mask according to the IP addressing table
given above.
 To assign an IP address in PC0, click on PC0.
 Then, go to desktop and then IP configuration and there you will IPv4 configuration.
 Fill IPv4 address and subnet mask.

 Assigning IP address using the ipconfig command, or we can also assign an IP address with the
help of a command.
 Go to the command terminal of the PC.
 Then, type ipconfig <IPv4 address><subnet mask><default gateway>(if needed)

8
  Repeat the same procedure with other PCs to configure them thoroughly.
Step 3: Verify the connection by pinging the IP address of any host in PC0.
 Use the ping command to verify the connection.
 As we can see we are getting replies from a targeted node on both PCs.
 Hence the connection is verified.

9
Mesh Topology: In the mesh topology of networking, each and every device sends its own signal to the
other devices that are present in the arrangement of the network.
Step 1: First, open the Cisco packet tracer desktop and select the devices given below:
S.NO Device Model name

1. PC PC

2. Switch PT-switch
IP Addressing Table:
S.NO Device IPv4 Address Subnet Mask

1. pc0 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0

2. pc1 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.0

3. pc2 192.168.0.3 255.255.255.0

4. pc3 192.168.0.4 255.255.255.0

 Then, create a network topology as shown below the image.

 Use an Automatic connecting cable to connect the devices with others.

Step 2: Configure the PCs (hosts) with IPv4 address and Subnet Mask according to the IP addressing table
given above.
 To assign an IP address in PC0, click on PC0.
 Then, go to desktop and then IP configuration and there you will IPv4 configuration.
 Fill IPv4 address and subnet mask.

10
  Assigning IP address using the ipconfig command.
 Also, we can also assign an IP address with the help of a command.
 Go to the command terminal of the PC.
 Then, type ipconfig <IPv4 address><subnet mask><default gateway>(if needed)

 Repeat the same procedure with other PCs to configure them thoroughly.
Step 3: Verify the connection by pinging the IP address of any host in PC0.
 Use the ping command to verify the connection.
 We will check if we are getting any replies or not.
 Here we get replies from a targeted node on both PCs.
 Hence the connection is verified.

11
12
2. Implement the three CRC polynomials on a data set of characters– CRC 12, CRC 16 and CRC
CCIP

CRC method can detect a single burst of length n, since only one bit per column will be changed, a burst
of length n+1 will pass undetected, if the first bit is inverted, the last bit is inverted and all other bits are
correct. If the block is badly garbled by a long burst or by multiple shorter burst, the probability that any
of the n columns will have the correct parity that is 0.5. so the probability of a bad block being expected
when it should not be 2 power(-n). This scheme sometimes known as Cyclic Redundancy Code

//PROGRAM FOR CYCLIC REDUNDENCY CHECK

int gen[4],genl,frl,rem[4];void

main()

int

i,j,fr[8],dupfr[11],recfr[11],tlen

,flag;clrscr();

frl=8; genl=4; printf("enter

frame:");

for(i=0;i<frl;i++){scanf("%d",&fr[

i]);dupfr[i]=fr[i];}

printf("enter generator:");

for(i=0;i<genl;i++)scanf("%d",&g

en[i]);tlen=frl+genl-1;

for(i=frl;i<tlen;i++){dupfr[i]=0;

remainder(dupfr);

for(i=0;i<frl;i++)

recfr[i]=fr[i];

for(i=frl,j=1;j<genl;i++,j++)

13
{

recfr[i]=rem[j];

}
remainder(recfr);flag=0;

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

if(rem[i]!=0)flag++;

if(flag==0){

printf("frame received correctly");}

else{

printf("the received frame is wrong");}

getch();}

remainder(int fr[]){int

k,k1,i,j; for(k=0;k<frl;k++){

if(fr[k]==1){k1=k;

for(i=0,j=k;i<genl;i++,j++)

rem[i]=fr[j]^gen[i];

for(i=0;i<genl;i++)

fr[k1]=rem[i];

k1++;}}}}

14
OUTPUT:

15
3. Switch and Router configuration and Configuring VLAN in packet tracer.

The switch is a network device that is used to segment the networks into different sub networks called
subnets or LAN segments. It is responsible for filtering and forwarding the packets between LAN
segments based on the MAC address.

Steps to Configure the Switch:

Step 1. Open the packet tracer desktop and take a switch (PT-Switch) from the devices.

Step 2: Configure the Host name of the swicth0.

 Click on switch0 and go to Command Line Interface.
 Then change the hostname to “sh”

Command:
switch>
switch>en
switch#conf t
switch(config)#hostname sh
sh(config)exit
Step 3: Set a message of the day (MOTD) banner for the users.
Command:
sh(config)#banner motd $
 Then, enter MOTD and end it with „$‟ to exit.

16
 Step 4: Set up line control password and enable secret password.
To configure the Line Control password and Enable secret follow the below commands:
sh#conf t
sh(config)#
sh(config)#line con 0
sh(config-line)#password 123
sh(config-line)#login
sh(config-line)#exit
Step 5: Verify the password
 When you try to log in first, it will ask for the line control password.
 Then, to configure the terminal it will ask to enable a secret password.

To save the configuration use the below command:

Command:
sh#copy run startup-config
Computers are connected with routers using a copper straight-through cable. After forming the network, to
check network connectivity a simple PDU is transferred from PC0 to PC1. The network simulation status
is successful. From this network, it can be observed that the router handles data transfers between multiple
devices.

Procedure:

Step-1(Configuring Router1):

1. Select the router and Open CLI.

2. Press ENTER to start configuring Router1.

3. Type enable to activate the privileged mode.

17
 4. Type config t(configure terminal) to access the configuration menu.

5. Configure interfaces of Router1:

6. Type no shutdown to finish.

Router1 Command Line Interface:
Router>enable
Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0, changed state to up
Router(config-if)#interface FastEthernet0/1
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Step-2(Configuring PCs):
Assign IP Addresses to every PC in the network.
Select the PC, Go to the desktop and select IP Configuration and assign an IP address, Default
gateway, Subnet Mask
Assign the default gateway of PC0 as 192.168.10.1.
Assign the default gateway of PC1 as 192.168.20.1.
Step-3(Connecting PCs with Router):
Connect FastEthernet0 port of PC0 with FastEthernet0/0 port of Router1 using a copper straight-
through cable.
Connect FastEthernet0 port of PC1 with FastEthernet0/1 port of Router1 using a copper straight-
through cable.
Router Configuration Table:

Device IP address IP Address Subnet

Subnet Mask
Name FastEthernet0/0 FastEthernet0/1 Mask

Router1 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0

PC Configuration Table:

Device Name IP address Subnet Mask Gateway

PC 0 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1

PC 1 192.168.20.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.20.1

18
 Designed Network topology:

Sending a PDU From PC0 to PC1:

Acknowledgment from PC1 to PC0:

19
Virtual Local Area Network. This is a custom network we create from one or more existing LANs. It
enables a group of devices from multiple networks (both wired and wireless) to be combined into a single
Logical network. The result is a VLAN that can be administered like a physical area network. The
network equipment like routers or switches must support the VLAN configurations to create a VLAN.

Step 1: At first, we create a LAN, LAN-A with 6 hosts. To create a LAN we need one Layer 2 switch
Switch0 and 6 end devices. Now we provide IP addresses to the hosts starting from 192.168.10.1 (you can
provide any valid IP addresses). To provide an IP address to a host just select that host → Desktop → IP
Configuration → IPv4 Addresses and provide an IP address and then ENTER, the Subnet Mask will be
provided by default.

20
Step 2: Let us create 2 VLANs where the name of the first VLAN is VLAN-STUDENT and the second
VLAN is VLAN-FACULTY. To configure VLANs we have to go to the switch Switch0 and move to
Config → SWITCHING → VLAN Database. Now let us take the VLAN Number for STUDENT is 150
and for FACULTY is 250 and add these numbers to VLAN Database.

Step 3: Next we have to select the hosts under VLAN-STUDENT. Here I have put hosts with IP addresses
from 192.168.10.1 to 192.168.10.3 under VLAN-STUDENT. To do so we have to select the switch
Switch0 → Config → INTERFACE, here we choose FastEthernet0/1 corresponding to the host
192.168.10.1 which we consider to be in VLAN-STUDENT. Now we select the down arrow beside
VLAN and select 150:STUDENT, which is for student VLAN.

Similarly, we do this same process for FastEthernet0/2 and FastEthernet0/3.

21
Step 4: Now we have to configure the hosts under VLAN-FACULTY. Here I have put hosts with IP
addresses 192.168.10.4 to 192.168.10.6 under VLAN-FACULTY. To do so, just follow the process
mentioned in Step 3, but instead of selecting the VLAN Number 150:STUDENT, select 250:FACULTY
for FastEthernet0/4, FastEthernet0/5, and FastEthernet0/6.

Step 5: Lastly, just change the switch port mode from Access to Trunk for FastEthernet0/7.

22
Now our VLAN configuration is ready, and we can check this by sending data packets from one host to
another under LAN-A. Let us ping from 192.168.10.1 to 192.168.10.3. To do so, we have to select the
host with IP 192.168.10.1 and then select Desktop → Command Prompt. Now run the following
command to ping 192.168.10.3.

ping 192.168.10.3

23
4. Implement Dijkstra’s algorithm to compute the Shortest path through a graph.

Dijkstra's algorithm is an algorithm for finding the shortest paths between nodes in a graph, which may represent,
for example, road networks. The algorithm exists in many variants; Dijkstra's original variant found the shortest
path between two nodes,[3] but a more common variant fixes a single node as the "source" node and finds
shortest paths from the source to all other nodes in the graph, producing a shortest-path tree.
#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#define INFINITY 9999

#define MAX 10

void dijkstra(int G[MAX][MAX],int n,int startnode);

int main()

int G[MAX][MAX],i,j,n,u;

printf("Enter no. of vertices:");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\nEnter the adjacency matrix:\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

for(j=0;j<n;j++)

scanf("%d",&G[i][j]);

printf("\nEnter the starting node:");

scanf("%d",&u);

dijkstra(G,n,u);

return 0;

void dijkstra(int G[MAX][MAX],int n,int startnode)

int cost[MAX][MAX],distance[MAX],pred[MAX];

int visited[MAX],count,mindistance,nextnode,i,j;

24
//pred[] stores the predecessor of each node

//count gives the number of nodes seen so far

//create the cost matrix

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

for(j=0;j<n;j++)

if(G[i][j]==0)

cost[i][j]=INFINITY;

else

cost[i][j]=G[i][j];

//initialize pred[],distance[] and visited[]

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

distance[i]=cost[startnode][i];

pred[i]=startnode;

visited[i]=0;

distance[startnode]=0;

visited[startnode]=1;

count=1;

while(count<n-1)

mindistance=INFINITY;

//nextnode gives the node at minimum distance

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

if(distance[i]<mindistance&&!visited[i])

25
mindistance=distance[i];

nextnode=i;

//check if a better path exists through nextnode

visited[nextnode]=1;

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

if(!visited[i])

if(mindistance+cost[nextnode][i]<distance[i])

distance[i]=mindistance+cost[nextnode][i];

pred[i]=nextnode;

count++;

//print the path and distance of each node

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

if(i!=startnode)

printf("\nDistance of node%d=%d",i,distance[i]);

printf("\nPath=%d",i);

j=i;

do

j=pred[j];

printf("<-%d",j);

}while(j!=startnode);

26
}

OUTPUT:

27
5. Take an example subnet graph with weights indicating delay between nodes. Now obtain Routing
table at each node using distance vector routing algorithm.

Dijkstra algorithm is also called the single source shortest path algorithm. It is based on the greedy
technique. The algorithm maintains a list visited[ ] of vertices, whose shortest distance from the source is
already known.

If visited[1], equals 1, then the shortest distance of vertex i is already known. Initially, visited[i] is marked
as, for source vertex. At each step, we mark visited[v] as 1. Vertex v is a vertex at the shortest distance
from the source vertex. At each step of the algorithm, the shortest distance of each vertex is stored in an
array distance[ ].

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define INFINITY 9999
#define MAX 10

void dijkstra(int G[MAX][MAX],int n,int startnode);

int main()
{
int G[MAX][MAX],i,j,n,u;
printf("Enter no. of vertices:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the adjacency matrix:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&G[i][j]);
printf("\nEnter the starting node:");
scanf("%d",&u);
dijkstra(G,n,u);
return 0;
}

void dijkstra(int G[MAX][MAX],int n,int startnode)

{

int cost[MAX][MAX],distance[MAX],pred[MAX];
int visited[MAX],count,mindistance,nextnode,i,j;
//pred[] stores the predecessor of each node
//count gives the number of nodes seen so far
//create the cost matrix
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
if(G[i][j]==0)
cost[i][j]=INFINITY;
else
cost[i][j]=G[i][j];

28
//initialize pred[],distance[] and visited[]
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
distance[i]=cost[startnode][i];
pred[i]=startnode;
visited[i]=0;
}
distance[startnode]=0;
visited[startnode]=1;
count=1;
while(count<n-1)
{
mindistance=INFINITY;
//nextnode gives the node at minimum distance
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
if(distance[i]<mindistance&&!visited[i])
{
mindistance=distance[i];
nextnode=i;
}
//check if a better path exists through nextnode
visited[nextnode]=1;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
if(!visited[i])
if(mindistance+cost[nextnode][i]<distance[i])
{
distance[i]=mindistance+cost[nextnode][i];
pred[i]=nextnode;
}
count++;
}

//print the path and distance of each node

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
if(i!=startnode)
{
printf("\nDistance of node%d=%d",i,distance[i]);
printf("\nPath=%d",i);
j=i;
do
{
j=pred[j];
printf("<-%d",j);
}while(j!=startnode);
}
}

29
OUTPUT:

30
6. Take an example subnet of hosts. Obtain broadcast tree for it.

This technique is widely used because it is simple and easy to understand. The idea of this algorithm is to build a
graph of the subnet with each node of the graph representing a router and each arc of the graph representing a
communication line. To choose a route between a given pair of routers the algorithm just finds the broadcast
between them on the graph.

#include<stdio.h>
int a[10][10],n;
void main()
{
int i,j,root;
clrscr();
printf("Enter no.of nodes:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter adjacent matrix\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
printf("Enter connecting of %d-->%d::",i,j);
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
printf("Enter root node:");
scanf("%d",&root);
adj(root);
}
adj(int k)
{
int i,j;
printf("Adjacent node of root node::\n");
printf("%d\n\n",k);
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
if(a[k][j]==1 || a[j][k]==1)
printf("%d\t",j);
}
printf("\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
if((a[k][j]==0) && (a[i][k]==0) && (i!=k))
printf("%d",i);
}
}

OUTPUT:
Enter no.of nodes:5
Enter adjacent matrix Enter connecting of 1-->1::0
Enter connecting of 1-->2::1
Enter connecting of 1-->3::1

31
Enter connecting of 1-->4::0
Enter connecting of 1-->5::0
Enter connecting of 2-->1::1
Enter connecting of 2-->2::0
Enter connecting of 2-->3::1
Enter connecting of 2-->4::1
Enter connecting of 2-->5::0
Enter connecting of 3-->1::1
Enter connecting of 3-->2::1
Enter connecting of 3-->3::0
Enter connecting of 3-->4::0
Enter connecting of 3-->5::0
Enter connecting of 4-->1::0
Enter connecting of 4-->2::1
Enter connecting of 4-->3::0
Enter connecting of 4-->4::0
Enter connecting of 4-->5::1
Enter connecting of 5-->1::0
Enter connecting of 5-->2::0
Enter connecting of 5-->3::0
Enter connecting of 5-->4::1
Enter connecting of 5-->5::0
Enter root node:2
Adjacent node of root node:: 2
134
5

32
7. Implementation of Connection oriented concurrent service (TCP).
If we are creating a connection between client and server using TCP then it has a few functionalities like,
TCP is suited for applications that require high reliability, and transmission time is relatively less critical.
It is used by other protocols like HTTP, HTTPs, FTP, SMTP, Telnet. TCP rearranges data packets in the
order specified. There is absolute guarantee that the data transferred remains intact and arrives in the same
order in which it was sent. TCP does Flow Control and requires three packets to set up a socket
connection before any user data can be sent. TCP handles reliability and congestion control. It also does
error checking and error recovery. Erroneous packets are retransmitted from the source to the destination.
SOURCE CODE:
SERVER:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
#include<netdb.h>
#define SERV_TCP_PORT 5035
int main(int argc,char**argv)
{
int sockfd,newsockfd,clength;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr,cli_addr;
char buffer[4096];
sockfd=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
serv_addr.sin_family=AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr=INADDR_ANY;
serv_addr.sin_port=htons(SERV_TCP_PORT);
printf("\nStart");
bind(sockfd,(struct sockaddr*)&serv_addr,sizeof(serv_addr));
printf("\nListening...");
printf("\n");
listen(sockfd,5);
clength=sizeof(cli_addr);
newsockfd=accept(sockfd,(struct sockaddr*)&cli_addr,&clength);
printf("\nAccepted");
printf("\n");
read(newsockfd,buffer,4096);
printf("\nClient message:%s",buffer);
write(newsockfd,buffer,4096);
printf("\n");
close(sockfd);
return 0;
}
CLIENT:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
#include<netdb.h>
#define SERV_TCP_PORT 5035
int main(int argc,char*argv[])
{
int sockfd;

33
 struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
struct hostent *server;
char buffer[4096];
sockfd=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
serv_addr.sin_family=AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
serv_addr.sin_port=htons(SERV_TCP_PORT);
printf("\nReady for sending...");
connect(sockfd,(struct sockaddr*)&serv_addr,sizeof(serv_addr));
printf("\nEnter the message to send\n");
printf("\nClient: ");
fgets(buffer,4096,stdin);
write(sockfd,buffer,4096);
printf("Serverecho:%s",buffer);
printf("\n");
close(sockfd);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
SERVER:

CLIENT:

34
8. Implementation of Connectionless Iterative time service (UDP).
UDP is widespread on the Internet for time-sensitive transmissions like DNS lookups and video playback.
By not explicitly establishing a connection before data is sent, it speeds up communications. This enables
the delivery of data incredibly quickly, but it can also result in packets being lost in transit, opening up the
potential for DDoS assaults and other forms of exploitation. UDP is a defined procedure for transferring
data between two computers connected by a network, like all networking protocols. In contrast to other
protocols, UDP completes this task in a straightforward manner: it delivers packets (units of data
transmission) straight to the destination computer without first establishing a connection, specifying the
order of such packets, or verifying that they arrived as intended. The term "datagram" is used to describe
UDP packets.
/ Server side implementation of UDP client-server model
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>

#define PORT 8080

#define MAXLINE 1024

// Driver code
int main() {
int sockfd;
char buffer[MAXLINE];
char *hello = "Hello from server";
struct sockaddr_in servaddr, cliaddr;

// Creating socket file descriptor

if ( (sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0 ) {
perror("socket creation failed");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

memset(&servaddr, 0, sizeof(servaddr));
memset(&cliaddr, 0, sizeof(cliaddr));

// Filling server information

servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET; // IPv4
servaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
servaddr.sin_port = htons(PORT);

// Bind the socket with the server address

if ( bind(sockfd, (const struct sockaddr *)&servaddr,
sizeof(servaddr)) < 0 )
{
perror("bind failed");

35
 exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

int len, n;

len = sizeof(cliaddr); //len is value/result

n = recvfrom(sockfd, (char *)buffer, MAXLINE,

MSG_WAITALL, ( struct sockaddr *) &cliaddr,
&len);
buffer[n] = '\0';
printf("Client : %s\n", buffer);
sendto(sockfd, (const char *)hello, strlen(hello),
MSG_CONFIRM, (const struct sockaddr *) &cliaddr,
len);
printf("Hello message sent.\n");

return 0;
}
// Client side implementation of UDP client-server model
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>

#define PORT 8080

#define MAXLINE 1024

// Driver code
int main() {
int sockfd;
char buffer[MAXLINE];
char *hello = "Hello from client";
struct sockaddr_in servaddr;

// Creating socket file descriptor

if ( (sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0 ) {
perror("socket creation failed");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

memset(&servaddr, 0, sizeof(servaddr));

// Filling server information

servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;

36
 servaddr.sin_port = htons(PORT);
servaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

int n, len;

sendto(sockfd, (const char *)hello, strlen(hello),

MSG_CONFIRM, (const struct sockaddr *) &servaddr,
sizeof(servaddr));
printf("Hello message sent.\n");

n = recvfrom(sockfd, (char *)buffer, MAXLINE,

MSG_WAITALL, (struct sockaddr *) &servaddr,
&len);
buffer[n] = '\0';
printf("Server : %s\n", buffer);

close(sockfd);
return 0;
}
Output:
$ ./server
Client: Hello from the client
Hello, message sent.
$ ./client
Hello, message sent.
Server : Hello from the server

37
9. Configuration of DHCP Server and Implementation of DNS.
DHCP is a network management protocol used in networks to dynamically assign IP addresses and other
network configuration information like default gateway, mask, DNS server address, etc. It is an
application layer protocol.
Step 1: First, open the packet tracer desktop and select the devices given below:
S.NO Device Model-Name Unit

1. PC PC 5

2. Switch PT-Switch 2

3. Router PT-Router 1

4. Server Server-PT 1
 Now create a network topology as shown below the image.
 Use an Automatic connecting cable to connect the devices with others.

Step 2: Configure the Server with IPv4 address and Subnet Mask according to the Data given
above.
 To assign an IP address in Server, click on Server-PT.
 Then, go to desktop and IP configuration and there you will find IPv4 configuration.
 Add IPv4 address, subnet mask, and Default Gateway.

2. Assigning IP address using the ipconfig command.

38
  We can also assign an IP address with the help of a command.
 Go to the command prompt of the server
 Then, type ipconfig <IPv4 address><subnet mask><default gateway>(if needed)

Step 3: Configuring the DHCP server.

To configure the DHCP server first,
 Click on Server then, Go to services.
 Click on DHCP and turn on the services and, configure the DHCP server with the help of the data
given below.
 Delete the default values of Start IP Address and subnet Mask then save the info.
 Create two new pools.
POOL1 and POOL2 and fill the data as shown in the images below.

39
Step 4: Configuring Router with IPv4 Address and Subnet Mask.
 To assign an IP address in router0, click on router0.
 Then, go to config and then Interfaces, and make sure to turn on the ports.
 Then, configure the IP address in FastEthernet according to IP addressing Table.
 Fill IPv4 address and subnet mask.
Step 5: Configuring the PCs and changing the IP configuration.
 To assign an IP address in PC0, click on PC0.
 Then, go to desktop and IP configuration and there you will find IPv4 configuration.
 Change its state from static to DHCP.
 It will automatically fetch the data and configure itself.
 Repeat the same procedure with other PCs to configure them thoroughly.
OUTPUT:

40
10. Implementation of HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol).
A web server is like a computer that uses an HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) and many other
protocols. it responds when a client makes a request over the World Wide Web. The main work of the web
server is to show website content that is processed, and stored, in the web server to deliver the web pages
to the user. The Web server also uses SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for sending mail and FTP
(File Transfer Protocol) for file transfer and storage.
Step 1: After Installation Open Packet Tracer.

Step 2: Implementation– Click End Devices and Then Select PC The Drag Into them In the Screen.

Step 3: Again Click End Devices and after that click on a server. Drag Into Screen

Step 4: Connect each other with a wire for this click-on connection.

Step 5: After Click On this Click on the PC and other hand click on a server. Like This

41
Configuration:
Step 1: Double-Click On PC0 and Click on Desktop Then Go to IP Configuration

Step 2: Then Set the IP that you want to give.

Step 3: Double-Click on Server0. Then Click on IP Configuration and Set the IP for the web server.

42
Step 4: Set the IP Address to identify the web address.

Step 5: Now go to Services and add some HTML code to check whether the server is working or not

43
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Welcome To GFG</h2>
<p>Default code has been loaded into the Editor.</p>
</body>
</html>
Add this code and save it
Step 6: Go to PC0 Click on Desktop and then open Web Browser.

Step 7: Remember the IP that we are given to the web server enter the same IP to the address bar. Click
on go

44