UNIT : XIV Environmental Chemistry

Environmental pollution Air, water and soil pollution,

chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major

atmospheric pollutants, acid rain ozone and its reactions,

effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and

global warming–pollution due to industrial wastes, green

chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution,

strategy for control of environmental pollution.

CLASS 12th

UNIT : I Solid State

Classification of solids based on different binding forces,

molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids, amorphous

and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two

dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of

density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency,

voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell,

point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band

theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and

insulators.

UNIT : II Solutions

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of

solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in

liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties- relative

lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult's law, elevation of

boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic

pressure, determination of molecular masses using

colligative properties abnormal molecular mass. Van

Hoff factor.

UNIT : III Electrochemistry

Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions,

specific and molar conductivity variation of conductivity

with concentration, Kohlrausch's Law, electrolysis and

Laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cellelectrolytic

cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator,

EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Relation

between Gibb's energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel

cells, corrosion.

UNIT : IV Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors

affecting rates of reaction, concentration, temperature,

catalyst, order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law

and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and

half-life (only for zero and first order reactions), concept

of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical

treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.

UNIT : V Surface Chemistry

Adsorption physisorption and chemisorptions, factors

affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis

homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and

selectivity, enzyme catalysis, colloidal state, distinction

between true solutions, colloids and suspensions,

lyophillic, lyophobic multimolecular and

macromolecular colloids, properties of colloids, Tyndall

effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis,

coagulation, emulsions – types of emulsions.

UNIT : VI General Principles and Processes of

Isolation of Elements

Principles and methods of extraction concentration,

oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining,

occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium,

copper, zinc and iron,

UNIT : VII p-Block Elements

Group 15 elements General introduction, electronic

configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in

physical and chemical properties, preparation and

properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen

(structure only), phosphorous allotropic forms,

compounds of phosphorous, preparation and properties

of phosphine, halides (PCl3, PCl5) and oxoacids

(elementary idea only).

Group 16 elements General introduction, electronic

configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in

physical and chemical properties, dioxygen, preparation,

properties and uses, classification of oxides, ozone.

Sulphur allotropic forms, compounds of sulphur,

preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide,

sulphuric acid, industrial process of manufacture,

properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures

only).

Group 17 elements General introduction, electronic

configuration, oxidation states occurrence, trends in

physical and chemical properties, compounds of

halogens, preparation, properties and uses of chlorine

and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds oxoacids

of halogens (structures only).

Group 18 elements General introduction, electronic

configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and

chemical properties, uses.

UNIT : VIII d-and f-Block Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration,

characteristics of transition metals, general trends in

properties of the first row transition metals metallic

character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic

radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties,

interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and

properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4. Lanthanoids

electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical

reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its

consequences. Actinoids Electronic configuration,

oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.

UNIT : XI Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds Introduction, ligands,

coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and

shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear

coordination compounds, isomerism (structural and

stereo) bonding, Werner's theory VBT, CFT, importance

of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis,

biological systems).

UNIT : X Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes Nomenclature, nature of C–X bond,

physical and chemical properties, mechanism of

substitution reactions. Optical rotation. Haloarenes

Nature of C–X bond, substitution reactions (directive

influence of halogen for mono substituted compounds

only). Uses and environment effects of –

dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetra chloromethane,

iodoform, freons, DDT.

UNIT : XI Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols Nomenclature, methods of preparation,

physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols

only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary

alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special

reference to methanol and ethanol. Phenols,

Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and

chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol,

electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.

Ethers, Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical

and chemical properties uses.

UNIT : XII Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic

Acids

Aldehydes and Ketones Nomenclature, nature of

carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and

chemical properties, and mechanism of nucleophilic

addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses.

Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods

of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

UNIT : XIII Organic compounds Containing

Nitrogen

Amines Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods

of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses,

identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines.

Cyanides and Isocyanides will be mentioned at relevant

places. Diazonium salts Preparation, chemical reactions

and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT : XIV Biomolecules

Carbohydrates Classification (aldoses and ketoses),

monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D.L.

configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose,

maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen):

importance. Proteins Elementary idea of – amino acids,

peptide bonds, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure,

secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary

structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins,

enzymes. Hormones Elementary idea (excluding

structure). Vitamins Classification and function. Nucleic

Acids DNA and RNA

UNIT : XV Polymers

Classification Natural and synthetic, methods of

polymerization (addition and condensation),

copolymerization. Some important polymers natural

and synthetic like polyesters, Bakelite, rubber,

Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.

UNIT : XVI Chemistry in Everyday Life

Chemicals in medicines analgesics, tranquilizers,

antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility

drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines. Chemicals in

food preservatives, artificial sweetening agents,

elementary idea of antioxidants. Cleansing agents soaps

and detergents, cleansing action.

JEE (Main)

Section-A (Physical Chemistry)

Unit : I Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry

Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory; Concept of

atom, molecule, element and compound; Physical

quantities and their measurements in Chemistry,

precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units,

dimensional analysis; Laws of chemical combination;

Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar

mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular

formulae; Chemical equations and stoichiometry.

Unit : II States of Matter

Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous

states.

Gaseous State Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws

- Boyle's law, Charle's law, Graham's law of diffusion,

Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure;

Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas

equation, Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates);

Concept of average, root mean square and most probable

velocities; Real gases, deviation from Ideal behaviour,

compressibility factor, Van der Waal's Equation,

liquefaction of gases, critical constants.

Liquid State Properties of liquids - vapour pressure,

viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature

on them (qualitative treatment only).

Solid State Classification of solids: molecular, ionic,

covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline

solids (elementary idea); Bragg's Law and its

applications, Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc,

bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit

cell parameters, imperfection in solids; electrical,

magnetic and dielectric properties.

Unit : III Atomic Structure

Discovery of sub-atomic particles (electron, proton and

neutron); Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and

their limitations; Nature of electromagnetic radiation,

photoelectric effect; spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr

model of hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the

relations for energy of the electron and radii of the

different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; dual nature

of matter, de-Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg

uncertainty principle.

Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum

mechanical model of atom, its important features, ψ and

ψ2, concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave

functions; Variation of ψ and ψ2 with r for 1s and 2s

orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular

momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their

significance; shapes of s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin

and spin quantum number; rules for filling electrons in

orbitals - aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and

Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra

stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

Unit : IV Chemical Bonding and Molecular

Structure

Kossel Lewis approach to chemical bond formation,

concept of ionic and covalent bonds.

Ionic Bonding Formation of ionic bonds, factors

affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of

lattice enthalpy.

Covalent Bonding Concept of electronegativity, Fajan's

rule, dipole moment; Valence Shell Electron Pair

Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple

molecules.

Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding

Valence bond theory - Its important features, concept of

hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals; Resonance.

Molecular Orbital Theory its important features, LCAOs,

types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding),

sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic

configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules,

concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy.

Elementary idea of metallic bonding, Hydrogen bonding

and its applications.

UNIT : V Chemical Thermodynamics

Fundamentals of thermodynamics System and

surrounding, extensive and intensive properties, state

functions, types of processes.

First law of thermodynamics Concept of work, heat

internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat

capacity, Hess's law of constant heat summation;

Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation,

atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration,

ionization and solution.

Second law of thermodynamics Spontaneity of

processes; ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system as

criteria for spontaneity, ΔG° (Standard Gibb's energy

change) and equilibrium constant.

UNIT : VI Solution

Different methods for expressing concentration of

solution-molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage

(by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions

and Raoult's Law-Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour

pressure-compositions plots for ideal and non-ideal

solutions.

Colligative properties of dilute solutions-relative

lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing

point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure;

Determination of molecular mass using colligative

properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, Van't Hoff

factor and its significance.

UNIT : VII Equilibrium

Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic

equilibrium.

Equilibria involving physical processes Solid-liquid,

liquid-gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law, general

characteristics of equilibrium involving physical

processes.

Equilibria involving chemical processes Law of chemical

equilibrium, equilibrium constants (K and K) and their

significance, significance of ΔG and ΔG° in chemical

equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration,

pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst; Le-Chatelier's

principle.

Ionic equilibrium Weak and strong electrolytes,

ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and

bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis) and their

ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage

ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water,

pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH

of their solution, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and

solubility products, buffer solutions.

UNIT : VIII Redox Reactions and

Electrochemistry

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox

reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning

oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.

Eectrolytic and metallic conduction,

conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar

conductivities and their variation with concentration:

Kohlrausch's law and its applications.

Electrochemical cells-Electrolytic and Galvanic cells,

different types of electrodes, electrode potentials

including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell

reaction, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement;

Nernst equation and its application; Relationship

between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change; Dry

cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells; Corrosion and its

prevention.

UNIT : IX Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of

reactions concentration, temperature, pressure and

catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and

molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its

units, differential and integral forms of zero and first

order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, effect

of temperature on rate of reactions-Arrhenius theory,

activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of

bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

UNIT : X Surface Chemistry

Adsorption physisorption and chemisorptions and their

characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on

solids-Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms,

adsorption from solutions.

Catalysis Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and

selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its

mechanism.

Colloidal state distinction among true solutions, colloids

and suspensions, classification of colloids-lyophilic,

lyophobic; multi molecular, macro-molecular and

associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties

of colloids Tyndall effect, Browninan movement,

electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation;

Emulsions and their characteristics.

SECTION-B (Inorganic Chemistry)

UNIT : XI Classification of Elements and

Periodicity in Properties

Periodic Law and present Form of the Periodic Table,

s,p,d and f block Elements, Periodic Trends in Properties

of elements, atomic and ionic Radii, ionization Enthalpy,

Electron Gain Enthalpy, Valence, Oxidation States and

Chemical Reactivity.

UNIT : XII General Principles and Processes of

Isolation of Metals

Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals,

ores; steps involved in the extraction of metalsconcentration,

reduction (Chemical and electrolytic

methods) and refining with special reference to the

extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe; Thermodynamic and

electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of

metals.

UNIT : XIII Hydrogen

Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes,

preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; physical

and chemical properties of water and heavy water;

Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen

peroxide; Classification of hydrides ionic, covalent and

interstitial; Hydrogen as a fuel.

UNIT : XIV s-Block Elements

(Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)

Group 1 and 2 Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration and

general trends in physical and chemical properties of

elements, anomalous properties of the first element of

each group, diagonal relationships.

Preparation and properties of some important

compounds- sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium

hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate; industrial

uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement;

Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca.

UNIT : XV p-Block Elements

Group 13 to Group 18 Elements, General Introduction

Electronic configuration and general trends in physical

and chemical properties of elements across the periods

and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first

element in each group.

Group wise study of the p-Block Elements

Group 13 Preparation, properties and uses of boron and

aluminium; structure, properties and uses of borax, boric

acid, diborane, boron tifluoride, aluminium chloride and

alums.

Group 14 Tendency for catenation; Structure, properties

and uses of allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon

tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites and silicones.

Group 15 Properties and uses of nitrogen and

phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of phosphorus;

Preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia

nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PCl3,

PCl5; Structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and

phosphorus.

Group – 16 Preparation, properties, structures an uses of

dioxygen and ozone; Allotropic forms of sulphur;

preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphur

dioxide, sulphuric acid (including its industrial

preparation), Structures of oxoacids of sulphur.

Group -17 Preparation, properties and uses of chlorine

and hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of

hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds

and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.

Group - 18 Occurrence and uses of noble gases;

Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.

UNIT : XVI d – and f –b Block Elements

Transition Elements General introduction, electronic

configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general

trends in properties of the first row transition elements -

physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states.

Atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic

properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds,

alloy formation; Preparation, properties an