Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Rajaramnagar

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Software Requirement Specification

Area of the Project Network Security

Title of the project VPN Routing Optimization with Enhanced Security Measures

Project Guide Name Prof. V. B . Dhotare

Team Leader’s Name Vedvati Vivek Rajopadhye

Group Number 28

Sr. Roll No. Name Email Phone

No.
1 2103082 Shreya Sandeep Kulkarni 2103082@ritindia.edu 8668474833

2 2103106 Vedvati Vivek Rajopadhye 2103106@ritindia.edu 7517093111

3 2103141 Khushbu Chetan Modi 2103141@ritindia.edu 9834687732

Prof. V.B.Dhotare Dr. S.U.Mane

Project Guide Head of department

Table of Contents

1. Introduction 1
1.1 Document Purpose 1
1.2 Product Scope 1
1.3 Definitions,Acronyms and Abbreviations 2
2. Overall Description 4
2.1 Product Functionality 5
2.2 Users and Characteristics 6
2.3 Operating Environment 7
2.4 Design and Implementation Constraints 7
2.5 User Documentation 8
2.6 Assumptions and Dependencies 9
3. Specific Requirements 10
3.1 Functional Requirements 10
3.2 Behaviour Requirements 12
4. Other NonFunctional Requirements 14
4.1 Performance Requirements 14
4.2 Safety and Security Requirements 15
4.3 Software Quality Attributes 16
5. Other Requirements 17
6. References 19
Appendix A: Data Dictionary 21
Appendix B: Issues List 25
Software Requirements Specification Page 1

1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose

This project aims to improve the efficiency and security of VPNs by addressing the
limitations of current dynamic routing mechanisms. With the growing complexity of
network environments, traditional routing algorithms fall short in maintaining optimal
performance and robust security. This project will develop advanced encryption protocols,
access controls, and adaptive routing strategies that respond to real-time network conditions
and emerging threats. The goal is to enhance VPN performance and security, ensuring
reliable data transmission and protection against cyber threats. The recommendations will
help organizations implement VPN solutions that meet current security standards and adapt
to future technological developments.

1.2 Product Scope

The scope of this project encompasses several key areas aimed at improving both the
performance and security of VPN infrastructures. Firstly, the project focuses on the
evaluation and implementation of advanced encryption techniques to ensure secure data
transmission. This includes analyzing existing encryption standards and developing custom
solutions tailored to specific network requirements. Secondly, the project addresses access
controls and authentication mechanisms by assessing current measures, integrating
multi-factor authentication (MFA), and designing robust access control policies to prevent
unauthorized access.

Another critical area within the project's scope is the development of adaptive routing
strategies. These strategies involve creating dynamic routing algorithms that can adjust to
real-time network conditions and security threats, utilizing machine learning and artificial
intelligence to predict and mitigate potential issues. The project also emphasizes the
importance of performance and security testing, conducting comprehensive evaluations of
the new protocols, access controls, and routing strategies in both simulated and real-world
environments. This testing aims to identify and address potential performance bottlenecks
and security vulnerabilities.
Software Requirements Specification Page 2

1.3 Definitions and Abbreviations

● ACL (Access Control List) : A list of permissions attached to an object specifying which
users or system processes can access the object and what operations they can perform.
● ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) : A protocol used to map an IP address to a physical
machine address that is recognized in the local network.
● BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) : A standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to
exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS) on the
internet.
● DNS (Domain Name System) : A hierarchical and decentralized naming system for
computers, services, or other resources connected to the internet or a private network. It
translates domain names to IP addresses.
● DoS (Denial of Service) : A cyber-attack in which the attacker seeks to make a machine or
network resource unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting
services of a host connected to the internet.
● ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) : A protocol within the IPsec suite used to provide
confidentiality, data integrity, and data origin authentication for IP packets.
● GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) : A tunneling protocol that can encapsulate a wide
variety of network layer protocols inside virtual point-to-point links.
● HIP (Host Identity Protocol) : A network layer protocol that provides a secure and scalable
identity namespace for IP networks, separating the role of IP addresses as host identifiers
from their role as locators.
● I-BGP (Internal Border Gateway Protocol) : A version of BGP used for exchanging routing
information within the same autonomous system (AS).
● ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) : A supporting protocol in the internet protocol
suite used by network devices to send error messages and operational information.
● IKE (Internet Key Exchange) : A protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the
IPsec protocol suite.
● IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) : A suite of protocols designed to secure IP
communications by authenticating and encrypting each IP packet in a communication
session.
● L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol) : A tunneling protocol used to support virtual private
networks (VPNs) or as part of the delivery of services by ISPs.
● LSR (Label Switch Router) : A high-performance device in MPLS networks that makes
forwarding decisions based on the labels attached to packets rather than network layer
addresses.
● MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) : A routing technique in telecommunications
networks that directs data from one node to the next based on short path labels rather than
long network addresses.
Software Requirements Specification Page 3

● NFV (Network Functions Virtualization) : A network architecture concept that uses IT

virtualization technologies to virtualize entire classes of network node functions into
building blocks that may connect, or chain together, to create communication services.
● QoS (Quality of Service) : The description or measurement of the overall performance of a
service, such as telephony or computer networking, particularly the performance seen by the
users of the network.
● RTF (Routing Table File) : A file or data structure used by a router to store routes and
forward packets.
● S-BGP (Secure Border Gateway Protocol) : A security extension of the Border Gateway
Protocol (BGP) designed to improve the security of Internet routing.
● SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) : A now-deprecated cryptographic protocol designed to provide
communications security over a computer network. It was succeeded by TLS (Transport
Layer Security).
● STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) : A network protocol that builds a loop-free logical topology
for Ethernet networks to prevent bridge loops and the broadcast radiation that results from
them.
● TLS (Transport Layer Security) : A cryptographic protocol designed to provide
communications security over a computer network, succeeding SSL.
● VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service) : A way to provide Ethernet-based multipoint to
multipoint communication over IP/MPLS networks.
● VPN (Virtual Private Network) : A technology that creates a safe and encrypted connection
over a less secure network, such as the internet.
● VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding) : A technology that allows multiple instances of a
routing table to coexist within the same router at the same time.
Software Requirements Specification Page 4

2. Overall Description
2.1 Product Functionality

The key functionalities of the system are designed to comprehensively address the
challenges and requirements of modern VPN infrastructures.

1. Secure VPN Connectivity :

The project focuses on establishing secure connections between remote users and the
organization's network. It employs industry-standard encryption protocols such as SSL/TLS
and IPSEC to ensure data confidentiality and integrity during transmission. By
implementing these protocols, the system provides a secure tunnel through which sensitive
information can travel safely across potentially insecure networks.

2. Routing Optimization :

The system integrates advanced routing algorithms to optimize the flow of VPN
traffic. These algorithms dynamically adjust routes based on real-time network conditions,
aiming to minimize latency and maximize bandwidth utilization. By optimizing routing
paths, the system enhances overall network performance, ensuring efficient and reliable data
transmission across the VPN infrastructure.

3. Enhanced Security Features :

This project functionality enhances the overall security posture of the VPN system. It
includes robust security measures such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), which adds an
additional layer of verification to user logins, ensuring that only authorized personnel can
access sensitive resources. Additionally, the system incorporates intrusion detection systems
(IDS) and real-time threat monitoring capabilities to proactively detect and respond to
potential security breaches or anomalies. By continuously monitoring network traffic and
user activities, these features help mitigate risks and protect against unauthorized access and
cyber threats.

By focusing on these key functionalities, the system aims to not only optimize the
performance and efficiency of VPN operations but also to ensure robust security measures
are in place to safeguard sensitive data and maintain the integrity of the organization's
network infrastructure.
Software Requirements Specification Page 5

2.2 Users and Characteristics

The primary users of the VPN Routing Optimization with Enhanced Security Measures
system encompass a diverse set of roles within the organization, each with specific
responsibilities and requirements:

1. Remote Users :

These include employees, contractors, or authorized third parties who need secure
access to the organization's network resources from remote locations. Remote users typically
require seamless connectivity to internal applications, files, and services while ensuring data
confidentiality and integrity. They rely on the VPN system to establish encrypted tunnels
that protect sensitive information transmitted over public or untrusted networks. Access
privileges and authentication mechanisms are crucial for remote users to securely and
efficiently perform their tasks without compromising organizational security policies.

2. IT Administrators :

IT administrators play a pivotal role in configuring, managing, and monitoring the

VPN infrastructure. They are responsible for setting up VPN connections, maintaining VPN
servers and clients, and troubleshooting connectivity issues. IT administrators also manage
user accounts, access permissions, and authentication methods within the VPN system. They
ensure compliance with security policies, apply software updates and patches, and optimize
network configurations to enhance VPN performance and reliability. Additionally, IT
administrators play a crucial role in scaling the VPN infrastructure to accommodate growing
user demands and evolving security requirements.

3. Security Analysts :

Security analysts are tasked with monitoring and maintaining the security posture of
the VPN system. They analyze security events, monitor network traffic, and investigate
potential security incidents or breaches. Security analysts implement robust security
measures within the VPN environment, including intrusion detection systems (IDS),
real-time threat monitoring, and vulnerability assessments. They collaborate with IT
administrators to enforce access controls, configure firewall rules, and deploy encryption
protocols to safeguard sensitive data and mitigate cybersecurity risks. Proactive monitoring
and continuous evaluation of security logs and alerts enable security analysts to detect and
respond promptly to emerging threats, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of
organizational data transmitted via the VPN system.
Software Requirements Specification Page 6

2.3 Operating Environment

The VPN Routing Optimization with Enhanced Security Measures system will operate
within the organization's existing network infrastructure, encompassing a range of critical
components:

● Hardware :

The system will leverage servers with sufficient processing power and storage
capacity to handle VPN encryption and routing tasks efficiently. It will also utilize
routers and network switches capable of supporting high-speed data transmission and
ensuring reliable connectivity between different network segments and VPN
endpoints.

● Software :

Operating systems such as Windows Server and Linux will provide the foundation
for hosting VPN server software and managing network resources. Database
management systems (DBMS) will store and manage user credentials, access
permissions, and VPN configuration settings. Additionally, supporting software tools
will be used for monitoring network performance, analyzing security logs, and
administering the VPN infrastructure.

● Network :

The system will interface with the organization's local area network (LAN) to
facilitate internal communication and access to network resources. It will also utilize
wide area network (WAN) connections to establish VPN tunnels between remote
locations and the organization's central network infrastructure. Internet connectivity
will be crucial for remote users accessing the VPN system from external locations,
ensuring secure data transmission over public or untrusted networks.

The system will be accessible to remote users through various devices, including laptops,
desktops, and mobile devices, using a compatible web browser or dedicated VPN client
software.
Software Requirements Specification Page 7

2.4 Design and Implementation Constraints

The design and implementation of the VPN Routing Optimization with Enhanced Security
Measures system will adhere to several critical constraints to ensure robust functionality and
operational integrity:

1. Compatibility :

Ensuring compatibility with the organization's existing network infrastructure is paramount.

This includes hardware such as servers, routers, and switches, as well as software
components like operating systems (e.g., Windows Server, Linux) and database management
systems (DBMS). Compatibility extends to network protocols to facilitate seamless
integration with LAN, WAN, and internet connectivity technologies used within the
organization.

2. Performance :

The system must deliver optimal performance capabilities to support the anticipated volume
of VPN traffic. It must maintain low latency and high throughput to sustain efficient data
transmission between remote users and the organization's network resources. Performance
benchmarks will be set to ensure that the system meets or exceeds defined service level
agreements (SLAs) regarding response times and data transfer rates.

3. Security :

Compliance with industry-standard security protocols and best practices is non-negotiable.

The system will implement robust encryption mechanisms (e.g., SSL/TLS, IPSEC) to
safeguard data confidentiality and integrity during transmission. Multi-factor authentication
(MFA), intrusion detection systems (IDS), and real-time threat monitoring will be integral
components to protect against unauthorized access and cyber threats. Regular security audits
and vulnerability assessments will be conducted to maintain a proactive security posture.

4. Scalability :

Designing the system with scalability in mind ensures that it can accommodate future
growth in the number of remote users and VPN connections without compromising
performance. Scalability considerations include the ability to add new VPN endpoints,
expand server capacity, and enhance network infrastructure to support increased demand
while maintaining operational efficiency.

5. Maintenance and Upgrades :

The system must be designed for ease of maintenance, updates, and upgrades. This involves
implementing modular and well-documented code, employing automated testing and
deployment processes, and establishing clear procedures for system monitoring and
troubleshooting.
Software Requirements Specification Page 8

2.5 User Documentation

1. Installation and Configuration Guide :

Detailed instructions for installing and configuring the VPN system, including hardware
and software requirements, network setup, and user management.

2. User Manual :

Step-by-step instructions for remote users on how to connect to the VPN, manage their
accounts, and utilize the system's features.

3. Administrator's Guide :

Detailed instructions for IT administrators on how to configure, manage, and monitor the
VPN system, including user management, security settings, and reporting.

4. Troubleshooting Guide :

Guidance for resolving common issues and troubleshooting the VPN system.
Software Requirements Specification Page 9

2.6 Assumptions and Dependencies

The development and implementation of the VPN Routing Optimization with Enhanced Security
Measures system are based on the following assumptions and dependencies:

1. Existing Network Infrastructure :

The organization's existing network infrastructure, including hardware, software, and network
connectivity, is capable of supporting the VPN system's requirements.

2. IT Support :

The organization has a dedicated IT team with the necessary skills and resources to install,
configure, and maintain the VPN system.

3. User Adoption :

Remote users are willing to adopt and use the VPN system for secure access to the organization's
network resources.

4. Regulatory Compliance :

The VPN system will comply with relevant industry regulations and standards, such as data privacy
and security requirements.

5. Third-Party Software and Services :

The VPN system may depend on third-party software components or cloud-based services (e.g.,
authentication providers) to deliver certain functionalities.
Software Requirements Specification Page 10

3. Specific Requirements
3.1 Functional Requirements

3.1.1 Secure VPN Connectivity

3.1.1.1 Encryption Protocols

FR-1 : The system shall support industry-standard encryption protocols such as SSL/TLS and IPsec
to ensure secure data transmission.

FR-2 : The system shall provide options for configuring encryption strength and methods based on
organizational policies.

3.1.1.2 User Authentication

FR-3 : The system shall implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) to verify user identities.

FR-4 : The system shall support various authentication methods, including password, biometric, and
token-based authentication.

3.1.1.3 Session Management

FR-5 : The system shall allow for secure session management, including session establishment,
maintenance, and termination.

FR-6 : The system shall automatically terminate inactive sessions after a configurable timeout
period.

3.1.2 Routing Optimization

3.1.2.1 Dynamic Routing

FR-7 : The system shall implement dynamic routing algorithms to optimize VPN traffic flow.

FR-8 : The system shall automatically adjust routing paths based on real-time network conditions to
minimize latency.

3.1.2.2 Traffic Prioritization

FR-9 : The system shall support Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms to prioritize critical traffic.

FR-10 : The system shall allow administrators to define traffic prioritization rules based on
application type and user role.

3.1.2.3 Load Balancing

Software Requirements Specification Page 11

FR-11 : The system shall implement load balancing to distribute traffic evenly across available VPN
gateways.

FR-12 : The system shall automatically redirect traffic to alternative gateways in case of a gateway
failure.

3.1.3 Enhanced Security Features

3.1.3.1 Intrusion Detection and Prevention

FR-13 : The system shall include an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to monitor and detect
potential security breaches.

FR-14 : The system shall provide an Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) to automatically block
identified threats.

3.1.3.2 Real-Time Threat Monitoring

FR-15 : The system shall offer real-time threat monitoring capabilities to detect and respond to
security incidents.

FR-16 : The system shall generate alerts and notifications for suspicious activities.

3.1.3.3 Access Controls

FR-17 : The system shall enforce strict access control policies to restrict unauthorized access to
network resources.

FR-18 : The system shall allow administrators to define and manage user roles and permissions.
Software Requirements Specification Page 12

3.2 Behavioral Requirements

3.2.1 System Performance

3.2.1.1 Latency and Throughput

BR-1 : The system shall maintain low latency and high throughput to ensure a seamless user
experience.

BR-2 : The system shall be capable of handling peak traffic loads without performance degradation.

3.2.1.2 Scalability

BR-3 : The system shall be designed to scale horizontally to accommodate an increasing number of
remote users and VPN connections.

BR-4 : The system shall allow for the addition of new VPN gateways and servers without requiring
significant downtime.

3.2.2 Reliability and Availability

3.2.2.1 Fault Tolerance

BR-5 : The system shall include redundancy mechanisms to ensure high availability and fault
tolerance.

BR-6 : The system shall automatically failover to backup systems in the event of hardware or
software failures.

3.2.2.2 Uptime

BR-7 : The system shall achieve an uptime of 99.9% or higher, ensuring continuous availability for
remote users.

BR-8 : The system shall perform routine maintenance and updates with minimal disruption to user
access.

3.2.3 Security and Compliance

3.2.3.1 Data Protection

BR-9 : The system shall encrypt all data in transit and at rest to protect against unauthorized access.

BR-10 : The system shall comply with relevant data protection regulations and industry standards.

3.2.3.2 Incident Response

Software Requirements Specification Page 13

BR-11 : The system shall include an incident response plan to address security breaches and other
incidents.

BR-12 : The system shall allow administrators to quickly isolate and mitigate affected components
during an incident.

3.2.4 Usability

3.2.4.1 User Interface

BR-13 : The system shall provide a user-friendly interface for remote users to connect to the VPN.

BR-14 : The system shall offer a web-based management console for administrators to monitor and
configure the VPN infrastructure.

3.2.4.2 Documentation and Help

BR-15 : The system shall include comprehensive user documentation and help resources.

BR-16 : The system shall provide context-sensitive help and tooltips within the user interface.
Software Requirements Specification Page 14

4. Other Nonfunctional Requirements

4.1 Performance Requirements

4.1.1 Latency

NFR-1 : The system shall maintain a network latency of less than 50 milliseconds under normal
operating conditions.

NFR-2 : The system shall ensure that the maximum latency does not exceed 100 milliseconds
during peak traffic periods.

4.1.2 Throughput

NFR-3 : The system shall support a minimum throughput of 1 Gbps to accommodate high data
transfer rates.

NFR-4 : The system shall be capable of scaling to support throughput up to 10 Gbps to meet future
growth requirements.

4.1.3 Scalability

NFR-5 : The system shall support up to 10,000 concurrent VPN connections without performance
degradation.

NFR-6 : The system shall be designed to scale horizontally by adding additional servers and
gateways to accommodate increased load.

4.1.4 Reliability

NFR-7 : The system shall achieve an uptime of 99.9% or higher, ensuring continuous availability.

NFR-8 : The system shall include redundancy mechanisms to handle server failures and ensure
uninterrupted service.
Software Requirements Specification Page 15

4.2 Safety and Security Requirements

4.2.1 Data Encryption

NFR-9 : The system shall use AES-256 encryption for all data in transit and at rest to ensure data
confidentiality and integrity.

NFR-10 : The system shall support configurable encryption algorithms to comply with various
industry standards and regulations.

4.2.2 User Authentication

NFR-11 : The system shall implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) for all user access to
enhance security.

NFR-12 : The system shall support various authentication methods, including biometrics, smart
cards, and one-time passwords.

4.2.3 Intrusion Detection and Prevention

NFR-13 : The system shall include an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and an Intrusion
Prevention System (IPS) to detect and mitigate security threats.

NFR-14 : The system shall generate real-time alerts and notifications for any detected security
incidents.

4.2.4 Compliance

NFR-15 : The system shall comply with relevant data protection regulations, such as GDPR,
HIPAA, and CCPA.

NFR-16 : The system shall undergo regular security audits and vulnerability assessments to ensure
compliance and security integrity.
Software Requirements Specification Page 16

4.3 Software Quality Attributes

4.3.1 Usability

NFR-17 : The system shall provide a user-friendly interface that is intuitive and easy to navigate for
both end-users and administrators.

NFR-18 : The system shall include comprehensive user documentation and help resources,
including context-sensitive help and tooltips.

4.3.2 Maintainability

NFR-19 : The system shall be designed with modular architecture to facilitate easy maintenance and
updates.

NFR-20 : The system shall include automated testing and deployment processes to streamline
updates and reduce downtime.

4.3.3 Reliability

NFR-21 : The system shall ensure data integrity and prevent data loss during system failures or
crashes.

NFR-22 : The system shall include backup and disaster recovery mechanisms to restore services
quickly in the event of a failure.

4.3.4 Performance Efficiency

NFR-23 : The system shall optimize resource usage to ensure high performance under varying
loads.

NFR-24 : The system shall include performance monitoring tools to track and analyze system
performance metrics.

4.3.5 Flexibility

NFR-25 : The system shall support integration with third-party applications and services through
well-defined APIs.

NFR-26 : The system shall be configurable to accommodate different organizational needs and
policies.
Software Requirements Specification Page 17

5. Other Requirements

5.1 Interoperability

OR-1 : The system shall be compatible with various operating systems, including Windows,
macOS, Linux, iOS, and Android.

OR-2 : The system shall support interoperability with other network security devices and software,
such as firewalls, antivirus programs, and SIEM (Security Information and Event Management)
systems.

OR-3 : The system shall support integration with existing enterprise systems, such as Active
Directory, LDAP, and RADIUS servers for user authentication and management.

5.2 Legal and Regulatory Compliance

OR-4 : The system shall adhere to all relevant legal and regulatory requirements, including data
protection and privacy laws specific to the countries in which it operates.

OR-5 : The system shall provide features to support compliance audits, such as detailed logging,
reporting, and data export capabilities.

5.3 Environmental Requirements

OR-6 : The system hardware components shall operate within standard environmental conditions
for temperature, humidity, and power supply as specified by the manufacturer.

OR-7 : The system shall be designed to minimize environmental impact, including energy-efficient
hardware and the use of virtualization technologies to reduce physical server requirements.

5.4 Support and Training

OR-8 : The system vendor shall provide comprehensive support, including 24/7 technical
assistance, regular software updates, and security patches.

OR-9 : The system shall include training resources for end-users and administrators, such as online
tutorials, user manuals, and training sessions.

5.5 Documentation
Software Requirements Specification Page 18

OR-10 : The system shall include detailed documentation covering installation, configuration,
operation, and troubleshooting.

OR-11 : The documentation shall be updated regularly to reflect new features, changes, and security
updates.

5.6 Licensing and Cost

OR-12 : The system shall be licensed in a manner that supports the organization's budgeting and
financial planning processes.

OR-13 : The system's total cost of ownership, including initial setup, maintenance, and upgrades,
shall be clearly documented and communicated to the organization.

5.7 Accessibility

OR-14 : The system shall be designed to be accessible to users with disabilities, complying with
relevant accessibility standards, such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).

OR-15 : The system shall offer features such as screen reader compatibility, keyboard navigation,
and customizable user interface settings to support accessibility needs.
Software Requirements Specification Page 19

6. References
1. VPN security: How VPNs help secure data and control access
https://www.cloudflare.com/en-gb/learning/access-management/vpn-security/

2. Ways to Increase VPN Security

https://blog.devolutions.net/2021/02/10-ways-to-increase-vpn-security/

3. Mastering VPN Authentication: Best Practices for Enhanced Security

https://blog.bio-key.com/mastering-vpn-authentication-best-practices-for-enhanced-security

4. Optimizing VPNs for security

https://www.csoonline.com/article/569623/optimizing-vpns-for-security-5-key-tasks.html

5. Alshehri, Abdulrahman Mueed Ali, Hosam Lafi Aljuhani, and Aboubakr Salem Bajenaid.
"SECURITY ISSUES OF VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS: A SURVEY." International Journal
of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS) 16.2 (2018).

6. Bateni, MohammadHossein, et al. "Multi-VPN optimization for scalable routing via relaying."
IEEE/ACM transactions on networking 18.5 (2010): 1544-1556.

7. Berguiga, Abdelwahed, et al. "A New Traffic Distribution Routing Algorithm for Low Level
VPNs." International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 11.12 (2020).

8. Chim, Tat Wing, et al. "Routing algorithm for provisioning symmetric virtual private networks in
the hose model." GLOBECOM'05. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005. Vol. 2.
IEEE, 2005.

9. Gaur, Kuntal, et al. "A survey of virtual private LAN services (VPLS): Past, present and future."
Computer Networks 196 (2021): 108245.

10. Iqbal, Muhammad, and Imam Riadi. "Analysis of security virtual private network (VPN) using
openVPN." International Journal of Cyber-Security and Digital Forensics 8.1 (2019): 58-65.
Software Requirements Specification Page 20

11. Kaur, K. O. M. A. L. P. R. E. E. T., and A. R. S. H. D. E. E. P. Kaur. "A Survey of Working on

Virtual Private Network." (2019).

12. Kim, Kyoungmin, Haesun Byun, and Meejeong Lee. "Route optimization mechanism for the
mobile VPN users in foreign networks." The 9th International Conference on Advanced
Communication Technology. Vol. 3. IEEE, 2007.

13. Liu, Yi-Wen, Jyh-Chen Chen, and Li-Wei Lin. "Dynamic external home agent assignment in
mobile VPN." IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004. Vol. 5.
IEEE, 2004.

14. Perkins, Charles E., and David B. Johnson. "Route optimization for mobile IP." cluster
computing 1 (1998): 161-176.

15. Shamsee, Navaid, and Adam Nasr El Din. "Optimized Virtual Private Network Routing Through
Multiple Gateways." U.S. Patent Application No. 13/367,975.

16. Singh, Kuwar Kuldeep VV, and Himanshu Gupta. "A New Approach for the Security of VPN."
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Information and Communication
Technology for Competitive Strategies. 2016.

17. Vaarala, S., and E. Klovning. Mobile IPv4 traversal across IPsec-based VPN gateways. No.
rfc5265. 2008.
Software Requirements Specification Page 21

Appendix A: Data Dictionary

Overview

The Data Dictionary provides definitions for all data elements, including acronyms and
abbreviations, used within the VPN Routing Optimization with Enhanced Security Measures
system. This ensures a clear understanding of terminology and facilitates effective communication
among project stakeholders.

Data Elements

1. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) :

- Definition : A standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to exchange routing and

reachability information among autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet.

- Usage : Used for inter-domain routing to determine the best paths for data transmission.

2. DoS (Denial of Service) :

- Definition : A type of cyber-attack where the perpetrator seeks to make a network resource
unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services.

- Usage : Threat that the system needs to protect against through intrusion detection and
prevention mechanisms.

3. ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) :

- Definition : A component of the IPsec protocol suite that provides origin authenticity, integrity,
and confidentiality protection of packets.

- Usage : Used to encrypt and authenticate data packets for secure VPN communication.

4. HIP (Host Identity Protocol) :

- Definition : A protocol that separates the roles of IP addresses as location identifiers and
endpoint identifiers by introducing a new namespace based on cryptographic keys.

- Usage : Enhances security by providing a secure method for authenticating hosts.

5. I-BGP (Internal Border Gateway Protocol) :

Software Requirements Specification Page 22

- Definition : A version of BGP used for exchanging routing information within a single
autonomous system.

- Usage : Ensures efficient and secure routing within the organization's network.

6. LSR (Label Switch Router) :

- Definition : A router that forwards packets based on the labels attached in an MPLS
(Multiprotocol Label Switching) network.

- Usage : Facilitates high-speed data transmission and efficient routing in VPN environments.

7. NFV (Network Functions Virtualization) :

- Definition : A network architecture concept that uses IT virtualization technologies to virtualize

entire classes of network node functions into building blocks.

- Usage : Provides flexibility and scalability in managing network functions.

8. QoS (Quality of Service) :

- Definition : The overall performance of a network or a network service, particularly the

performance seen by the users of the network.

- Usage: Ensures prioritized and efficient data transmission over the VPN.

9. RTF (Routing Table File) :

- Definition : A file or data structure used by a router to store routes and forward packets.

- Usage : Maintains routing information for optimizing VPN traffic flow.

10. SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) :

- Definition : A standard security technology for establishing an encrypted link between a server
and a client.

- Usage : Used to secure VPN connections and protect data transmission.

11. STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) :

- Definition : A network protocol that ensures a loop-free topology for Ethernet networks.

- Usage : Provides redundancy and prevents network loops in VPN infrastructure.

Software Requirements Specification Page 23

12. TLS (Transport Layer Security) :

- Definition : A cryptographic protocol designed to provide secure communication over a

computer network.

- Usage : Replaces SSL to provide enhanced security for VPN connections.

13. VPN (Virtual Private Network) :

- Definition : A technology that creates a safe and encrypted connection over a less secure
network, such as the internet.

- Usage : Provides secure remote access to the organization's network.

14. VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding) :

- Definition : A technology that allows multiple instances of a routing table to coexist within the
same router simultaneously.

- Usage : Ensures isolation and secure routing within the VPN infrastructure.

15. GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) :

- Definition : A tunneling protocol that can encapsulate a wide variety of network layer protocols
inside virtual point-to-point connections.

- Usage : Supports secure VPN tunneling.

16. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) :

- Definition : A supporting protocol in the Internet protocol suite used by network devices to
send error messages and operational information.

- Usage: Helps in diagnosing network connectivity issues.

17. IKE (Internet Key Exchange) :

- Definition : A protocol used to set up a secure, authenticated communications channel between

two parties.

- Usage : Establishes secure connections for VPN.

18. IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) :

Software Requirements Specification Page 24

- Definition : A suite of protocols designed to ensure secure, private communication over IP

networks.

- Usage : Provides comprehensive security for VPN data transmission.

19. L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol) :

- Definition : A tunneling protocol used to support VPNs or as part of the delivery of services by
ISPs.

- Usage : Facilitates the creation of secure VPN tunnels.

20. MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) :

- Definition : A technique in high-performance telecommunications networks that directs data

from one node to the next based on short path labels rather than long network addresses.

- Usage : Ensures efficient and rapid data transmission across the VPN.

21. S-BGP (Secure Border Gateway Protocol) :

- Definition : An extension of BGP designed to improve the security of the internet routing
infrastructure.

- Usage : Enhances the security of inter-domain routing.

22. VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service) :

- Definition : A way to provide Ethernet-based multipoint to multipoint communication over IP

or MPLS networks.

- Usage : Enables the provision of VPN services over a wide area network.
Software Requirements Specification Page 25

Appendix B : Issues List

Overview
The Issues List documents all identified issues, including their descriptions, statuses, and
resolutions, encountered during the VPN Routing Optimization with Enhanced Security Measures
project. This appendix serves as a record of challenges faced and how they were addressed to ensure
the successful completion of the project.

Issue Entries

Issue 1: Compatibility with Legacy Systems

- Description :
The VPN system had compatibility issues with some legacy network devices that did not
support the required encryption protocols.

- Resolution :
Upgraded the firmware on legacy devices to support modern encryption protocols. Provided
temporary workarounds for devices that could not be upgraded.

Issue 2 : High Latency During Peak Hours

- Description :
Users reported experiencing high latency and slow connections during peak usage hours.

- Resolution :
Optimized routing algorithms and balanced the load across multiple VPN gateways to
distribute traffic more evenly. Conducted additional performance tuning.

Issue 3: Multi-Factor Authentication Failures

- Description :
Some users were unable to complete multi-factor authentication due to time synchronization
issues between the authentication server and user devices.

- Resolution:
Implemented a time synchronization service to ensure all devices and servers were
accurately synchronized. Provided training to users on proper device configuration.

Issue 4: Intrusion Detection System (IDS) False Positives

- Description :
The IDS generated a high number of false positive alerts, causing unnecessary
administrative overhead.
Software Requirements Specification Page 26

- Resolution :
Fine-tuned the IDS configuration to reduce false positives. Implemented additional filtering
rules and enhanced the accuracy of threat detection algorithms.

Issue 5: VPN Client Software Incompatibility

- Description :
The VPN client software was incompatible with certain versions of mobile operating
systems.

- Resolution :
Released updates for the VPN client software to ensure compatibility with the latest mobile
operating system versions. Provided support for older versions where updates were not possible.

Issue 6: Insufficient Documentation for End Users

- Description :
End users reported that the documentation was insufficient for troubleshooting common
issues.

- Resolution :
Expanded the user documentation to include detailed troubleshooting guides and FAQs.
Added video tutorials and interactive help features.

Issue 7: Network Bandwidth Limitations

- Description:
The existing network infrastructure had bandwidth limitations that affected VPN
performance during large file transfers.

- Resolution:
Upgraded network bandwidth and implemented QoS policies to prioritize VPN traffic.
Optimized network routes to improve overall performance.

Issue 8: Security Vulnerability in Third-Party Software

- Description :
A security vulnerability was discovered in a third-party software component used by the
VPN system.

- Resolution :
Applied the security patch provided by the third-party vendor. Conducted a comprehensive
security audit to ensure no other vulnerabilities were present.
Software Requirements Specification Page 27

Issue 9: User Authentication Delays

- Description :
Users experienced delays during the authentication process, leading to longer login times.

- Resolution :
Optimized the authentication server configuration and implemented caching mechanisms to
speed up the authentication process.

Issue 10: VPN Disconnection Issues

- Description :
Some users reported frequent disconnections from the VPN.

- Resolution :
Identified and fixed issues related to network stability and client configuration. Implemented
automatic reconnection features to minimize disruption.

Issue 11: Real-Time Threat Monitoring Performance

- Description :
Real-time threat monitoring caused performance degradation during high traffic periods.

- Resolution :
Optimized threat monitoring algorithms and implemented load balancing for threat detection
processes. Upgraded hardware to support higher processing demands.