Laboratory Manual

Practical -1
Date:
Aim : Test characteristics of PN
junction diode.
Objectives :
To study about VI
1.
To test VI
characteristic of PN Junction diode.
2.
characteristic of PN junction diode.
1.1 V- I Characteristic of P-N
Junction Diode - Theory
The V - I characteristicof the P -
N junction diode is the graph I, (mA)
between
the voltage applied to the P -N junction
diode and the current flowing through it. Forward
The performance of the P -N junction Characteristic
diode can easily be judged by their V- I
characteristic.
The V - | characteristics of the
P-N junction diode contains two V;VBR Knee Point
separate characteristics namely;
1. Forward characteristics Cut-in

2. Reverse characteristics. (Reverse Voltage

Saturation
1.1.1 Forward Characteristic Current)

As the forward applied voltage is Reverse

less than the barrier potential, a very Characteristic
small amount of the forward current will
flow from the diode. When the forward I; (uA)
applied voltage is increases close to the Fig, 1.1 V-ICharacteristic of P-NJunction Diode
barrier potential, thediode offers a very
smallresistance and the forward current increases rapidly.
The forward voltage at which the forward current of the diode increases rapidly is known as the cut in
voltage or knee voltage and the point is known as knee point. Thevalue of the cut in voltage for silicon is
0.6 volt and for germanium is 0.2 volt.
1.1.2 Reverse Characteristic
If the reverse applied voltage is less than the
reverse breakdown voltage (VBR), a very small amount of
reverse saturation current will flow from the diode which
is practically neglected. As the reverse applied voltage is CUAL POwER SOPPLY3eOC

Increased beyond the reverse breakdown voltage, the

reverse saturation current increases rapidly and it will be
coARNNE
Constant after a certain value of reverse voltage.
reverse
The reverse applied voltage at which the
Saturation current start to increases rapidly is known as
Teverse breakdown voltage. It is denoted by VBR Fig. 1.2 PN Junction Diode Characteristic
Trainer Kit
 Electronic Devices and
6

1.2
Test VI Characteristic of PN
1.2.1 Apparatus Required
Junction Diode
Circuits
Characteristic
PN Junction Diode requirement) Trainer Kit (if not available then prepared the circuit. on
1.
2. Patch cords (as per breadboard)
Diagram
1,2.2 Forward Bias - Circuit
Draw Fig.Here

200 mA
R
W
+
0-3V
Diode 3V

Procedure -For Forward Bias

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.
2. Initially vary Regulated Power Supply voltage in steps of 0.1 V.
3. Once the current starts increasing vary in steps of 0.02 Vand note down corresponding readings V; and Is.
4. Tabulate different forward currents obtained for different forward voltages.
5. Plot the V-I characteristics for forward bias.
1.2.3 Reverse Bias Circuit Diagram
Procedure - For Reverse Bias
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.
2. Vary Regulated Power Supply gradually in steps of 1 Vfrom 0 Vto 12 V.
3. Note down the corresponding readings V¡ and V¡
4. Tabulate different reverse currents obtained for different reverse voltages.
5. Plot the V-Icharacteristics for reverse bias.
Draw Fig. Here
200 uA
R
W

0-30 V
Diode, 30 V
Laboratory Manual
1.2.4 Observation Table

Forward Bias Reverse Bias

No. VE (volt) I, (mA) No. Va (volt) IR (pA)

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4,3

5. 5.
6. 6.
7. 7.
8. 8.

1.2.5 Conclusion
 Laboratory Manual

Practical 2
Date :

Aim :Test characteristics of Half wave rectifier using CRO.

Objectives:
1. To study about half wave rectifier.
2. To build &test characteristic of half wave rectifier circuit on breadboard or on trainer kit.
2.1 Half Wave Rectifier
In single phase half wave rectifier, only one diode is used which conducts only during positive half
cycle. Itmeans only positive half cycle of input will appear across the output terminals while the negativecycle
of input will be eliminated from the output. D
A

2.1.1 Construction
I,
The circuit diagram for the half wave rectifier is shown in
fig. 2.1. It consists of ac voltage source, single phase (step-up or 00000Q0000
ACInput EsM R,
step-down), rectifying diode Dand load resistance R,.
Let, Es is the alternating secondary voltage of the
transformer applied to the diode.
Where, Es = Esm Sin wt.
B
2.1.2 Working Fig. 2.1 Circuit Diagram of
The working of half wave rectifier can easily be Half Wave Rectifier
understood by taking two different cases;
Case -1: During Positive Half Cycle to
During positive half cycle of ac input, the diode D is forward biased. It means it will be conduct. Under
this condition, the diode D acts as a short circuit and almost full load current i, will flow from the circuit and
load resistance Ri. Thus, the positive half cycle will appear across
load resistance RL.
Case - 2: During Negative Half C y c l e D
EsM
During negative half cycle of ac input, the diode D is Input
reverse biased. It means it willnot conduct. Under this condition, Waveform
T
the diode D acts as an open circuit and there will be no current
flow from the circuit and load resistance R,. Thus, there will be no
voltage appear across the load. In other words, the negative half
cycle is suppressed and it is not available to deliver power to load.
2.1.3 0utput Waveform E

The input and output waveform of the single phase half EM

wave rectifier are shown in fig. 2.2. It is seen that only positive
half cycle of the ac input is present in the output while the
negative half cycle of the ac input is suppressed. It is also seen that T
Output
the output is nota steady dc but it is a pulsating dc. Waveform
Hence, it is necessary to determine the average value of Fig. 2.2 Output Waveform
load voltage (Eac) and average value of load current (lác).
 p.()

Electronic Devices and

10 Circuits
2.1.4 Disadvantages
described below;
The various disadvantages of half wave rectifier circuit are
found to be 40.6 % which is very less. It shows th.
1. Low Efficiency : The maximum possible efficiency is
the half wave rectifier circuit is inefficient.
which is quíte high. It indicates that much more a
2. High Ripple Factor:The ripple factors is about 1.21
components are present in the dc output.
is about 28.7 %. It índicates that the transformer
3. Low TUF: The transformer utilization factor (TUF)
output is not fully utilized.
Saturation : The dc current flowing through the secondary winding of the transtormer may cause dc
4. DC of
the size of core which in turn, increases the Cost
saturation of the core. Hence, it is required to increase
the rectifier circuit.
generally not used.
Due to above disadvantages, the half wave rectifier circuit is
2.1.5 Typical Parameters of Half Wave Rectifier
Half Wave Rectifier
No. Parameter
1
1. Number of Diode

2. Average Current (lac)

Em
3. Average Voltage (Edc)
lm
RMS Current (,ms)
Em
5. RMS Voltage (Ems) 2

6. DCOutput Power (Pác)

40.6%
7. Max. Rectifier Efficiency (n)
1.212
Ripple Factor (y)
PIV Rating of Diode Esm
9.

TUF 0.287
10.

2.2 Build/Test Half Wave Rectifier

2.2.1 Apparatus Required
Name of Equipment Specifications Quantity
No.
1N4007 01
1. PN Junction Diode
Resistors 1k) 01
2.
100 uF 01
3. Filter Capacitor
Step Down Transformer 220 Vto 6V 01
4.
Multimeter 01
5.

6. Connecting Wires As per requirement

7. Breadboard 01

[Note : Trainer kit can also be used if availablel

STD

Laboratory Manual
2.2.2 Practical Setup

220VAC
00000Q0000 RL1 kn Vout
Vin 100 uF C
Input

Wave Rectifier
Fig. 2.3 Practical Setup - Half

Draw F0g. Here

2.2.3 Procedure
Without Capacitor HALF WAVE, FULL WAVE
& BRIDGE RECTIFIER

1. Connect the half wave rectifier circuit as per circuit

diagram on breadboard (without capacitor).
2. Switch on the main supply.
3. Measure Vin and Vout Voltage using digital multi meter
and note down intable.
4. Observe the transformer secondary voltage (Vi)
waveform and output voltage (Vout) waveform across
the load resistor on the CRO screen.

With Capacitor
5. Connect the capacitor filter as shown in fig.
Fig. 2.4 Half Wave, Full Wave & Bridge
6. Measure Vin and Vout Voltage using digital multi meter Rectifier Trainer Kit
and note down intable.
7. Observe the transformer secondary voltage (Vin)
 67

12
Electronic Devices and Circuite
waveformand output voltage (Vo) waveform across the load resistor on the CRO screen.
8. Calculate the ripple factor using the expressions for both, without capacitor and with capacitor.
9. Draw input/ output waveform with and without filter on graph paper from CRO.

2.2.4 Precautions
1. The primary and secondary side of the transformer should be carefully indentified.
2. The polarities of all the diodes should be carefully identified.

2.2.5 Observation Table (Using Digital Multimeter)

Ripple Factor
No. Vn (= Vac) v(V Vac
Y=
Vdc

Without Capacitor
With Capacitor

2.2.6 Conclusion
 Laboratory Manual
15

Practical 3
T -Date:

Aim :Test characteristics of full wave center tapped rectifier using CRO.
Objectives:
1. To study about full wave rectifier.
2. To build & test characteristic of full wave
rectifier circuit on breadboard or on trainer kit.
3.1 Full Wave Recti fier
EsM 0V M
AC Input
In full wave rectifier, two diodes are used; EsM
one conducts during positive half cycle while
another conducts during negative half cycle. It
means both the half cycles of the ac input are utilized B
D2
by the full wave rectifier.
3.1.1 Construction
N
The circuit diagram for the full wave rectifier
is shown in fig. 3.1. It consists of ac voltage Fig. 3.1 ircuit Diagram of Full Wave Rectifier
source,
centre tapped transformer, two rectifying diodes DË and D2 and
load resistance R. The centre tapping of transformer is E
generally taken as zero voltage or reference point.
EsM
3.1.2 Working Input
Waveform
The working of full wave rectifier can easily be
understood by taking two different cases;
Case - 1: During Positive Half Cycle
During positive half cycle of ac input, A isat +ve potential,
Bis at -ve potential and C is at zero potential. Thus, the diode D1
will be forward biased while the diode D2 will be reverse biased. Output
It means the diode D1 will conduct & it acts as a short circuit of D1
while the diode Dz will not conduct & it acts as an open circuit.
Hence, the current will flow through AD10MNC. Thus, the positive T

half cycle of the ac input voltage appears across the load R:

Case -2: During Negative Half Cycle Output
During negative half cycle of ac input, A is at -ve potential, of D2
B is at +ve potential andCis at zero potential. Thus, the diode D1 T
willbe reverse biased & it acts as an open circuit while the diode
D2 will be forward biased & it acts as a short circuit. EM
DT will
It means the diode D1 will not conduct while diode
conduct. Hence, the current will flow through BD,0MNC. Thus,
the negative half cycle of ac input voltage appears across load R,.
T

It is seen that both the half cycles of ac inputs are utilized. Output
The direction of the current flows through load resistance R, is Waveform
also same during both the cycles.(i.e. Mto N). Fig. 3.2 Output Waveform
 Electronic Devices and Circuite
16
3.1.3 Output Waveform Seen
waveform of the single phase full wave rectifier are shown in fig. 3.2. It is
The input and output
at the output. It is also seen that the output is not a steady dc but it is a
that both the cycles are utilized the average value of load voltage (Edc) and
average value of
it is necessary to determine
pulsating dc. Hence,
load current (lac).

3.1,4 Advantages of FullI Wave Rectifier

are described below;
The various advantages of fullwave rectifier circuit voltage and current is full wave
rectifier circuit are
and Current : The dc load
1. HIgh DC Load Voltage
much high as compared to the half wave rectifier circuit. rectifier is much higher (about 81.2 %) as
possible efficiency of the
2. High Efticiency : The maximum
compared to the half wave rectifier (about 40.6 %).
0.482.
3. Low Ripple Factor: The ripple factor is low about half wave rectifier circuit. Hence,
the
better 'as comDared to the
4. Better TUF : The TUF is much
transformer losses are less. better.
Power: The dc output power of thefull wave rectifier circuit is much
5. Large DCOutput winding. Hence, there is
Saturation : There will be no dc current flows through the transformer
6. No DC
no problem of dc saturation.

3.1.5 Disadvantages of Full Wave Rectifier

circuit are described beloW;
The various disadvantages of full wave rectifier overall cost of the
Tap Transformer : It requires centre tap transformer which increases the
1, Center
rectifier circuit.
rating.
circuit are much bigger in size due to high PIV
2. Big in Size : The diodes used in full wave

3.1.6 Typical Parameters of Full Wave Rectifier

given below;
Some typical parameters of full wave rectifier are
Parameter Full Wave. Rectifier
No
Number of Diode 2
1.

2, Average Current (lac)za1s

2 Em
3. (Average Voltage Edc)
9 #iAm
4 RMS Current (

RMS Voltage (Ems)

Em
5.

DC Output Power (Pic) 41 RL

7. Max. Rectifier Efficiency () 81.2 %

8. Ripple Factor (7) 0.482

9 PIV Rating of Diode 2 Esn ea

10. TUF 0.693

 17
Laboratory Manual
3.2 Build/Test FullWave Rectifier
3.2.1 Practical Setup

Vin
230 V AC

100 uF c RL Vout
D2

Fig. 3.3 Circuit Diagram of Full Wave Rectifier

Draw Fig. Here

3.2.2 Apparatus Required

No, Name ofEquipment Specifications Quantity
1. PN Junction Diode 1N4007 02

2. Resistors 1kQ 01

3. Filter Capacitor 100 uF 01

4. Step Down Transformer (Center tapped 6-0-6V 01

k
5. Multimeter 01

6. Connecting Wires As per requirement

7. Breadboard 01

Note: Trainerkit can also be used if available]

 18 Electronic Devices and Circuite
3.2.3 Procedure
Without Capacitor HALF WAVE, FULL WAVE
& BRIDGE RECTIFIER

1. Connect the full wave rectifier circuit as per circuit

diagram on breadboard (without capacitor).
2. Switch on the main supply.
3. Measure Vin and Vout Voltage using digital multi meter
and note down in table.
4. Observe the transformer secondary voltage (Vi)
waveform and output voltage (Vout) waveform across
the load resistor on the CROscreen.

With Capacitor
5. Connect the capacitor filter as shown in fig. Fig. 3.4 Half Wave, Full Wave & Bridge
Rectifier Trainer Kit
6. Measure Vin and Vout Voltage using digital multi meter
and note down in table.
7. Observe the transformer secondary voltage (V) waveform and output voltage (Vout) wavetorm across the
load resistor on the CRO Screen.
8, Calculate the ripple factor using the expressions for both, without capacitor and with capacitor.
9. Draw input/ output waveformwith and without filter on graph paper from CRO.

3.2.4 Observation Table (UsingDigitalMultimeter)

Vac
No. Vin (= Vac) Vout ( Vác) Ripple Factor Y=v.
Vdc

Without Capacitor

With Capacitor

3.2.5 Conclusion
 Laboratory Manual 21

Practical 4
Date:

Aim:Test characteristics of full wave bridge rectifier using CRO.

Objectives:
1. To study about full wave bridge rectifier.
2. To build & test full wave bridge A M
rectifier circuit on breadboar.
00000 D. D1
4.1 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
The bridge rectifier is a one N R
type of full wave rectifier. It uses four AC Input Esu P
diodes which makes the four arms of
D2
the bridge. The two diodes conducts D
during positive half cycle while E,
another two diodes conducts during B RL
negative half cycle. It means both the
half cycles of the ac input are utilized
by the bridge rectifier.

4.1.1 Construction Fig. 4.1Circuit DËagram of Bridge Rectifier

The circuit diagram for bridge EsM
rectifier is shown in fig, 4.1. It consists of ac voltage source,
Input
transformer, four rectifying diodes D, to D4 and load resistance R.. Waveform
It is seen that the ac voltage is applied to the one diagonal
of the bridge while output dc voltage is taken from the other
diagonal of bridge. The main advantage of bridge rectifier is th¡t
it does not require centre tapped transformer.

4.1,2 Working Output

of
The working of single phase bridge rectifier can easily be D1 & D3
understood by taking two different cases;
’T
Case- 1: During Positive Half Cycle
During positive half cycle of ac input, Ais at +ve potential Output
and B is at -ve potential. Thus, the diode DË and D3 will be .of
Dz &DAi
forward biased while the diode D2 and D4 willbe reverse biased.
It means the diode D1 and D3 will conduct & it acts as a short E.
circuit while the diode D; and D, will not conduct &it acts as an
EM
open circuit. Hence, the current will flow through AMNRSPOB.
Thus, the +ve half cycle of ac input voltage appears across load R,.
Case -2:During Negative Half Cycle
Output
During negative half cycle of ac input, Ais at -ve potential Waveform
and B is at +ve potential. Thus, the diode D1 and D3 will be reverse Fig, 4.2 Output Waveform
biased while the diode D, and D4 will be forward biased. It means
22 ElectronicDevices and Circuit
the diode DË and D3 will not conduct & thev act as an open circuit while the diode D2 and D4 will conduct &thev
act as a short circuit. Hence, the current will flow through BONRSPMA. Thus, the negative half cycle of the ac
input voltage appears across the load R,.
It is seen that both the half cycles of ac inputs are utilized. The direction of the current fows through
load resistance R, is also same during both the cycles. (1.e. Rto S).
4.1.30utput Waveform
The input and output waveform of the single phase bridge rectifier are shown in fig 4.2. It is seen that
both the cycles are utilized at the output. It is also seen that the output is not a steady de but it is apulsating dc.
load
Hence, lt 1s necessary to determine he average value of load voltage (Eac) and average value of
current (lac).
4.1.4 Advantagesof BridgeRectifier
1. Low Cost: It does not require the center tap transformer which reduces its overall cost.
2. High Voltage Rectification: The high voltage rectification is possible with help of bridgerectifier.
3. Low PIV Rating:The PIVrating of diode is Em Wwhich is less as compared to full wave rectifier.
4. Required Small Transformer : It requires small size transformer as the currents flows through primary
and secondary windings for the whole cycle.
5. High TUF :The transformer utilization factor is high as compared to the fullwave rectifier.
4.1.5 Disadvantages of BridgeeRectifier
1. Poor Voltage Regulation :The bridge rectifier uses four diodes Thus, the additional voltage drop occurs
across the diodes which in turn increase the voltage regulation.
4.1.6 Typical Parameters of Full Wave Rectifier
No. Parameter Full Wave Rectifier

1. Number of Diode 4

2 Im
2. Average Current (Iac)
2 Em
3. (Average Voltage Edc)

4. RMS Current (l,ms) V2l

Em
5. RMS Voltage (Ems)
V2

6. DC Output Power (Pac) 41, RL

7. Max. Rectifier Efficiency () 81.2 %
Ripple Factor ( ) e * s 0.4482
PIV Rating of Diode
9. Esm
10. TUF 0.812
 Laboratory Manual 23

4.2 Build/Test Full Wave Rectifier

4.2.1 Apparatus Required
No. Name of Equipment Specifications Quantity
PN Junction Diode 1N4007 04
1.
Resistors 1kn 01
2.
Filter Capacitor 100 uF 01
3.
4. Step Down Transformer 230 V to 6 V 01

5. Multimeter 01

6. Connecting Wires As per requirement

7. Breadboard 01

Note:Trainer kit can also be used if availablel

4.2.2 Procedure
Without Capacitor
1. Connect full wave bridge rectifier circuit as per circuit. H2LF WAVE FtLL WAVE
diagram on breadboard (without capacitor). B BRDGE,RECTIFIER
2, Switch on the main supply.
3. Measure Vin and Vout voltage using digital multi meter
and note down intable.
4. Observe the transformer secondary voltage (Vin)
waveform and output voltage (Vout) waveform across
the load resistor on the CROscreen.
With Capacitor
5. Connect the capacitor filter as shown in fig.
6. Measure Vin and Vout Voltage using digital multi meter
and note downin table. Fig.4.3 Half Wave, Full Wave & Bridge
7. Observe the transformer secondary voltage (Vi) Rectifier Trainer Kit
waveform and output voltage (Vout) waveform across
the load resistor on the CROscreen.
8. Calculate the ripple factor using the expressions for both, without capacitor and with capacitor.
9. Draw input/ output waveform with and without filter on graph paper from CRO.

4.2.3 Precautions
1 The primary and secondary side of the transformer should be carefully indentified.
2. The polarities of all the diodes should be carefully identified.
4.2.4 0bservation Table (Using Digital Multimeter)

No. Vin (= Vac) Vost (Vac) Ripple Factor Y= VacVdc

Without Capacitor

With Capacitor
 Electroníc Devices and
24
4.2.5 Practical Setup
Circults

230 V AC Vin

D
D
1KA Vout
100 uP C

S
Fig. 4.4 Circuit Diagram of Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
Draw Fig, Here

4.2.6 Conclusion
 27
Laboratory Manual

Practical -5
Date :

different Filters using CRO.

Aim :Compare output waveform of
Objectives:
with rectifier.
1. To study different types of filter circuits used
2. Compare waveform on CRO.
5.1 Filter
5.1.1 Necessity of Filter Circuit
The output of the
rectifier circuit is not a Pure DC
AC Input DC+Ripple Load
pure dc but it is Rectifier Filter
pulsating. It. means it
contains ripple contents
which is undesirable. The
filter circuit is used to Fig1.32 Necessity of Filter
minimize this ripple
connected between the rectifier and load.
contents in the output and it provides the pure dc output. It is
their output. But practically, the filter circuit
In ideal condition, the filter should provide the pure dc at
of filter circuit along with the rectifier
reduces the ripple contents from the output as far as possible. The use
Generally, the capacitor or inductor or the
circuit is shown in fig. 5.1with waveform at various stages of the circuit.
combination of them are used in filter circuit.
circuit for dc. So, it should not be
1. Use of Capacitor in Filter Circuit : The capacitor acts as an open
load.
connected in series with the load. It must be connected in parallel with the
2. Use of Inductor (Choke) in Filter Circuit:The inductor acts as an short circuit
for dc. So, it should not be
the load.
connected in parallel with the load. It must be connected in series with
input filter. If the first
In the filter circuit, if the first element is the capacitor then it is known as capacitor
element is an inductor (choke) then it is known as choke input filter.
5.2 Typesof Filter
Generally, there are five types of filter;
1. Shunt Capacitor Filter :
2. Series Inductor Filter (Choke Filter)
3. Inductor Input LC Filter (L-Type)tslel
4. Capacitor Input LC Filter (C-Type)
5. T-Filter (C-L-C Filter)

5.2.1 Shunt Capacitor Filter

It is the simplest forn of filter. It consists of a capacitor C which is connected in parallel to the load
resistance R.. To minimize the ripple content in the output, the value of the capacitor C is chosen quite large for
g0ven input frequency as compared to load resistance Rz. The pulsating output of the rectifier is given to the
capacitor filter C. The capacitor provides low reactance path to ac ripple contents while high rea ctance to dc
compoents. So, ac ripple contents are bypassed by capacitor while pure dc is available across load resistance R,.
The circutt diagram of the fullwave rectifier with shunt capacitor filter with its output waveform is shown
in fg. 5.2. Duringpositive half cycle, the capacitor Cis charged through diode D, But, when the input voltage starts
 Electronic Devices and Circuits
28
D,
Without Filter
Vo With Filter

ACInput

D:
(b) Waveform
(a) Circuit Diagram
Fig. 5.2 FullWave Rectifier with Shunt Capacitor Filter
capacitor. simiary,
falling, the diode D, will comes into off state and the load current is supplied by the charged
during negative half cycle, the capacitor Cis charged through diode Dz.
5.2.2 Series Inductor Filter (Choke Filter)
inductor L which is connected in series with the load
It1s another simplest form of filter. It consists of an
is chosen quite large tor
resistance R. To minimize the ripple content in the output. the value of the inductor L
given input frequency. The pulsating output of the rectifier is given to the inductor L.
output waveform is shown
The circuit diagram of the full wave rectifier with series inductor filter with its
and low reactance path to dc
in fig. 5.3. The inductor L provides the high reactance path to ac ripple contents
pure dc only. It means
components. It means the inductorL cannot pass the ac ripple contents while it passed the
the pure dc is available acrossthe load resistance R,.
D

L Without Filter
Vo
With Filter
ACInput R

D2
(a)Circuít Diagram (b) Waveform
Fig. 5.3 FullWave Rectifier with Series Inductor Filter

5.2.3 Inductor Input LC Filter (L-Type)

The inductor input LC filter is the combination of inductor filter and capacitor filter. The series inductor L
blocks the major ac components present in the rectifier output. While the remaining ac components are bypassed
the load resistance R,.
toground by the capacitor C. So, the smooth dc voltage appears across
D1
D1
ro00
L L

AC Input
AC Input

D, D2
Fig. 5.4 Inductor Input LC Filter Fig.5.5 Capacitor Input LC Filter
 Laboratory Manual 29
5.2.4 Gapacitor Input LC Flter (C-Type)
The capacitor input LC filter is the combination of capacitor filter and inductor filter. The ac components
which blocks by the series inductor Lare bypassed to ground through the shunt capacitor C. The series inductor L
passes only dccomponents to the load R. So, the smooth dc voltage appears across the load resistance RL.
5.2.5 T-Filter (C-L-CFilter)
D1
The -filter is the combination of
capacitor filter and LC filter. It consists of two O00
L
capacitors of equal values. The ripple rejection
capacity of the r-filter is very good. Most of C
the ac ripple contents present in the rectifier ACInput RL
output are bypassed by first capacitor.
Remaining ac components are choked by the
inductor L. The low frequency components
passed from choke are then bypassed to D2
ground by the second capacitor. Fig.5.6 T-Filter or C-L-C Filter

Note : During practical2, 3 and4, waveform with filter and without

filter are observed on CRO
5.2.6 Conclusion
 Electronic Devices and
Circuits
Practical - 6
Date:
Aim: Test Zener diode as
voltage regulator.
Objectives:
1.
To measure the output voltage of zner
diode based voltage regulator.
6.1
Zener Diode as a Voltage
Regulator
P\g. 6.1 shows the use of zener diode as à voltage
zener diode. The main function of the regulator The resistor Rsg is Connected in series with
current flowing through zener diode andrèsistor Rr is to limit the
load. Also, it maintains the
constant voltage across the load. The load R_E
in parallel with the zener diode. resistance R, is connected
Input current bf zener diode voltage
régulator; Variable DC Vo= Vz
Input V A
D
Output voltage of zener diode voltage regulator;
Vo = VË- lRsE
V = VË- (z + I)Rsg Fig. 6.1 Zener Diode as Voltage
Regulator
Consider following four conditions;
Condition -1 Constant input voltage (V) with /ngreasing load current ()
In this condition, as the load current (I;) increases, the output voltage (V,) will decrease. Due to this the
zener current (z) willdecrease which maintains the input current (/) to its con_tant value. Thus, the voltage drops
across the resistor RsE Temains constant which maintains the output voltage (V%) to its constant value.
Condition -2 Constant input voltage V) withdecreasing load current ()
In thiscondition, as the load current (/) decreases, the output voltage (V%) willincrease. Due tothis the
zener current (1z)will increase which maintains the input current (") to its constant value. Thus, the voltage drops
across the resistor Rsg remains constant which maintains the output voltage (V,) to its constant,value.
Condition:3 Constant load current (L) with increasing inputvoltage (V:)
In this condition, as the input voltage (Vi) increases, the output voltage (Vo) tries to increase. Thus, the
zener current (I,) willincrease which increase the total input current (). Due to this, the voltage drops across the
Rer will increase in such away that it maintains the output voltage (V,) to its constant value.
Condition :4 Constant load current (I) with decreasing input voltage (V)
In this condition, as the input voltage (V) decreases,
the output voltage (V) tries to decrease. Thus, the zener ZENER DIODE AS VOLTAGE
current (1,) will decrease which decrease the total input REGLATOR
current (). Due to this, the voltage drops across the Rsr will
decrease in such a way that it maintains the output voltage (V%)
to its constant value.

6.1.1 Applications of Zener Diode

1. Used as a voltage regulators.
i Used in various protective circuits.
2.
3. Used as a voltage limiters.
Used as reference device.
4. Fig. 6.2 Trainer Kit
 31
Laboratory Manual

6.2 Build/Test Zener Voltage Regulator

6.2.1 Apparatus Required
Specifications Quantity
No. Name of Equipment
0-30 Volt 01
1, DC Regulated Power Supply
Zener Diode 01
2.
100 2, 2 W 01
3. Fixed Resistor
100 2,2W 01
4.
Variable Resistor
0-100 mA 02
5. Ammeter

Voltmeter 010V 01
6.
01
7. Multimeter
8. Connecting Wires As per requirement
kk 01
9. Breadboard

[Note : Trainer kit can also be used ifavailablel

Input Source Current; Is = 1,+I, ..(1)
Drop across series resistance; Rs = VË-Vz ...(2)
Current Flowing through series resistance; Is = (V; -Vz)/Rs .(3)
From equation (1) and (2), we get; (V-V;)/Rs = Iz+l .(4)

Draw Fig Here

R_

100 2

5-20 V I,)100 mA
V +

Da R3 100 2 10 V

Fig. 6.3 Zener Regulator

6.2.2 Procedure
Zener Breakdown Voltage = V

For Line Regulation

1, Make the connections as shown in fig, 6.3.
to 10 V.
2. Keep load resistance R/ constant say 100 2 and vary the input DC voltage from 5
voltage
3. Note down output voltage (Vz) as a load voltage with high line voltage Vå, and as a load
with low line voltage VLL.
4. Calculate % Line Regulation;
32 Electronic Devices. and
Circuits
% L. R. = VHL-VL
VLL.
X100
Value of Load Resistance R, =

No. Input Voltage (V n) Output DC Voltage Output Current % Line Regulation

(in increasing order) (V =Vout) (I in mA)
1.
VLL =
2.

3.

4
VHL =

6.2.3 Conclusion
 Laboratory Manual
33

Practical -7
Date:
Aim: Test the performance
Objectives:
characteristics of CEtransistor amplifier.
1, Toplot input and output static
2.
characteristics.
1o calculate input dynamic resistance from the input characteristics and
output dynamic
resistance and current gain from the output
characteristic.
7.1
Characteristics of CE Configuration
There are mainly two types of characteristics for CE
1. Input Characteristic configuration namely;
2. Output Characteristic
7.1.1 Input Characteristic
The input characteristic of CE configuration is defined as the curve between the base
-emitter voltage
(V8E) and the base current (I;) at constant collector-emitter yoltage (Vr). The input
configuration is shown in fig, 8.1 (a). characteristic of the CE
From the input characteristic of CE configuration, we can say
that;
1, The input characteristic of the CE configuration looks like forward characteristic of diode.
2. As compared tothe CB configuration, the base current (g) increases less rapidly with the
increase in hase-emitter voltage (VRr). It means the input resistance of the CE Configuration is
higher than that of CB configuration.
AVBE (Its value is about 1 KO).
'VCE = constant

7.1.2 Output Characteristic

The output characteristic of CE Configuration is defined as the curve between the collector-emitter
voltage (VcE) and the collector current (lc) at constant base current (Ig). The output characteristic of the CE
configuration is shown in fig. 8.1 (b).

lç (mA) os,Active Region

Vcg = 2 V I =60 A
VeE= 5 V at
I¡ =50 pA

Ig = 40 A
Saturation
Region Ig = 30 A
I,= 20 A
=10 A
VBs () Vcs ()
L 3322iCçt-off Region
(a)Input Characteristic (b) Output Characteristic
Fig. 8.1 Characteristics of CE Configuration
 34 Electronic Device and Circuits
From the output characteristic of CE configuration; we can say thatt
1. For the low value of Voe. the collector current (lc) increases wtn the increase in Vcp. After that.
le becomes almost constant and it is not depend on Ves- Thisvoltage is known as knee voltage.
2. After the knee voltage, however, a small increase in lç Withn increase in Vce occurs due to the
collection depletion region getting wider.
3. Hence, the output resistance of CE configuration is less than the CB configuration.
=
AVeE (Its value is about 10 K).
IR = constant

7.2 Build /Test Full Wave Rectifier

7.2.1 Apparatus Required
No. Name of Equipment Specifications Quantity
1. BC 107 04
Transistor

2. Resistors 1 kn, 39 k l a 01 Each

3. 0-30 V, 1 A 01
Regulate Power Supply
4. Voltmeters 0-1 V, 0-10 V 01 Each

5. Ammeters 0-300 uA, 0-10mA 01 Each

6. Connecting Wires As per requirement

7. Breadboard 01

7.2.2 Procedure
Input Characteristic
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig. 8.1.
2. Keep the voltage VoE at constant at 2 V
by varying Vcc.
3. Now vary the input voltage Vgg in steps of 1 Vupto 10 .
4. Measure the voltage Vgfrom voltmeter and current Ip from ammeter for different values of
input voltages.
5. Repeat the step 3 and 4 for VCR. values of 5 V.
6. Draw the input static characteristics for measured reading.
7. At suitable operating point, calculate input dynamic resistance.
Output Characteristic
1, Keep the base current Ig at constant value say at 10 A.
2. Vary the output voltage Vcc insteps of 1 Vfrom 0 V to 10V.
3. Measure the voltage VcE from voltmeter and current l, through the ammeter for different values.
4. Repeat above steps 2 and 3 for various values of lp = 20uA and 3 uA.
5. Draw output static characteristics for measured readings.
6. Calculate output dynamic resistance.
 Laboratory Manual
7.2.3 Precautions 35
1.
2.
Connection must be done carefully.
The reading should be
3. taken without parallax error.
The applled voltage and current
should not he exceed the maximum rating of the given transiStor.
7.2.4 Practical Setup

0-10 mA
Rc
1 KQ
Rg 0-300 A
39 KQ. BC107
30 V,
VBB
30 V, 0-10 v( V VCE Vcc 1A
1A 0-1V V)VBE

Fig.8.2 Common Emitter

Configuration
Draw Fig. Here
 Electronic Device and Circuits
36
7.2.5 Observation Table
Input Characteristic
Vcs = 2V Vcg =5V
No. Applled Voltage
Vea(V) Vas (V) Vae (V) Ig (uA)
1.

3.

5.

6.

7.

Input Dynamic Resistance =

Output Characteristic
I; = 10 L¢ I =20LA
Applied
No.
Voltage Vcc (V) VcE (V) Ic(mA) VcE (V) Ic (mA)
1

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Output Dynamic Resistance =

7.2.6 Conclusion