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Midterm 1 Review (Solution Part 1)

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14 views28 pages

Midterm 1 Review (Solution Part 1)

Uploaded by

dyldrm879
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MIDTEM 1 REVIEW

MAT2033
QUESTION 1
▪ What is the negation of the following propositions?
▪ There are 13 items in a baker’s dozen.

▪ Selami sent more than 100 text messages every day.


QUESTION 2
▪ Let 𝑝 and 𝑞 be the propositions
𝑝: It is below freezing,
𝑞: It is snowing.
Write the propositions below using p, q logical connectives (including negation).
▪ It is below freezing and snowing.

▪ It is below freezing but not snowing.

▪ It is not below freezing and it is not snowing.

▪ It is either snowing or below freezing (or both).

▪ If it is below freezing, it is also snowing.

▪ Either it is below freezing or it is snowing, but it is not snowing if it is below freezing.


QUESTION 3
▪ Construct a truth table for (𝑝 𝑞) ⊕ (𝑝 ¬𝑞).
QUESTION 4
▪ Translate the sentence below into propositional logic.
You can graduate only if you have completed the requirements of your ma- jor and you do not owe
money to the university and you do not have an overdue library book.
Let 𝑝 : can graduate
𝑞 : completed the requirements of the major r : owe money to the university
𝑠 : no library overdue
QUESTION 5
▪ Use DeMorgan’s laws to find the negation of each of the following state- ments.
▪ Kwame will take a job in industry or go to graduate school.

▪ Yoshiko knows Java and calculus.

▪ James is young and strong.


QUESTION 6
▪ Show that 𝑝 → 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ¬𝑞 → ¬𝑝 are logically equivalent.
QUESTION 7
▪ Find a compound proposition involving the propositional variables p, q, and r that is true when exactly
two of p, q and r are true, and is false otherwise.
QUESTION 8
▪ Translate the statements into English, where 𝑅(𝑥) is ”x is a rabbit” and 𝐻(𝑥) is ”x hops” and the domain
consists of all animals.
▪ ∀𝑥 (𝑅(𝑥) → 𝐻(𝑥)).

▪ ∃𝑥 (𝑅(𝑥) → 𝐻(𝑥)).
QUESTION 9
▪ Let 𝐶(𝑥) be the statement ”𝑥 has a cat”, let 𝐷(𝑥) be the statement ”𝑥 has a dog”, and 𝐹(𝑥) be the
statement ”𝑥 has a ferret”. Express each of these statements in terms of 𝐶(𝑥), 𝐷(𝑥), 𝐹(𝑥), quantifiers,
and logical connectives. Let the domain consist of all students in this class.
▪ A student in this class has a cat, a dog, and a ferret.

▪ Some student in this class has a cat and a ferret, but not a dog.

▪ No student in this class has a cat, a dog, and a ferret.

▪ For each of the three animals, cats, dogs, and ferrets, there is a student in this class who has this
animal as a pet.
QUESTION 10
▪ Determine the truth value of each of these statements if the domain of each variable consists of all real
numbers.
▪ ∃𝑥 (𝑥 2 = 2).

▪ ∃𝑥 (𝑥 2 = −1).

▪ ∀𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2 ≥ 1).

▪ ∀𝑥 (𝑥 2 ≠ 𝑥).
QUESTION 11
▪ Translate this statement into English, where the domain for each variable consists of all real numbers.
∀𝑥∀𝑦(((𝑥 ≥ 0) ∧ (𝑦 ≥ 0)) ⇒ (𝑥𝑦 ≥ 0))
QUESTION 12
▪ Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be the statement ”Student 𝑥 has taken class 𝑦”, where the domain for 𝑥 consists of all students in
your class and for 𝑦 consists of all computer science courses at your school. Express each of these quantifications
in English.
▪ ∃𝑥∃𝑦𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)

▪ ∃𝑦∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)

▪ ∀𝑥∃𝑦𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
QUESTION 13
▪ Determine the truth value of each of these statements if the domain of each variable consists of all real numbers.

▪ ∀𝑥 ∃𝑦(𝑥 = 𝑦 2 )

▪ ∀𝑥∃𝑦(𝑥𝑦 = 0)

▪ ∀𝑥∀𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦 ≠ 𝑦 + 𝑥)

▪ ∀𝑥(𝑥 ≠ 0 ⇒ ∃𝑦 (𝑥𝑦 = 1))

▪ ∃𝑥∃𝑦(𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2 ∧ 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 5)
QUESTION 14
▪ Express the negations of each of these statements so that all negation sym- bols immediately precede
predicates.
▪ ∃𝑧 ∀𝑦 ∀𝑥 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

▪ ∃𝑥 ∃𝑦 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) ∧ ∀𝑥 ∀𝑦 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦)

▪ ∃𝑥∃𝑦(𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) ⇔ 𝑄(𝑦, 𝑥))


QUESTION 15
▪ Find a counterexample, if possible, to these universally quantified state- ments, where the domain for all
variables consists of all integers.
▪ ∀𝑥∀𝑦(𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦)

▪ ∀𝑥∃𝑦 𝑦 2 = 𝑥

▪ ∀𝑥 ∃𝑦 (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 ≤ 100)
QUESTION 16
▪ For each of these arguments determine whether the argument is correct or incorrect and explain why.

▪ Everyone enrolled in the university has lived in a dormitory. Mia has never lived in a dormitory.
Therefore, Mia is not enrolled in the university.

▪ All lobstermen set at least a dozen traps. Hamilton is a lobsterman. Therefore, Hamilton sets at least a
dozen traps.
QUESTION 17
▪ Show that the square of an even number is an even number using a direct proof.
QUESTION 17
▪ Prove that if m+n and n+p are even integers, where m, n, and p are integers, then m + p is even. What
kind of proof did you use?
QUESTION 18
1
▪ Prove that if 𝑥 is irrational, then is irrational.
𝑥
QUESTION 19
▪ Prove that if 𝑥 is rational and 𝑥 ≠ 0, then 1/𝑥 is rational.
QUESTION 20
▪ how that if 𝑛 is an integer and 𝑛3 + 5 is odd, then 𝑛 is even.
QUESTION 21
▪ Prove that if 𝑛 is a positive integer, then 𝑛 is even if and only if 7𝑛 + 4 is even.
QUESTION 22
▪ Prove that there are no solutions in integers 𝑥 and 𝑦 to the equation 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 = 14.
QUESTION 23
▪ Prove the triangle inequality, which states that if 𝑥 and 𝑦 are real numbers, then |𝑥| + |𝑦| ≥ |𝑥 + 𝑦|.
QUESTION 24
▪ Prove that
1 ⋅ 1! + 2 ⋅ 2! + ⋯ + 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛! = 𝑛 + 1 ! − 1
for every positive integer 𝑛.
QUESTION 25
▪ Find, and prove by induction, a closed formula for
1 1 1
+ + ⋯+ .
1⋅2 2⋅3 𝑛⋅ 𝑛+1
QUESTION 26
▪ Prove that 3𝑛 < 𝑛! if 𝑛 is any integer greater than 6.

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