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Current advances in additive manufacturing

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DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2020.05.076

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Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
ScienceDirect www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia CIRP 00 (2017)
Procedia 000–000
CIRP 88 (2020) 439–444
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

13th
13th CIRP
CIRP Conference
Conference on
on Intelligent
Intelligent Computation
Computation in
in Manufacturing
Manufacturing Engineering,
Engineering, CIRP
CIRP ICME
ICME '19
'19

Current
28th CIRPadvances
Current advances in
in additive
Design Conference, manufacturing
May 2018,
additive Nantes, France
manufacturing
A new methodology Mercedes
Mercedes Pérez to analyze
Pérez
a
a, Diego Carou
, Diego Carou the bbfunctional
,, Eva
Eva María
María Rubioanda,a,physical
Rubio *,
*, Roberto
Roberto Teti architecture
Teti
c
c of
existing
Department
a
Department
a products
of Manufacturing
of Manufacturing forIndustrial
Engineering,
Engineering, an assembly
Industrial oriented
Engineering School,
Engineering School, product
Universidad Nacional
Universidad Nacional
E28040-Madrid, Spain
family
de Educación
de Educación
a Distancia identification
(UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal 12,
a Distancia (UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal 12,
E28040-Madrid, Spain
bDepartment of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, University of Jaen, EPS de Jaen, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
b
Department of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, University of Jaen, EPS de Jaen, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
Paul Stief *, Jean-Yves Dantan, Alain Etienne, Ali Siadat
cDepartment of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), Piazzale Tecchio 80, E 80125 Naples,
c
Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), Piazzale Tecchio 80, E 80125 Naples,
Italy
Italy LCFC EA 4495, 4 Rue Augustin Fresnel, Metz 57078, France
École Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers, Arts et Métiers ParisTech,
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +34-91-398-82-26; fax:+34-91-398-60-46. E-mail address: erubio@ind.uned.es
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +34-91-398-82-26; fax:+34-91-398-60-46. E-mail address: erubio@ind.uned.es
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 3 87 37 54 30; E-mail address: paul.stief@ensam.eu

Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
Additive manufacturing is a topic of high growth in recent years in both academic and industrial terms. Based on important advantages such as
Additive manufacturing is a topic of high growth in recent years in both academic and industrial terms. Based on important advantages such as
the possibility to manufacture complex geometries, the technology is being continuously developed and improved. So, additive manufacturing
Inthe
today’s business
possibility environment,
to manufacture the trend
complex towards more
geometries, product variety
the technology andcontinuously
is being customization is unbroken.
developed Due to thisSo,
and improved. development, the need of
additive manufacturing
is rapidly overcoming some of its initial limitations and, thus, increasing its applications in a wide range of industrial sectors. In addition,
agile and reconfigurable
is rapidly overcoming someproduction
of its systems emerged to
initial limitations cope
and, with
thus, various products
increasing and product
its applications families.
in a wide rangeToofdesign and optimize
industrial production
sectors. In addition,
additive manufacturing is of public interest due to the opportunities and applications that it offers, or it may provide. The article presents the
systems
additiveasmanufacturing
well as to choose
is of the optimal
public product
interest due tomatches, product analysis
the opportunities methods are
and applications thatneeded.
it offers,Indeed, mostprovide.
or it may of the known methods
The article aim the
presents to
basics of the technology, highlighting its main advantages and limitations. Moreover, it aims to collect the latest trends (e.g., 4D printing,
analyze
basics aofproduct or one product
the technology, family on
highlighting itsthe physical
main level. Different
advantages productMoreover,
and limitations. families, however,
it aims tomay differthe
collect largely
latestintrends
terms of the 4D
(e.g., number and
printing,
bioprinting, hybrid processes and micromanufacturing), applications and developments that this technology currently has.
nature of components.
bioprinting, This fact
hybrid processes andimpedes an efficient comparison
micromanufacturing), applicationsand
andchoice of appropriate
developments product
that this family
technology combinations
currently has. for the production
©© 2019 TheTheAuthors.
Authors. Published
Published by by Elsevier B.V.B.V.
© 2020
system.
2019AThenewAuthors.
methodology by Elsevier
is proposed
Published to analyze
Elsevier B.V. existing products in view of their functional and physical architecture. The aim is to cluster
Peer-review
This under
is an open responsibility of the CCscientific committee of the 13th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing
these products
Peer-review inaccess
new
under article under
assembly
responsibility of the
oriented
the productBY-NC-ND
families
scientific license
for the
committee (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
optimization
of the 13th CIRPofConference
existing assembly lines and
on Intelligent the creationinofManufacturing
Computation future reconfigurable
Engineering.
Peer review under the responsibility of the scientific committee of theof13th
assembly systems. Based on Datum Flow Chain, the physical structure
Engineering. the CIRP Conference
products on Intelligent
is analyzed. Functional Computation
subassembliesinare Manufacturing
identified, and
Engineering, 17-19 July 2019, Gulf of Naples, Italy.
a functional analysis is performed. Moreover, a hybrid functional and physical architecture graph (HyFPAG) is the output which depicts the
Keywords:Additive Manufacturing; Industry; Innovation; Novel Applications; R&D; Technology Development
similarity between Manufacturing;
Keywords:Additive product families by providing
Industry; Innovation;design support to both,
Novel Applications; R&D;production
Technology system planners and product designers. An illustrative
Development
example of a nail-clipper is used to explain the proposed methodology. An industrial case study on two product families of steering columns of
thyssenkrupp Presta France is then carried out to give a first industrial evaluation of the proposed approach.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
1.
1. Introduction biomedicine, with
Introduction
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 28th CIRP biomedicine, with significant
Design Conference significant
2018.
growth
growth in in the
the medical
medical device
device
and
and wearables
wearables markets
markets [4].[4]. However,
However, it it still
still has
has disadvantages
disadvantages
Additive manufacturing, also called 3D
3D printing,
printing, hashas been such
Additive
Keywords: manufacturing,
Assembly; Design method;also called
Family identification been such as low productivity, low quality and uncertainty of
as low productivity, low quality and uncertainty of the
the
around
around for more than 30 years and has gained public and
for more than 30 years and has gained public and mechanical properties obtained [5].
mechanical properties obtained [5].
commercial
commercial interest
interest because
because it it provides
provides important
important advantages Within
advantages Within thethe context
context ofof Industry
Industry 4.0,4.0, additive
additive manufacturing
manufacturing
such
such as
as printing
printing complex
complex geometries
geometries in in one
one piece
piece without
without the plays a very important role, being considered as
the plays a very important role, being considered as one
one of
of the
the
1.need
Introduction ofenabling
the product range andofcharacteristics manufactured
th Industrial [6]. and/or
For full
need to assemble. The growth of additive manufacturing is
to assemble. The growth of additive manufacturing th
is technologies the 4
enabling technologies of the 4 Industrial [6]. For full
assembled
deployment in thisindustry,
system. In this context, the main challengetest
in
due
due to
to aa constant
constant development
development of of the
the technologies
technologies and and the
the deployment in in industry, it it is
is necessary
necessary to to develop
develop andand test
Due the fast development in thematerials.
domain of modelling
materials, and analysis is now not adequate
only to cope with and
single
ability
ability to to work
work withwith aa widewide range
range of of materials. The The materials, to focus on establishing adequate processes and to
to focus on establishing processes to
communication and an ongoingis trend ofbydigitization and products,
solve a limited product range or existing product families,
development
development of the technology is driven by the demand
of the technology driven the demand for for solve design
design and and software
software relatedrelated problems
problems to to be
be able
able toto
digitalization, manufacturing enterprises are facing important but also to be able to analyze and
manufacture to compareproductsproducts to define
customized
customized products,
products, shorter
shorter product
product development
development cycles, cycles, manufacture personalized
personalized high high quality
quality products in in smart
smart
challenges in today’s market environments: a continuing new product
factories families. It can with
be observed that classical existing
greater
greater focus
focus on on sustainability,
sustainability, reduced
reduced manufacturing
manufacturing costs costs factories of high efficiency with cyber-physical integration, as
of high efficiency cyber-physical integration, as
tendency towards reduction of product development times and product
proposed families are regrouped in function of clients or features.
and
and lead times, as well as new business models [1].
lead times, as well as new business models [1]. Additive
Additive proposed by by the
the Industry
Industry 4.0 4.0 philosophy
philosophy [7]. [7].
shortened product lifecycles. In addition, there is an increasing However,
Most assembly oriented product families are hardlyadditive
to find.
manufacturing
manufacturing has has the
the three
three concepts
concepts of of aa revolutionary
revolutionary idea:
idea: Most of of the
the industrial
industrial firmsfirms still
still do
do not
not consider
consider additive
demand
universal,of customization, being at the
universal, practical and efficient [2] and, thus,
practical and efficient [2] same
and, timeconventional
in a global
thus, conventional On the
manufacturing product asfamily
a level,
viable products
alternative
manufacturing as a viable alternative to conventional differ
to mainly in two
conventional
competition
manufacturing
manufacturing withbegins
competitors
begins to give all
to give way
way over
to the world.
to these
these new This trend,
new technologies
technologies main characteristics:
manufacturing (i)
processes the number
for reasonsof components
manufacturing processes for reasons such as low precisionsuch as low and (ii) the
precision
which
[3].
[3]. is inducing the development from macro to micro type
and of components
poor productivity. (e.g. mechanical,
However, the electrical,
technology
and poor productivity. However, the technology is developing electronical).
is developing
markets,
The results in diminished lot sizes due
The technology is rapidly expanding to a large number of
technology is rapidly expanding to a to
largeaugmenting
number of at Classical
at aa rapid methodologies
rapid pace
pace and,
and, it
it is considering
is expected,
expected, thatmainly
that if
if the singlebarriers
the main
main products
barriers to
to
product varieties
industrial
industrial (high-volume
sectors
sectors such
such as as toaeronautics,
low-volume automobile
aeronautics, production) [1].
automobile and
and or solitary, already existing product families analyze the
To cope with this augmenting variety as well as to be able to product structure on a physical level (components level) which
identify possible optimization potentials in the existing causes difficulties regarding an efficient definition and
2212-8271 ©system,
production 2019 The Authors. Publishedtoby Elsevier B.V. knowledge
2212-8271 © 2019 TheitAuthors.
is important
Published have
by a precise
Elsevier B.V. comparison of different product families. Addressing this
Peer-review©under
2212-8271 2020responsibility
The Authors. ofthe scientificbycommittee
Published Elsevier of the 13th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering.
B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility ofthe scientific committee of the 13th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer review
2212-8271 under
© 2017 Thethe responsibility
Authors. Publishedofby
the scientific
Elsevier B.V.committee of the 13th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing
Engineering,
Peer-review 17-19
under July 2019,ofGulf
responsibility of Naples,
the scientific Italy. of the 28th CIRP Design Conference 2018.
committee
10.1016/j.procir.2020.05.076
440 Mercedes Pérez et al. / Procedia CIRP 88 (2020) 439–444
M. Pérez et al./ Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

the adoption of additive manufacturing are addressed, it has a

market niche with an enormous growth potential [8].
In the present paper, additive manufacturing is presented
covering the main topics such as processes, materials, and
advantages and limitations. After that, some of the latest
trends in additive manufacturing are presented.

2. The basics of additive manufacturing

2.1. The process

The basic principle of additive manufacturing consists of

building 3D geometries by material addition, generally layer Fig. 1. Additive manufacturing process categories based on ISO/ASTM
by layer. Additive manufacturing processes have in common 52900 standard.
the following characteristics: a computer to store data, process
geometric information and guide the user, and a deposition 3. Advantages and limitations
material that is processed by points, lines or areas to create
parts [9]. One of the main advantages of additive manufacturing is
In the ISO/ASTM 52900 standard [10], additive that it allows to obtain pieces of geometric complexity that
manufacturing is defined as: “process of joining materials to before could not be manufactured with traditional
make parts from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as technologies without an elaborated configuration of the
opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative machine or a final assembly [14]. In addition, it can be said
manufacturing methodologies”. Additive manufacturing can that it has already an adequate performance in the production
build complex geometry parts with minimal need for post- of small batches [15]. Some advantages of additive
processing and almost zero material waste [5]. manufacturing were reported by Noorani [12] as shown
following:
2.2. Main process categories
 Consolidation of parts, complete set manufactured.
The ISO/ASTM 52900 [10] standard classifies additive  Additive manufacturing can create thin walls.
manufacturing in seven process categories: binder jetting,  Unlimited length of small holes that make up the cooling
directed energy deposition, material extrusion, material channels.
jetting, powder bed fusion, sheet lamination and vat  The machines work autonomously.
polymerization (Figure 1).  The more complex the part is, the more cost saving is
Some of the most used technologies include fused achieved.
deposition modeling (FDM), laminated object manufacturing  Automated pre-processing.
(LOM), stereolithography (SLA), selective laser melting
(SLM) and selective laser sintering (SLS) [11]. Some drawbacks are still associated to additive
manufacturing and, thus, it is not considered as a completely
2.3. Materials viable process yet, because it involves a significant capital
expenditure, it has not reached a similar performance to that
The type of material directly affects the shape, dimensions, of other conventional processes and the obtained pieces do not
durability and cost of a printed part and, thus, limits the have great precision.
potential applications. Currently, the number and types of The pieces produced by additive manufacturing have
materials to be used in additive manufacturing is still limitations in the surface finish, which is relatively high when
limited, but there are good expectations for the next comparing to conventional manufacturing processes such as
generation of 3D printers that must have improved machining. These limitations are related to the thermal and
processing methods, allowing manufacturing with a greater mechanical aspects, since the material cools quickly leading
range of materials. In general, there are three main to distortions and stresses, causing problems in the areas of
categories of materials; these materials are based on liquids, the piece loaded cyclically or very stressed [14, 17]. The
solids and powder. Each of these three categories includes surface quality also depends on the orientation of the piece,
different types of materials, such as ceramics, composites, the thickness of the layer and the orientation of the deposition
metals and polymers [12]. Depending on the additive of the material [14].
manufacturing process that is going to be used, adequate In biomedicine, additive manufacturing has demonstrated
materials should be selected for the process [13]. Recently, its ability to produce customized implants successfully.
Bourell et al. [9] associated the main used materials for each However, the limitation of almost all commercial techniques
of the seven categories identified by the ISO/ASTM 52900 of this type of manufacturing is the choice of processing
(2015) standard. material. Therefore, subsequent treatments are required to
 Mercedes Pérez et al. / Procedia CIRP 88 (2020) 439–444 441
M. Pérez et al./ Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

improve the surface characteristics, especially in the case of Often, for most traditional manufacturers, it is a challenge
biomedical applications [17]. and an important investment to implement additive
Tofail et al. [8] define "materials" and "metrology" as key manufacturing. Strong et al. [20] investigate a system of
enabling technologies for additive manufacturing. They strategically located additive manufacturing centers that can
propose to address the challenges related to them to achieve integrate hybrid additive manufacturing with capabilities and
the functionality of the objects manufactured by additive excess capacity in multiple traditional manufacturing
manufacturing. For this, they describe the scientific and facilities.
technical challenges associated with the manufacture, Thus, the increasing demand for complex metal parts could
materials and metrology of the products that will determine be realized by establishing additive manufacturing capabilities
their acceptance in the market and the realization of their closer to the existing traditional manufacturing supply chains.
commercial opportunity. As an example, it is possible to Elser et al. [21] present a combination of additive and
highlight the problems of tolerance to control geometric subtractive manufacturing technologies to benefit from the
variations, being an obstacle to achieve predictive models and advantages presented by both technologies. To decrease the
realistic simulations. planning efforts, an existing subtractive computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM) system is used, expanded with
4. Latest trends modules to create additional additive manufacturing steps,
obtaining a hybrid CAM system. A computer-aided hybrid
In the present section, some of the latest trends in additive manufacturing framework is presented, in which information
manufacturing are briefly presented. Some novel research flows and workflows are proposed to overcome existing
topics are identified (Figure 2) in order to give a blueprint of problems.
the current state of the main research and development
activities in additive manufacturing. 4.2. Novel materials and multi-materials

4.1. Hybrid processes 3D printers now have the ability to create multi-materials
systems. These processes allow the construction of parts
Hybrid machines that combine additive manufacturing benefited by properties of different materials. Although this
with conventional technologies, such as machining are being technology is still in its infancy, Bandyopadhyay and Heer [2]
developed in the last years [15]. The hybrid methods of have made a revision on the applications of multiple
additive and subtractive manufacturing processes use an materials, in addition to analyzing their advantages and
additive process to build a near-net shape that will then be disadvantages.
machined to its final shape obtaining the desired accuracy The combination of additive manufacturing and
[18]. In this way, the problem of additive manufacturing on biomaterials is promising for applications that concern human
surface finish and precision is solved and, the potential of health and quality of life. Bose et al. [22] present a review of
subtractive manufacturing is extended to parts of more different additive manufacturing materials, followed by
complex geometry [19]. additive manufacturing applications in various treatment
options.
The international Biomaterials and Additive
Manufacturing: Osteochondral Scaffold (BAMOS) project
addresses the challenges in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
Among the objectives of the project is the development of
new biomaterials to provide an appropriate environment for
the formation of bone and cartilage. In addition, to developing
innovative additive manufacturing techniques to produce
patient-tailored osteochondral scaffold [23].
Bioprinting is currently an important research topic. Efforts
by coming up with advanced solutions for biomedicine are
being studied. An interesting example is the one presented by
Campos et al. [24]. The authors are proposing a synchronized
dual bioprinting approach for cartilage tissue engineering
combining microextrusion printing and drop-on-demand
(DoD) bioprinting.
Other interesting examples of novel materials include the
recent developmentof meta-biomaterials with unprecedented
mechanical properties. In this sense, Zadpoor [25] presented
an exhaustive research into additive manufacturing metallic
meta-biomaterials intended for bone substitution and
Fig. 2. Latest trends identified about additive manufacturing. orthopedic implants.
Li et al. [26] conduct a review on recent advances in
different types of new materials for additive manufacturing. In
442 Mercedes Pérez et al. / Procedia CIRP 88 (2020) 439–444
M. Pérez et al./ Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

addition, they also forecast the development trend for the techniques to improve the finish [31]. To obtain the required
future surfaces, the process parameters are optimized, generating
different combinations in the initial stage in the standard
4.3. 4D printing triangle language (STL) file, referring to the orientation of the
piece, construction orientation and layer thickness, in order to
The idea of 4D printing was first introduced in 2013. obtain good output requirements [32].
Gartner [4] predicts an important growth for the 4D printing For example, Pérez et al. [33] study the influence of
market, up to 300 million dollars by 2023. 4D printing was several printing parameters on the surface roughness in
initially defined as 3D printing + time, that is, the shape, polylactic acid (PLA) samples produced by FDM. They
property or functionality of a 3D printed structure can change concluded that, apart from the fact that layer height is the
as a function of time. It is also capable of achieving self- most critical factor on roughness as indicated by several
assembly, multifunctionality and self-repair. For structures to studies; the wall thickness has also a significant influence on
evolve over time, they require additional stimuli and the surface roughness results.
intelligent materials sensitive to stimulation [27]. Other outputs of the process are also being analysed. For
instance, Alafaghani and Qattawi [34] study both the surface
4.4. Micromanufacturing quality and the mechanical properties (tensile strength tests)
for FDM samples. The authors found that both outputs cannot
Additive manufacturing takes place at macroscale levels, be optimized at the same time using a single configuration.
since most of the characteristics must be greater than 0.5 mm. Song et al. [35] also studied the mechanical properties
Bhushan and Caspers [28] make a selection of several comparing the 3D-printed material to that of homogeneous
methods adequate for micro-additive manufacturing, among injection-moulded PLA, finding that 3D-printing improves
them, inkjet and SLA processes have presented the results toughness.
with the smaller size. Samples were produced using There are also studies on processing methods such as the
microscale and, for instance, the thickness of the SLA printed one presented by Zhu et al. [36]. The authors propose a
samples was approximately 200 µm. In addition, the thickness prescriptive deviation modelling method coupled with
of the samples by inkjet (ProJet 3510SD) was approximately machine learning techniques to approach the modeling of
340 µm. shape deviations. In other study, Umaras et al. [37] present a
Shaw et al. [29] investigate microextrusion in additive research work on the main processes of additive
manufacturing with high-aspect-ratio (HAR) nozzles. They manufacturing with respect to dimensional variations in the
found that the quality of the deposited plane was affected by manufacture of parts.
different extrusion parameters, such as the nozzle moving
speed, piston speed, extrusion rate, the distance between the 4.7. Novel technologies
nozzle and the substrate, the extrusion delay in response to the
change of the ram speed and air pockets trapped inside the The mechanical properties of the 3D printed parts vary
material reservoir. depending on the direction of printing due to the layer by
layer approach. Digital Light Synthesis technology, patented
4.5. Control and monitoring by Carbon, uses digital light projection, oxygen permeable
optics and programmable liquid resins to produce parts with
Numerous researchers identify the quality assurance and consistent and predictable mechanical properties, creating
control as the biggest challenge of the pieces produced by solid parts in the interior, obtaining parts similar to injection
additive manufacturing. To overcome this challenge, it is molded parts [38].
necessary to implement inspection and monitoring systems to Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) is a technology
improve the quality of the parts and additive manufacturing of 3D printing of metals that uses vibrations to weld metal
processes. Chua et al. [30] review the current systems for sheets. Hehr et al. [39] use this technology to create a curved
control and monitoring additive manufacturing processes, part by integrating neutron-absorbing materials. This process
reaching the conclusion that the size and temperature profile eliminates many steps, simplifying the production of control
of the fusion assembly are critical issues in the monitoring elements for Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s (ORNL) High
and inspection processes. In addition, they propose an Flow Isotope Reactor (HFIR) and, consequently, reducing
inspection method and a closed circuit monitoring system to costs.
address the quality control of additive manufacturing Zawada et al. [40] present a new technology, multi-layer
processes for metals. cryolithography, consisting of printing several individual 2D
layers in parallel separately, in areas coated with hydrophilic
4.6. Process optimization materials to join water-based compounds. The individual
layers are deposited one on top of the other and are linked by
There are numerous process parameters that influence the chemical crosslinking and freezing to generate a 3D structure.
quality of the pieces obtained by additive manufacturing. The applications involve tissue engineering and food
Numerous studies have been carried out on the influence of engineering, as well as the ability to assemble a biological
different parameters on surface roughness. Several researchers object.
studied these parameters and different post-processing
 Mercedes Pérez et al. / Procedia CIRP 88 (2020) 439–444 443
M. Pérez et al./ Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

Dilip et al. [41] perform a process of adding solid state 5. Conclusions

material through a process called "friction deposition". They
produced an AISI 304 stainless steel cylinder, the The present paper presents an updated review of the latest
microstructural studies and traction tests gave satisfactory trends in additive manufacturing. Initially, a straightforward
results, concluding that it is a viable process for additive presentation of additive manufacturing and its advantages and
manufacturing. limitations was introduced. And, finally, some of the newest
advances and research topics in additive manufacturing were
4.8. Data acquisition presented. Among them, it is possible to highlight the
following:
Data acquisition plays an important role when reverse
engineering comes to play but, more specifically, in  Hybrid machines that combine additive manufacturing
biomedicine applications. In the later, data is scanned by with conventional manufacturing processes are being
methods such as Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic researched and developed. In this way, it is possible to
Resonance Imaging (MRI) [42] and, then, the data should be benefit from the advantages of both processes and alleviate
transformed into CAD/STL files adequate to be printed. the disadvantages of each one.
Manmadhachary [42] present a study on the additive  New materials are being studied and developed for
manufacturing of an adult human dry mandible based on the different applications. Bioprinting in medicine drives the
results obtained from CT, which are optimized by using R&D of suitable biomaterials for implants.
Taguchi and Gray relational analysis methods and 3D CAD  4D printing is capable of self-assembly, and self-repair,
models. When the optimized CT images are generated, it is and offers multifunctionality thanks to the fact that the
possible to obtain the scaled STL model to finally print the printed parts can evolved over time due to the stimuli
dry mandible using FDM. received by the intelligent materials used by this
Xiao et al. [43] propose a 3D color image reproduction technology.
system for the automated and precise additive manufacturing  Several studies on micro-additive manufacturing have been
of soft tissue facial prostheses. The results showed that the 3D made, although, in general, additive manufacturing takes
manufacturing process was able to produce accurate skin place at macroscale level.
colors with fine textures and 3D shapes, leading to significant  Quality and control of the pieces have to be guaranteed by
savings in time and costs. additive manufacturing, being necessary to implement
inspection systems and monitoring.
4.9. Sustainability  Different results are being analyzed for the processes
optimization, such as surface quality, mechanical
Currently, sustainability is one of the main topics in properties, dimensional variations or shape deviations.
manufacturing. Administrations, researchers and companies  Additive manufacturing covers a broad field of application,
are focusing their efforts in coming up with sustainable so novel technologies are being developed that adapt to the
production processes with low harm to the environment. desired results.
Efforts are also carried out to guarantee that the novel additive  Reproductions can be made with additive manufacturing
manufacturing processes are sustainable or, at least, to reduce with the acquisition of data and the use of them by using
their environmental impact. The main driver for the adoption advanced techniques such as computed tomography,
of additive manufacturing technologies is still economical, specifically in applications such as biomedicine.
while the influence of other factors such as social and  New studies about sustainability in additive manufacturing
sustainability are minimal [44]. are being carried out on the reuse of materials in
Specific studies on some additive manufacturing manufacturing processes or the use of recyclable materials.
technologies are being carried out as, for instance, the one by
Kumar and Czekanski [45] in which they studied two Acknowledgements
processes, namely SLS and FDM that uses extensively
plastics. The authors proposed the reuse of the non-used The authors thank to the Research Group “Industrial
plastics in the production of powders for SLS (that will end as Production and Manufacturing Engineering (IPME)” the
waste) to prepare feedstock for inexpensive high-value FDM given support and to the Industrial Engineering School-UNED
products, resulting in important energy savings and, thus, (Projects REF2019-ICF05) and to the Master in Advanced
reducing the environmental impact. Manufacturing Engineering for funding this work.
The use of recyclable materials is also being studied. In
this sense, Fateri et al. [46] study a solvent-cast direct-write
method using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as biodegradable References
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