Pharmaceutics -Ⅰ 1

Subject Code: BP103T

CONTENTS:
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy:
✓ History of profession of Pharmacy in India in relation to pharmacy education, industry
and organization.

PHARMACY
• The word “pharmacy” is derived from the Greek word pharmakon, meaning medicine or
drug.
• Pharmacy was considered as an art of compounding and dispensing of medicines and the
provision of drug related information to the public.
HISTORY OF PHARMACY
• The evolution of the profession of pharmacy can be divided into five historical periods;
1. ANCIENT ERA – the beginning of time to AD 1600
2. EMPERIC ERA – 1600-1940
3. INDUSTRIALIZATION ERA – 1940-1970
4. PATIENT CARE ERA – 1970-present
5. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ERA – The new horizon

1. ANCIENT ERA
• Used leaves, mud and cool water to stop bleeding and heal
wounds.
• They used these methods by observing how animals heal
their wounds.
• Documented experiences of healing onto clay tablets which
provided the earliest known written record.
• Hippocrates – The Father of Medicine
• Theophrastus – The Father of Botany – early scientist
• Mithridates – Father of Toxicology – Studied the adverse effects of plants
• “Sushrutha Samhitha” an Ayurvedic monograph of medical substances complied in 6th
century B.C (760 herbs).
• Charaka Muni (Charaka Sanhitha) classified herbs in 50 groups.

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• Sharangadara Muni (Sharangadara Sanhitha).

• Vagbhata → Ashtanga Ayurveda – refers to the eight
limbs of Ayurveda.7th century A.D
• Engraving tablet, an official monograph took birth
before 500 B.C.
• Egyptian medical document Papyrus Ebers and
Papyrus Edwin Smith were written in 1550 B.C and
16th century B.C respectively, contains classification
medicaments.
• Greeks are 1st promoters of profession of Pharmacy.
• Greek physician called Pedanios Diascorides wrote a book of 5 volumes on medicine
and pharmacy book is translated in Latin entitled De Materia Medica, which served as
foundation for other books of medical profession.
• Oldest Chinese literature work included a script named “Recipes for 52 Ailments” in
168 BC.
• Galen (130-200 B.C.) was one of the greatest instructor and practitioners of medicine
and pharmacy of his era in Rome.
• 1st formulated cold cream by him resembles present modernized product.
• His methods followed about 1500 years. Today also they serve as basis for preparing
many medicaments.
• 1st to extract therapeutic constituents from plants (Galenicals).
• During Islamic golden age 754 pharmacy (Drug store) were set up 1 st time in Baghdad,
under the rule of Caliph Abbasid.
• By 9th century, pharmacy profession started.
• Regulated by state Government in Baghdad.
• Sabur Ibn Sahi (689) has complied 1st Pharmacopoeia.
• Kitab al-Saydalah, the book on drugs is one of the most definite, specific best illustrated
book on Drug Pharmacology by Al-Biruni (973-1053) – described drug properties, role
of pharmacy and pharmacists).
• Book ‘Canon of Medicine’ by Ibn Sina – explained Pharmacology of 700 medicinal
preparations.
• After the fall of the Roman Empire, the division of pharmacy and medicine evolved.
• Three major advances in pharmacy occurred at this time:
1. The formulary – a continuation of the documentation of the knowledge of specific
drug information to be used by Pharmacists.

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2. Dosage Form –They were incorporated into sweetened dosage forms, such as syrups,
mixed with sugar and honey.
3. Pharmacy shop – first appeared in Baghdad in about AD 762.
• 1800 and early 1900’s witnessed the rapid development in pharmacy field.
2. EMPIRIC ERA
• Benjamin Franklin started the first hospital in 1751. It had a pharmacy and the first
hospital pharmacist was Jonathan Roberts.
• The Pharmacopoeia became a regulatory tool for pharmacists.
• 1st USP - 1820
• 1st Pharmacy School – 1821 in Philadelphia (US).
• American Pharmacy Association – 1852 by William Proctor. Regarded as Father of
Pharmacy.
• National Formulary – 1888
• Banaras Hindu University started B. Pharmacy course in the year 1937 (Mahadeva lal
Schroff).
• Punjab University in 1944.
• 1st Indian Pharmacopoeia – 1955
3. INDUSTRIALIZATION ERA
• Rapid mass production of medicines followed.
• Standardisation, biologically prepared products, complex chemical synthesis, increased
use of parenteral medications were all part of this period.
4. THE PATIENT CARE ERA
• The beginning of this era concentrated on research to develop new medicines.
• New drugs were developed. Had a lot of adverse reactions to drugs so drug review and
monitoring resulted.
• Pharmacists began to take a more hands-on role in dispensing medications and patient
education.
5. THE FUTURE OF PHARMACY
• Research in the area of Biotechnology and Gene Therapy is being conducted.
• Medications are being produced through recombinant DNA technology.
• New therapies for cancer, anaemia, and hepatitis are being introduced.

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HISTORY OF PROFESSION OF PHARMACY IN INDIA IN RELATION TO

PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY AND ORGANIZATION
1.Before independence

• In ancient India, the sources of drugs were vegetables, animals and mineral origin. There
were no scientific methods of standardization of drugs.
• Some Ayurvedic monographs of medical substances like “Sushrutha Samhita”,”Charak
Samhita” and “Sharangdhar Samhita” were complied in the 6th century BC.
• These compendiums are the Sanskrit text on Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine).
• Allopathic system in India came with the britishers who became the rulers of india.
• The allopathic system became very popular by the close of 19th century.
• Initially all drugs were imported from Europe but later on some of drugs were
manufactured in the country.
• 1901 - Bengal chemical and pharmaceutical works, Culcatta was established by Acharya
P.C. Ray for the manufacturing of drugs.
• 1903 - a small factory at Parel (Bombay).
• 1907 - Alembic chemical works at Baroda was established by Professor T.K Gujjar.
• Other big units during early part of century were Sarabhai Chemical works, The Bengal
Immunity Laboratory and few Govt. laboratories for the manufacturer of vaccines and
sera.
• During world war-1 (1914-1920), import of drugs was restricted and then again resumed
after he world war.
• During that time there were no restrictions on the quality of imported drugs so that
following consequences were prevailed:
✓ Dumping of inferior quality medicine and adultered drugs.
✓ All useless and deterious drugs were sold by unqualified people.
• As a result, few laws were inducted but were insufficient.

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Some state level law also framed

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DRUG ENQUIRY COMMITTEE

• Finally in 1930, Govt of India formed a committee on 11th August 1930, named “Drug
enquiry committee” under the chairmanship of Late R.N.Chopra.
• The committee gave report in 1931 and recommended following acts to be enacted to
improve pharma industry in India.

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2.Post independence
• In order to reduce the dependency on imports and increase the production of Abs
(specially penicillin and streptomycin) “Hindustan Antibiotic Limited” set up in 1954 at
Pimpri near Pune.
• Indian Drug and Pharmaceutical Limited was set up by Govt. in 1964 to provide a boost
to the production of bulk drugs and formulation in Hyderabad and Rishikesh.

3.Present scenario
• The Indian pharmaceutical industry, today is one of the largest and most advanced among
the developing countries.
• Mumbai, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad are the major pharmaceutical hubs of india.
• Except some anti-cancer drugs and few antibiotics all the products are currently
• Indian pharmaceutical industry fulfills 70% of national needs.

TOP 10 PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES IN INDIA TOP 10 BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES IN INDIA

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HISTORY OF PHARMACY IN INDIA

IN RELATION TO PHARMACY EDUCATION

• In 1930, Govt of India formed a committee on 11th August 1930, named “Drug enquiry
committee” under the chairmanship of Late R.N.Chopra.
• The first report of this committee was published in 1931, saying that there was no
recognised profession of pharmacy, and the pharmacy practice work was carried out by
a person called “Compounder”.
• The effect of the report was initiated by Prof.M.L.Schroff to start pharmacy education at
university level in “Banaras Hindu University (BHU)”
• It was in 1937, B.Pharm course was started at BHU, which was industry oriented.
• Father of Pharmacy Education in India- Prof.M.L.Schroff
• Other universities in India which provided pharma education were Andhra University,
Madras University, Bombay University, Punjab University and L.M. College.

FIRST 5 PHARMACY COLLEGES IN INDIA

YEAR COLLEGE/UNIVERSITY CATEGORY
1937 Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Central University
Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
1944 University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab State university
University, Chandigarh
1947 L.M College of pharmacy, Ahmedabad Private college

1950 Department of Pharmacy, Madras Medical College, Medical college

Chennai
1950 Birla Institute of Science and Technology, Pilani Private university

PHARMACY COUNSIL OF INDIA

• The Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) is the statutory body of government of India also
called as central council constituted under the Pharmacy Act, 1948. The Council was first
constituted on 4 March 1948. The PCI located in new delhi.

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The objectives of the PCI are: -

✓To regulate the pharmacy education in the Country.

✓ To allow the registration as a pharmacist under the pharmacy act.

✓ To regulate the profession and practice of pharmacy.

• July 1937 - pharmaceutical education was started in India.

• 1953 – PCI developed Education Regulation (ER-53) stating that minimum
th
qualification for registration as pharmacist is 10 + 2 yr D-Pharm + 1 yr experience.
• To increase professional standards patient oriented subjects like health education
community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy and business management were added.
• 1991 – PCI developed Education Regulation (ER-91) stating that minimum
th
qualification for registration as pharmacist is 10 +2yr intermediate + 2 yr D-Pharm.
• 2001- PCI developed Education Regulation (ER-2001) to improve pharmacy education to
world standards.
• According to ER-2001 the minimum qualification for registration as pharmacist is 10th
+2yr intermediate + 4yr B-Pharm. But, till date this regulation has not got clearance
from Indian government.
• The pharmacy degree programs offered in India include:
• (D. Pharm), (B. Pharm), (M. Pharm), (PharmD), & Doctor of Philosophy in
Pharmacy (PhD) .
• Until the early 1980’s, only 11 universities and 26 colleges offered pharmacy degree
programmes in India.
• Currently, there are more than 1500 institutions with an annual enrolment of around
1,00,000 students.
Year No. of colleges No. of students
2005- as per PCI 220 12,506
2005- as per AICTE 445 24,672
2007 854 52,000

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• There are six National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education and Research

(NIPERs) these are the prime institutions in the country for pharmaceutical education
and research.

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Most recent – bp 2024; 27 new monograph, 17 new europeon
monograph, 93 amended monograph
Latest – usp 47, NF 42 - 2024
1.Indian Pharmacopoeia 1955 - First edition, followed by supplement in 1960;

2.Indian Pharmacopoeia 1966 - Second edition, followed by supplement in 1975;

3.Indian Pharmacopoeia 1985 - Third edition, followed by its addendum in 1989 and 1991;

4.Indian Pharmacopoeia 1996 - Fourth edition, followed by its addendum 2000, supplement 2000

for Veterinary Products, addendum 2002 and addendum 2005;

5.Indian Pharmacopoeia 2007 - Fifth edition, followed by addendum 2008;

6.Indian Pharmacopoeia 2010 - Six edition with DVD followed by its addendum 2012;

7.Indian Pharmacopoeia 2014 – Seventh edition with DVD followed by its addendum 2015 and

addendum 2016;

8.Indian Pharmacopoeia 2018 with DVD - Eighth edition

9.Indian Pharmacopoeia 2022 - Ninth edition

 EIGHTH AND NINETH EDITION

There are four editions of pharmacopoeia