My Information

• Mohammad Nawawi Seroji

• T2 – L17 – Room 9A
• mnawawi@uitm.edu.my
• Office hours : TBA (for visits without an
appointment)

For queries, the best way to contact me thru:

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 • EPO640 – Electric Drives
• 3 Credits
• Semester 6
• Lecturers:
Course 1) Ir Ts Dr Rahimi Baharom
(Coordinator)
Information 2) Ts Dr Wan Nor Aishah Wan
Munim
3) Assoc Prof Dr Naeem M. S.
Honnoon

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 By the end of the course,
students should be able to:
Learning 1. Identify the operation of various
electrical and electronic drives system
Outcome 2. Appraise various converter circuit
topologies and control strategies in AC
and DC drives system.
3. Perform problem solving related to
application of AC and DC drive system
using computer simulation tools.

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 Electric Drive Lecture Structure

NO TOPIC CONTACT
HOURS (H)
1 ELECTRIC DRIVE , CONCEPTS, METHODS, DESIGN TOOLS
2 DIRECT CURRENT (DC) ELECTRIC DRIVE
3 ALTERNATE CURRENT (AC) ELECTRIC DRIVE
4 OTHER ELECTRIC DRIVES
5 ASSESSMENT

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 Week Date Topic Assignment Test Tutorial/quiz
1 13-Oct INTRODUCTION
1 15-Oct INTRODUCTION 1
2 20-Oct CONCEPT METHOD DESIGN
TOOLS
SHEDULE 2 22-Oct CONCEPT METHOD DESIGN
TOOLS
2

3 27-Oct CONCEPT METHOD DESIGN PO5

TOOLS
3 29-Oct DC DRIVE
4 3-Nov DC DRIVE
4 5-Nov DC DRIVE 3
5 10-Nov DC DRIVE
5 12-Nov DC DRIVE
6 17-Nov DC DRIVE 4
6 19-Nov TEST 1

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 Week Date Topic Assignment Test Tutorial/quiz
SEMESTER BREAK
7 1-Dec AC DRIVE
7 3-Dec AC DRIVE
8 8-Dec AC DRIVE 5
8 10-Dec AC DRIVE
SHEDULE 9 15-Dec AC DRIVE
9 17-Dec AC DRIVE 6
10 22-Dec Other Drive
10 24-Dec Other Drive
SEMESTER BREAK
11 5-Jan Other Drive 7
11 7-Jan Other Drive
12 12-Jan Other Drive 8
12 14-Jan TEST 2
13 19-Jan Final Prep
13 21-Jan Final Prep
14 26-Jan Final Prep
14 28-Jan Final Prep
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Timetable and Method Assessment
SCHEDULE
Day Type Weeks Time Venue
Lecture
Practical

ASSESSMENT
Assessment Type Weight Requirement
Test 1 10% 2 hours test
Test 2 10% 2 hours test
Quiz 10% Online
Coursework 10% Lab / simulation Practical
Exam 60% 3 hours exam

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 3 Hours covering electric drive
topics. The exam will aim to cover
all electric drive elements

Assessment Electric Drive Concepts

Details :
EXAM AC / DC Machine drive

Other Motor Drive

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 Simulation Practice on
Electric Drive

Assessment 8 hours (4 X 2hr) timetable slot

Details : to work on the simulation,
with academic and
Coursework demonstrator support

Assessed via a single report

submitted through Turnitin

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 Test: 2 hours covering topic
according to chapter

Assessment Test 1 will cover topics: ELECTRIC

Details : DRIVE , CONCEPTS, METHODS,

DESIGN TOOLS and DIRECT

Test CURRENT (DC) ELECTRIC DRIVE

Test 2 will cover topics: ALTERNATE

CURRENT (AC) ELECTRIC DRIVE
and OTHER ELECTRIC DRIVES

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 • Vector representation and Calculus
• Magnetic Fields
• Steady state DC circuit analysis
• DC Power
Things you • Steady state AC circuit analysis

should • R, C, L loads
• Phase relationships
know well • Power Factor
• Three phase systems
• Star and delta connections
• Active and Reactive Power
• Power transformers
Why Study
Electric Drive?
• The most and common effective converter
of electrical energy to mechanical energy
and vice versa
• Traditional Application
• Industrial Drives
• Pumps
• Generators
• Expanding Application Area
• Embedded Generation
• Electrical and Hybrid Vehicles
• All Electric Ship
• More Electric Aircraft
• Automation and manufacture

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Why is this • Power Electronics
• Microprocessors
area • New Materials (Permanent magnets)

becoming
• The technological improvement are leading to:
1. Higher Speed Machines

more
2. Higher Torque Density
3. New machine topologies which only operate
through power electronics
important 4. Higher operating temperatures
5. High performance and Energy efficient control
to the • Drivers

Electrical
1. Energy Efficiency and reduced CO2 emissions
2. Energy Utilisation
3. More Electric Transport
Engineer? 4. Renewable Energy
 Basic Questions

1. What constitutes an electrical machine?

2. Why are there different forms?

3. How do they work?

Fundamental 4. How big will a machine have to be to
matters deliver a particular power?

5. What do I need to know to use a particular

machine type?

6. How can I analyze the method of working

of a particular machine type?

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What constitutes an electrical machine?
❑ All machines are used to transfer energy between
mechanical and electrical systems.
− Electrical power is expressed as voltage times current (P=V × I)
− Mechanical power can be expressed either as
− Rotational form = Torque times angular Velocity (Pm=Tm× ωm)
{subscript m refers to a mechanical quantity here}
− Linear form = Force times linear Velocity (Pm=Fm× vm)

❑ Thus machines may be either translational or rotational

but they ALL involve mechanical movement at some
time. Thus all machines have 2 parts, one fixed (stator)
and the other moving relative to it (rotor).
❑ Conversion
− Electrical to Mechanical is a Motor
− Mechanical to Electrical is a Generator
− Most machines can work in either mode
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 Why are there different forms? (1)
❑ The rotational ones all look very similar from outside
▪ A round or rectangular body with a shaft sticking out of one end. Normally
some box to make the electrical connections fastened to the top or one
side
❑ Differences may be due to the fact that
▪ The electrical power input is different
− E.g. dc motor which needs to be operated from :
− a battery (e.g. car radiator fan)
− or from a dc supply (e.g. electric traction such as the
underground)
− or via a power electronic controller from the mains
− E.g. ac motor which can operate from either the
− ac mains supply directly
− or from a power electronic variable frequency ac source supplied
either t h e m a i n s o r f r o m a d c s o u r c e
❑ The operating conditions are different
▪ AC Induction (asynchronous) or AC synchronous
▪ Induction motors are able to produce a torque at any speed other than
synchronous whilst synchronous only produce a torque at synchronous
speed
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Why are there different forms? (2)
Different Operating Requirements

❑ DC machines were favorite until sometime ago for speed control

▪ Much of the theory for controlling other machine types is based on manipulating the
power electronics and the (other form of) machine so that it looks to the controller to
behave like a dc machine.
▪ Currently the market for dc machines is constant or reducing.
▪ Disadvantage is maintenance problem of brushes and commutator together
with poor capability to operate totally enclosed.

❑ DSP and sophisticated control

▪ Variable frequency ac power electronic supplies now common mostly for
induction motors but also for permanent magnet synchronous machines.
▪ Advantage is high reliability (of machines) and totally enclosed fan cooled (TEFC)
form is common keeping out moisture, dirt and other damaging
chemicals/materials

2
0
Why are there different forms? (3)
❑Some machines can’t operate at all without a special power
electronic controller:
▪ These machines usually require pulsating on and off of the
voltage fed to their phase windings in synchronism with
the angular position of the rotor in order to make them
work.
▪ e.g. Switched Reluctance Motors and Brushless DC
motors

❑Different motors have different characteristics:

▪ Temperature, cost, efficiency…..

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 Variety of available machines
❑ Power levels
▪ 10-6 to 109 W
▪ Watches to power generation
❑ Torque levels
▪ 10-6 to 109 Nm
▪ Spindle to Traction
❑ Speed range
▪ 10 to 500 kRPM
▪ Wind turbine to PCB spindle
drilling
❑ Positioning accuracies
▪ Up to 1nm = 10-9 m

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 Variety of available machines
Power levels
• 10-6 to 109W
• Watches to power
generation

Ex: IM Power Range

• 100-500W small fans
• 1-50kW fans, pumps, conveyors, escalators
• 500kW water pumping, coal cutting
• 1MW high speed train motor
• 10MW warship/cruise ship motor

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 Machine Topologies
Conventional Machines (1st Gen)
− DC Machine
− Induction Machine
− Synchronous Machine Enabled by better
permanent magnets
PM Machines (2nd Gen)
− Brushed PM DC Machines
Enabled by better
− PM AC Machines drives and control

Control reliant machines (3rd Gen)

− Brushless PM DC Machine
− Brushless PM AC Machine
− Reluctance Machines
Machine Topologies

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 Remaining Questions…

❑What do I need to know to use a particular

machine type?
❑How can I analyse the method of working of a
particular machine type?
We will look at answering these questions for each
type of machine in the remaining part of the course
 Quiz
− During the break, a few simple questions for you
on machine and power fundamentals. We will
answer these after the break. Hopefully, you know
these from years 1&2.
• Define output power, input power, power factor
and efficiency of a motor?
• What factor can we use to find 3 phase values
from a single phase result?
• What is the ideal torque equation of a motor?
• How is power related to motor torque?
• How is power related to motor Volume?

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 Quiz
Define output power, input power, power factor and
efficiency of a motor?
• For a motor:
Output power – power delivered to the load

Input power – total supply power required to operate

Power factor – proportion of input power that is

consumed/converted (into anything, output and loss)

Efficiency – proportion of the consumed power that

is delivered to the load

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 Quiz
What factor can we use to find 3 phase values from a single phase result?
3 Proportional to
rotor volume Vol
What is the ideal torque equation of a motor?
𝑇 = (𝐵𝐴) ×(πDL) ×D/2 = (π/2)× (𝐵𝐴) × D2L

How is power related to motor torque?

𝑃 = 𝑇 × 𝜔 (𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 × 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦/𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)

How is power related to motor Volume?

𝑃~𝑉𝑜𝑙 × 𝜔 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)

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Electrical and Hybrid Vehicles
− Improved efficiency and
environmental impact

− Different types of machines

can be used for traction :
1. Induction Motors
2. Brushless DC
3. Brushless AC
4. Switched Reluctance

− Demanding torque speed

characteristics and operating
environment

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 Electrical and Hybrid Vehicles
Range of applications for electrical machines in cars: Start with most common. Any guesses?

Electric windows,
Analogue Power seats, locks etc.
gauges Steering

Turbocharger Traction drive

motor?

Starter Alternator

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 Electrical and Hybrid Vehicles
Traction drive typical requirements:
− Top speed from 3000 to 14000 RPM,
depending on position and gearing

Remember from previous lesson

Power = Torque x Speed (P=Tω), so output torque can
be vastly different depending on position (and speed).
As Torque ~ Volume (T = 2VolBA, ideally), motor size can
also vary radically, ~ 5-1 ratio from above.

Let’s take a specific example… FreedomCAR 2020, a

target specification for automotive electrical machines

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 Electrical and Hybrid Vehicles
Traction motor (FreedomCar spec)
Generation
− Most forms of conventional
and renewable generation
include electrical machines
− Generally “as fast rotation
as possible”, P=Tω. But
application dependent
− Conventional: Steam
turbine, in UK/Malaysia
typically 2 pole -
3000RPM… why?
− 50Hz x 60 seconds
− Hydro/wind: Can be very
low, down to a few RPM

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 Generation
Range of applications for generation:
− Conventional (fuel burning): Generally coupled
directly to a steam turbine to convert Thermal >
Mechanical > Electrical energy
− Wind: Usually uses a gearbox between rotor and
machine to increase rotational speed, why?
P~Vxω, so the faster the rotation, the smaller… and
lighter… and usually cheaper a generator can be
− Hydro: Multiple solutions, some use low speed
turbines (water wheel), but generally use water
pressure to produce higher speeds. Commonly use a
med speed (~1000RPM max) reaction turbine, such
as a Francis turbine.

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 Conventional Generation
Steam turbine based generation typical requirements
− High efficiency
− High reliability (with maintenance)
− High power

− Typical constraints
− System cost and lifetime
− Starting and synchronization needs
− Control/idling operation
− Fairly ideal environment, custom designed space
without tight weight/size limits

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Renewable Generation
− Rapidly expanding
application area
− Different types of
machines can be
used, ex:
1. Doubly Fed Induction
machines
2. Wound Synchronous
machines
3. Permanent magnet
machines
− Reliability and
maintainability are
important properties
especially for
machines used in off-
shore generation

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 Renewable Generation
Wind generator typical requirements
− Very high reliability
− High efficiency
− High power level
− Low maintenance
− Typical constraints
− Weight and size
− Location and environment
− Grid connection
− Operating environment is hostile, challenging to
maintain and generally remote

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 Industrial Drive
Industrial drives
− Standard drives used in a
huge range of industrial
applications
− Wide range of types, but
generally standardized and
From Electrical Engineering Portal
mass produced
− Huge range of systems
available dependent on
application area
− Typically not application
specialized

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 Industrial Drive
− Range of applications for electrical machines
− Fans
− Pumps
− Machine tools and manufacturing
− Automation and robotics
− Conveyors and movers
− Test equipment
− Transit systems
− Lifts

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 Industrial Drive
Industrial drive
− Typical requirements
− Tend to be standard sizes e.g. 90kW
− Based on grid supply, 50 or 60Hz, 3
phase, 400 or 480V (Europe or US)
− Given speed. IM types can operate at
other speeds but given speed is
generally optimal

− Typical constraints From ABB LV General Motor Catalog

− Environment: Range from standard

to fully enclosed (for hazardous,
corrosive or clean environment)
− Efficiency standards
− Frame size standardization

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 Marine applications

− Increases usable space

− Decouples engine speed from propeller speed
− Faster dynamics
− Optimized power use – several propellers supplied
from one generator at low power
− No gearbox
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 Marine applications
− Range of applications for electrical machines:
− Podded thrusters (distributed drive)

− Decoupled generation: Electric generator and

motor, no direct mechanical connection

− Smaller loads: Bow thrusters, pumps etc

− Control of steering

− Emissions management

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 Marine applications
Podded thrusters
− Typical requirements
− Robust and reliable, long lifetime
− Highly efficient
− Controllable
− Work with large mechanical gaps

− Typical constraints
− Operating environment: Limited access, seawater
(corrosive substance)
− Direct cost (especially vs traditional type)

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More Electric Aircraft
− Reduced weight at aircraft level
and thus higher efficiency
− Need of highly reliable and fault-
tolerant machines
− Electrical Machines are (or will
be) used for :
Rudder EHA • Electrical actuation
• Generation (more electrical
engine)
• ECS (environmental conditioning
system)
• Fuel pumps, thrust reversers ….

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 More Electric Aircraft
− Range of applications for electrical machines
− Generation for system loads, turbine connected

− Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) & wind turbine to

give starting power in an emergency, Ram Air
Turbine (RAT)

− Control surfaces: Rudder, ailerons, flaps

− Landing gear: Extension and control

− Green taxiing (Electric Green Taxiing System,

EGTS)
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 More Electric Aircraft
Starter generator
− Typical requirements
− Small and light
− High efficiency
− High reliability

− Typical constraints
− Environment: -20 cold to combustion temp
(1000+˚C), normal to ¼ atmosphere pressure
− Mounting: In engine challenges of size and shape
− Above: Size, weight and reliability

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Linear transit and Launch

− Linear motors accelerate a

vehicle along a track
− Used in amusement rides and
for UAV/aircraft launch (high
acceleration) and for transit
systems (lower acceleration)
− Ideal characteristics for a launch
machine
1. High force density and short term
output
2. High reliability and robustness
3. High efficiency and power factor

44
 Linear transit and Launch
Range of applications for electrical machines
• Baggage transport and conveyors
• Personal transport: MAGLEV, Hyperloop
• Amusement ride launch
• Assisted aircraft take off
• Projectile launch, railguns

C Sanchez CCL

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 Linear transit and Launch
Aircraft launch system
− Typical requirements
− Very high short term thrust
− High reliability and failsafe
− Efficient, high power factor
− Controllable

− Typical constraints
− Power supply/size and availability
− Payload limits
− Limited space and mass

51
 Linear transit and Launch
Testing an aircraft launch system

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQF9HYGx8Vg
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THANK YOU

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