5 RULES OF PREPARATION

1. Jaan Laga Do Ya Jaane Do

2. Practice & Revise Not Until You Are Right, Do It Until
You Cannot Get It Wrong
3. The Key to Effective Time Utilisation is to Follow The
Teacher As It Is
4. A Systematic Approach Is Always The Right Approach
5. Pray Daily

JAI HIND
 ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
BY
SAGAR DODEJA (EX IES)
SR. FACULTY, MADE EASY

INSTRUCTIONS
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Let’s Begin
 INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

De nition
Evolution in India
Scope & Weightage
Modus Operandi

PART 1
WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 1 - WATER DEMAND

What is Water Demand?
How to determine Water Demand?
Concept of Design Period
Population Forecasting
Mathematical Methods
Arithmetic Increase Method
Geometric Increase Method
Incremental Increase Method
Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
Graphical Methods
Simple Graphical Method
Comparative Graphical Method
Logistic Curve method
Types of Water Demand
Domestic Water Demand
Industrial Water Demand
Institutional & Commercial Water Demand
Public Use Demand
Demand for Losses & Thefts
Fire Demand
The Per Capita Demand
Fluctuations in the per capita demand
Coincident Demand
Total Demand
Minimum Design Periods
Design Considerations
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 CHAPTER 2 - SOURCES OF WATER
Scope of this chapter
Types of Geological Formations
Types of Aquifers
Darcy’s Law
Speci c Yield and Speci c Retention
Extraction of Ground Water
In ltration Well
Jack Well
Ranney Well
Open Well and Tube Well
Types of Open Wells
Types of Tube Wells
Yield of Well
Theoretical Methods
Dupit’s and Theims’ theory
Field Methods
Pumping & Recuperation Test
Transmissibility of an aquifer
Speci c Capacity of a well
Speci c Storage and Storativity
Jacob’s simpli cation of Thies’ theory
Interference of Wells
In ltration gallery

CHAPTER 3.1 - BASICS OF STOICHIOMETRY

Atom and Molecule
Molecular mass
The mole concept
Number of moles
Equivalent mass
Concept of gram equivalence
Strength of a solution

CHAPTER 3.2 - WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

Introduction
Types of Impurities in water
Physical Water Quality Parameters
Suspended Solids (a part of Total Solids)
Turbidity
Colour
Odour
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 Taste
Temperature
Chemical Water Quality Parameters
Dissolved Solids (a part of Total Solids)
pH
Alkalinity
Hardness
Nitrogen Content
Chlorides
Fluorides
Metals
Iron and Manganese
Dissolved Gases
Biological Water Quality Parameters
Types of Organics
Types of Microbial Reactions with BOM
Types of Micro-organisms
Coliforms
Testing of Coliforms
Membrane Filter Technique
MPN Test
Thomas Equation
Water borne diseases
Nuisance bacteria

CHAPTER 4 - TREATMENT OF WATER

General process of treatment
Screening
Types of Screens
Design Data
Aeration
Objectives of Aeration
Types of Aerators
Sedimentation
Introduction
Types of Settling
Analysis of Type 1 Settling
Types of Settling Tanks
Rectangular Tank
Horizontal Flow Circular Tank
Vertical Flow Circular Tank (overview)
Short Circuiting in a Sedimentation Tank

Coagulation
De nition
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 Properties of a coagulant
Coagulants used in treatment
Alum
Properties
Reaction
Quantity of sludge formed
Optimum dosage
Copperas
Chlorinated Copperas
Sodium Aluminate
Di erence between Aluminium Salts and Iron Salts
Fast Mixing
Theory of mixing
Theoretical meaning
Practical meaning
Flash or Mechanical Mixer
Flocculation
De nition
Types of Flocculation Chamber
Analysis and Design of Mechanical Type Flocculator
Type of Floc Formed
Types of Flocculation
Mechanism of Coagulation and Flocculation
Filtration
De nition
Types of Filtration
Mechanism of Filtration
Comparison between SSF and RSF
Slow Sand Filter
Operation
Design Data
Rapid Sand Filter
Operation
Design Data
Expansion of lter bed during backwash
Operational Troubles in RSF
Dual and Multi Media Filter (overview)
Double Filtration (overview)
Disinfection
Introduction
Methods of Disinfection
Minor methods of disinfection (overview)
Boiling
UV Treatment
Ozone
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 Potassium Permanganate
Iodine and Bromine
Acids and Bases
Metallic Ions
Chick’s Law
Chick Watson Model or Ct Concept
Chlorination
Introduction
Theory of Chlorine Reactions
Demand and Dosage of Chlorine
Chlorination Curve
Tests for Chlorine Residuals
Various Forms of Chlorine
Types of Chlorination
Minor methods of Treatment
Water Softening Methods
Lime Soda Process
Demineralisation
Ion Exchange/Zeolite Process
Fluoridation
De uoridation
Nalgonda Technique
Prashanti Technique
Reverse Osmosis
Demineralization
Desalination
Treatment with Copper Sulphate
Treatment with Activated Carbon

CHAPTER 5 - CONVEYANCE & DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

Design of Distribution or Balancing Reservoir
Graphical approach
Numerical approach
Types of Distribution Systems
Types of Pipes
Types of Valves
Types of Joints
Testing of Pipelines for leakages
Connections in Pipes
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 PART 2
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 6 - BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN WASTEWATER

Introduction to Wastewater Engineering
Meaning of Decay or Decomposition of Sewage
Aerobic Decomposition
Anaerobic Decomposition
Fundamental Basis of Treatment of Sewage
Terminologies
Catabolism and Anabolism
Endogenous Metabolism
Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
Chemotrophs and Phototrophs
Nutritional Requirement for Growth of Microorganisms

CHAPTER 7 - WASTEWATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

Physical Wastewater Characteristics
Turbidity
Odour
Taste
Colour
Temperature
Suspended Solids
Settleable Solids
Chemical Wastewater Characteristics
Dissolved Solids
pH
Dissolved Oxygen
Theoretical Oxygen Demand
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Total Organic Carbon
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Meaning of BOD and BOD Remaining
How to Read BOD
Lab Test for BOD (3 METHODS)
BOD Curve
Population Equivalent
Relative Stability

CHAPTER 8 - DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER

Introduction
Disposal in River
 Self Puri cation Mechanism
Zones of Pollution in a River
Oxygen De cit of a Polluted Stream
Analysis of Oxygen Sag Curve (Street Phelp Analysis)
WQM in Lakes
Productivity of a lake
Eutrophication in lake
Strati cation in lake
Classi cation of lakes
Disposal in Sea/Ocean
Disposal on Land
Disposal Standards

CHAPTER 9 - WASTEWATER TREATMENT

General Process of Treatment of Sewage
General Guidelines for Treatment
Screening (same as before)
Grit Removal
Scum Removal
Flow Equalization
Primary Sedimentation
Biological Units
Attached Growth Units
Trickling Filter
System Biology
Operation of TF
Types of TF
Design Parameters
Design Data
E ciency of TF
Rotating Biological Contactor
Biotower
Suspended Growth Units
System Biology
Fundamental Basis of ASP
Flow Regime in ASP
Plug Flow
Completely mixed Flow
Analysis of ASP
Process Diagram
Terminologies and De nitions
Operation of ASP
Based on Plug Flow Regime
Based on Completely Mixed Regime
Design of ASP
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 Operational Troubles in ASP
Sludge Bulking
Blanket Rising
Secondary Sedimentation
Design Data of PST and SST
Sludge Handling Process
Sludge Thickening
Sludge Digestion
Introduction
Factors A ecting Sludge Digestion
Stages in Sludge Digestion
Types of Sludge Digesters
Design Data
Minimum Energy Production during Sludge Digestion
Oxidation Pond
Septic Tank
Imho Tank

CHAPTER 10 - DESIGN OF SEWERS AND

THE SEWERAGE SYSTEM
Di erence between Distribution and Collection Systems
Types of Collection Systems
Maximum and Minimum Velocity in Sewers
Determination of Actual Flow Velocity
Hydraulic Characteristics of a Sewer
Self Cleansing Action in Sewers
Sewer Design

PART 3
SOME OTHER TOPICS

CHAPTER 11- MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Classi cation of Solid Waste
Domestic Waste
Methods of Disposal
Open Dumping
Sanitary Land ll
Composting
Incineration and Pyrolysis
Shredding and Pulverization
Barging into the Sea
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 Biomethanation
Bioaccumulation, Biomagni cation, Biomethanation
Classi cation of Plastic Wastes
Waste Management Heirarchy
Solid Waste Characterization

CHAPTER 12 - AIR POLLUTION

Biosphere
Atmosphere
Primary and Secondary Pollutants
Ideal Gas Law
SPM
Nitrogen and Sulphur Oxides
Carbon Oxides and Hydrocarbons
VOCs
Ozone
Photochemical Smog
AQI
Dispersal of Air Pollutants
Concept of Stability
Concept of Lapse Rate
Types of Atmosphere
Inversion
Controlling Air Pollution
Electrostatic Precipitator
Wet Scrubber
Gravitational Settling Chamber
Centrifugal Collectors
Fabric/Bag lters
Impact of Wind on dispersion of pollutants
E ective Stack Height
Minimum Stack Height

CHAPTER 13 - NOISE POLLUTION

Introduction
Characteristic of Sound
Measurement of Sound
Addition of Sound Levels
Averaging of Sound Levels
LEQ Concept
LN Concept
Maximum Permissible Noise Levels
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ADDITIONAL PAGE
 APPENDIX
2.
Useful Elements. Atomic Numbers & Masses.

- ransmieI t
Atomic Atomic
Number Mass Number Mass

Aluminium 13 7 14
Bowon 5 8 16
calcium 20
15 31
carbon 6 12
19 39
Chlorine 17
28
Copper 29 24

G
1718e
Fluorine

Hydrogen 1

Iodine 16 32
53

26 30
Iron

24
Magnesium 12

1.
Length
- i

2. Mass by
-

3. Time -
s

4. Electric current -
A (Ampere)
5. Temperature -

6. Amountof substance
-

mol (mole)
7. Force -

N(Rg-m/s)
8. Pressure -

Pa(Ry -m/s
9.
Energy or work- 5
(or N-m)
10.
Power-N(BI or 5/s)
Electric C(A-s)
11.
charge
-

12. Dynamic Viscosity -

Pa-s 08
Atthe
-

13. Kinematic
Viscosity -
.Some Standards
#

32.1746t/s2
Io
g 9.81m/s2
= =

2. 1 bar 105 N/m2

=

3. I atm 101.325
=
kN/m2
101.325
=
RPa
=

1.013 bas
=10.333m of water

4. 1HP 746 N=

1 x 0.0013 HP
=

5. Iha 10 "m2 =

6. 1 acre 4046.86m2
=

7. 1RX-1 3600 RS
=

8. I (al 4-1845 =

9. I MLD 1001/d
=

10.1 MGD 3.785

x =
100/d
START OF
WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING