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Orifices, Mouthpieces & Time To Empty A Tank

Notes on orifices

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173 views35 pages

Orifices, Mouthpieces & Time To Empty A Tank

Notes on orifices

Uploaded by

iankkamau087
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Orifices and mouthpieces (continued)

3.7 Discharge through Partially Submerged Orifice


If the outlet side of an orifice is only partly submerged (or drowned) under liquid
then it is known as partially submerged (or drowned) orifice (Fig. 3.4). The upper
portion behaves as an orifice discharging free, while the lower portion behaves as
a submerged orifice. The total discharge is determined by computing separately
the discharges through the free and the submerged portions and then adding
together the two discharges thus computed.

Fig. 3.4. Partially submerged orifice.


Example 4
A rectangular orifice 1.5 m wide and 1.2 m deep is fitted in one side of a
large tank. The water level on one side of the orifice is 2 m above the top
edge of the orifice, while on the other side of the orifice, the water level
is 0.4 m below its top edge. Calculate the discharge through the orifice if
Cd = 0.62.
4.Time to empty tanks
4.1 Time required for emptying a tank through an orifice at its bottom
Consider a tank, of uniform cross-sectional area, containing some liquid, and having an
orifice at its bottom as shown in Fig. 4.1.

Fig. 4.1 Tank with an orifice at its bottom


Let, A = Cross-sectional area of the tank,
a = Area of the orifice,
H1 = Initial height of liquid,
H2=Final height of liquid
T= Time in seconds, required to bring the level from H1 to H2.
Let at some instant the height of the liquid be h above the orifice and let the liquid
surface fall by an amount dh after a small interval for time dt.
Then, volume of the liquid that has passed the tank in time dt,
dq = - A dh ……………..(i)
(- ve sign of dh is taken because the value of h decreases when the discharge
increases).
Also, theoretical velocity through the orifice
Example 1
A circular tank of diameter 3 m contains water up to a height of 4m. The tank is
provided with an orifice of diameter 0.4 m at the bottom. Find the time taken by
water,
(i) to fall from 4 m to 2 m, and
(it) for completely emptying the tank.
Take Cd= 0.6
Example 2.
A 1 m diameter circular tank contains water up to a height of 4 m. At the bottom of
tank an orifice of 40 mm is provided. Find the height of water above the orifice
after 1.5 minutes. Take co-efficient of discharge for the orifice Cd = 0.6.
4.2 Time required for emptying a hemispherical tank
Consider a hemispherical tank containing some liquid and fitted with an orifice at its
bottom as shown in the Fig. 4.2. Let, R = Radius of the tank,
Example 3.
A hemispherical tank of 2 m radius is provided with an orifice of 40 mm at its bottom. It contains
water up to a height of 1.8 m. Find the time required by water (1) to fall from 1.8 m to 1.2 m, and
(2) for completely emptying the tank. Take Cd= 0.62.
4.3 Time required for emptying a circular horizontal tank
Consider a circular horizontal tank having an orifice at its bottom and containing some liquid
Example 4
A horizontal boiler drum 6 m long and 3 m in diameter is provided with an orifice
100 mm in diameter at its bottom. It contains water up to a height of 2.4 m.
Calculate the time taken to empty the drum. Take discharge co-efficient, Cd= 0.6.
4.5 MOUTHPIECES
The mouthpieces may be classified as follows :
According to the position of the mouthpiece :
(i) Internal mouthpiece. (ii) External mouthpiece.
According to the shape of the mouthpiece:
(i) Cylindrical mouthpiece. (II) Convergent mouthpiece.
(iii) Convergent - divergent mouthpiece.
According to nature of discharge:
i) Mouthpiece running full. (ii) Mouthpiece running free.
A mouthpiece is said to be running free if the jet of liquid after contraction does
not touch all the sides of the mouthpiece. But if the jet after contraction expands
and fills the whole mouthpiece it is known as running full.
Discharge through an external mouthpiece
A mouthpiece is a small tube (two or three times its diameter in length) attached
to an orifice. An external mouthpiece is attached to the vessel such that it projects
outside. Fig.8.23 shows a tank to which is attached an external cylindrical
mouthpiece.
Example 1.
Find the discharge from a 80 m diameter external mouthpiece, fitted to a side of a
large vessel, if the head over the mouthpiece is 6 m.

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