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3c Problem Solving

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30 views2 pages

3c Problem Solving

Uploaded by

zarryochola
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROBLEM SOLVING

Introduction

Problem solving is an important aspect of Artificial Intelligence. A problem can be


considered to consist of a goal and a set of actions that can be taken to lead to the
goal. At any given time, we consider the state of the search space to represent
where we have reached as a result of the actions we have applied so far. For
example, consider the problem of looking for a contact lens on a football field. The
initial state is how we start out, which is to say we know that the lens is
somewhere on the field, but we don’t know where. If we use the representation
where we examine the field in units of one square foot, then our first action might
be to examine the square in the top-left corner of the field. If we do not find the
lens there, we could consider the state now to be that we have examined the top-
left square and have not found the lens. After a number of actions, the state might
be that we have examined 500 squares, and we have now just found the lens in the
last square we examined. This is a goal state because it satisfies the goal that we
had of finding a contact lens.

Problem solving is a process of generating solutions from observed data.

• a ‘problem’ is characterized by a set of goals,


• a set of objects, and
• a set of operations.

These could be ill-defined and may evolve during problem solving.

Search is a method that can be used by computers to examine a problem space like
this in order to find a goal. Often, we want to find the goal as quickly as possible or
without using too many resources.

A problem space can also be considered to be a search space because in order


to solve the problem, we will search the space for a goal state. We will continue
to use the term search space to describe this concept. In this topic, we will look at
a number of methods for examining a search space. These methods are called
search methods.

The Importance of Search in AI

 It has already become clear that many of the tasks underlying AI can be
phrased in terms of a search for the solution to the problem at hand.
 Many goal based agents are essentially problem solving agents which must
decide what to do by searching for a sequence of actions that lead to their
solutions.
 For production systems, we have seen the need to search for a sequence of
rule applications that lead to the required fact or action.
 For neural network systems, we need to search for the set of connection
weights that will result in the required input to output mapping

Which search algorithm one should use will generally depend on the problem
domain? There are four important factors to consider:

• Completeness – Is a solution guaranteed to be found if at least one solution


exists?
• Optimality – Is the solution found guaranteed to be the best (or lowest cost)
solution if there exists more than one solution?
• Time Complexity – The upper bound on the time required to find a solution,
as a function of the complexity of the problem.
• Space Complexity – The upper bound on the storage space (memory)
required at any point during the search, as a function of the complexity of
the problem

A neural network is a method in artificial intelligence that teaches


computers to process data in a way that is inspired by the human brain.

Searching Solutions: To build a system to solve a problem:

1. Define the problem precisely

2. Analyze the problem

3. Isolate and represent the task knowledge that is necessary to solve the problem

4. Choose the best problem-solving techniques and apply it to the particular problem

Defining the problem as State Space Search:

The state space representation forms the basis of most of the AI methods.

 Formulate a problem as a state space search by showing the legal problem states, the legal
operators, and the initial and goal states.
 A state is defined by the specification of the values of all attributes of interest in the world
 An operator changes one state into the other; it has a precondition which is the value of certain
attributes prior to the application of the operator, and a set of effects, which are the attributes
altered by the operator
 The initial state is where you start
 The goal state is the partial description of the solution

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